丝核菌菌丝融合群对常用杀菌剂敏感性测定
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摘要
丝核菌(Rhizoctonia)是一类自然界广泛存在的植物病原真菌，类群极为庞大，且丝核菌常以菌丝融合群引发植物病害，造成多种植物的严重病害，带来巨大的经济损失。杀菌剂对丝核菌菌丝融合群引发病害的作用特性及防治效果研究极少，目前国内仅对AG_1-IA亚群中来源不同的菌株间对不同药剂的敏感性进行了测定，而不同的丝核菌菌丝融合群对杀菌剂敏感性的研究尚未见正式报道。重庆是丝核菌菌丝融合群引发病害较重的地区，为了有效防治和控制这类病害，本文用“纸碟法”和“液培法”两种不同的离体培养方法，就12类丝核菌菌丝融合群(AG-2-1、AG-3、AG-4、AG-A、AG-C_1、AG-D、AG-E、AG-F、AG-K、226、290、BM_9)对目前市售的常用于防治立枯病、纹枯病的7种常用杀菌剂(多菌灵、甲基托布津、退菌特、增效敌克松、可杀得2000、井岗霉素、百菌清)进行室内敏感性测定，并观测丝核菌菌丝融合群的培养性状，搞清不同的菌丝融合群对药剂的敏感性，为生产上选择防治丝核菌引发病害的药剂、制定防治策略提供重要的参考依据。
先根据资料确定培养温度，再根据试验结果选择“纸碟法”的培养时间为48h，“液培法”的培养时间为72h。
在Excel上将抑制率作反正弦转换后，采用SPSS10.0 for Windows分析软件，进行各处理间抑制率的差异显著性检验(Duncan法)。
主要研究结果如下：
1．丝核菌菌丝融合群类型
不同菌丝融合群间在菌丝生长速度、菌核颜色和形状及其结构和大小、菌落颜色、表面绒毛的多少、分布、菌落气生菌丝的多少以及培养基的颜色等方面都具有明显的差异，而融合群内的这些方面却具有较大的相似性。通过对培养性状的观测，发现AG-A和AG-C_1的菌落、菌核的特征特性和培养基颜色等完全一致，而其余11类之间的培养性状存在着较明显的差异。因此专门对AG-A和AG-C_1进行配对培养，在显微镜下观察到其菌丝发生融合、菌丝间相互吸引和融合细胞逐渐坏死。可得出结论：有两个(AG-A和AG-C_1)是种内群(Instrapecific group，ISG)。
2．不同杀菌剂对菌丝融合群的抑制作用
井岗霉素、增效敌克松对12类菌丝融合群都具有良好的抑菌效果，其中增效敌克
松的抑制作用最佳。7种杀菌剂对226均具有良好的抑制作用。
多菌灵对AG＊、AG（、AGot具有良好的抑菌作用，可用于防治这些菌群引发的
水稻、玉米、高粱、谷子、大豆、芥菜、甜菜、菠菜、魔芋、茶、云杉、落叶松、人参、
大麻等作物病害。
甲基托布津能有效抑制AG4、AG－A的生长，可作为生产上选择有效药剂来防治由
它们引发的玉米、水稻、辣椒、马铃薯、茄子、豌豆、油菜、白菜、胡萝卜、瓜类、甜
菜、养麦、杉类、柏木、谷子等作物病害的重要参考依据。也可用于防治小麦纹枯病（主
要由AG－D引发的）。
退菌特对AG－K具有良好抑制作用，可作为生产上选择有效药剂来防治由AG－K引发
的谷子、花生、草萄、菊花、甜菜、胡萝卜、茵香、唐葛蒲等作物病害的重要参考依据。
百菌清对AG－2－l、290具有良好的抑菌效果，可用于防治由AG－2－l引发的小麦、
甘蓝、油菜、白菜、小枣等作物病害。
可杀得对12类菌群的抑制作用较差。
总之，在防治菌丝融合群引发的病害，应综合考虑杀菌剂对融合群的作用效果和引
起病害的主导菌丝融合群，如防治小麦纹枯病（60O／以上是由于 AG．D的致病作用），
可选择井岗霉素、退菌特和甲基托布津；在防治水稻立枯病、纹枯病时（主要是AG－4、
AG．l引发的），可选择退菌特、增效敌克松、井岗霉素。在防治马铃薯、辣椒、甘蓝等
作物等的黑藉病、网斑病、叶枯病、立枯病（主要由AGl引发）时可选择井岗霉素。
菌丝融合群在有井岗霉素的培养基上菌丝生长速度相对较慢，并在显徽镜下观察到
了分支菌丝的畸形。其防治机理是对能引发纹枯病的丝核菌菌丝融合群产生畸形致使分
支菌丝无法侵入。
3．杀菌剂不同防治浓度对菌丝融合群抑制率的差异
7种杀菌剂的3种浓度之间对12类菌丝融合群的抑制作用表现出一定的差异性，总
的趋势基本是一致的：随着浓度的增加，对菌丝融合群的抑制效果增强，即高浓度＞中
浓度＞低浓度。因此，在田间防治这口类菌群引发的病害且病害发生较重时，最好使
用杀菌剂施药说明的高浓度。在井岗霉素防治AG〕引发病害时应选择中浓度。
Rhizoctonia Kuhn is kind of fungus with wide distribution and can infest many plants. It is a very large group, often result in series plant diseases by anastomosis group (AG) and cause large economic loss. Currently, there is little information available on the characteristics of the fungicides and control effect to the AG in the literature. In China, the susceptibility of different strains belong to the AG1-IA intraspecific group (ISG) to different fungicides were studied, while there is no information on the susceptibility of other AG to different fungicides. Chongqing is a serious AG infested area. In order to manage this kind of disease effectively, this paper studied the susceptibility of 12 anastomosis group (AG-2-1 s AG-3, AG-4, AG-A, AG-C1, AG-D, AG-E, AG-F, AG-K, R. solani, 290, BM9) to 7 fungicides (carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, fenaminosulf, kocide 2000, Jingangmycin, and chlorothalonil) which commonly used to control the soreshin, and sheath blight in the laboratory by culture in vitr
o method of "paper dish method" and "fluid culture method". The culture characteristics of AG and the susceptibility of different strains to the same fungicide were investigated. All of these information could provide very important theory basis to the screening and changing of fungicide\ rotation and popularization of resistant crops and making of manage strategy.
According to the information in the literature, the culture temperature was determined, and then according to the result, the culture time of "paper dish method' was 48h, and 'fluid culture method' was 72h.
The statistical analyses of the data were performed on the computer using statistical software such as Excel and SPSS 10.0 for Windows. The percentage data was transformed to arcsin-square-root value before multiple range test was performed.
The major results are as follows:
1. The classification of anastomosis group (AG)
The result showed that there is significant difference in the following aspects among different anastomosis groups. These including the growing velocity of hyphae, the color\ shape\ structure and size of the mycelitha, the color of the colony, number and distribution of the surfance villus, the number of the hypha, and the color of the culture medium, and so on. Based on the culture characteristics, it was found that the characteristics of colony, hyphae and the color of culture medium are completely same between AG-A and AG-C1, however, the others are different from each other. So the AG-A and AG-C1 were specially studied and the following conclusion was achieved: the two groups (AG-A and AG-C1) are intraspecific group (ISG).
2. The inhibition of different fungicides to the AGs
Both Jingangmycin and fenaminosulf have good inhibition effects on 12 AGs, and the effect of fenaminosulf is the best. All 7 tested fungicides have effective inhibition to R. solani.
Carbendazim has the effective inhibiting effects on AG-E> AG-CK AG-A. it might be used to control those diseases infested by the three AGs for paddy, maize, Chinese sorghum, millet, soybean, leaf mustard, beet, spinach, tea, dragon spruce, larch, ginseng, hemp, and so on.
Thiophanate-methyl can effectively inhibit the growth of AG-4 and AG-A. It might be used as the important theory basis of choosing the fungicides to control those diseases infested by these two groups for maize, paddy, hot pepper, potato, eggplant, pea, rape, cabbage, carrot, beet, buckwheat, cypress, millet, and so on. It could also be used to control sharp eye spot of wheat which is mainly caused by AG-D.
Thiram can effectively inhibit the growth of AG-K, this result might be as a theoretical basis to select fungicide to control the crop diseases caused by AG-K on millet, peanut, strawberry, chrysamthemum, beet, carrot, fennel, and so on.
Chlorothalonil can effectively inhibit the growth of AG-2-1 and 290. It might be used to control the crop diseases caused by these two groups on wheat, wild cabbage, rape, cabbage, jujube, and so on.
The inhibition effects of Kocide to 12 AGs
先根据资料确定培养温度，再根据试验结果选择“纸碟法”的培养时间为48h，“液培法”的培养时间为72h。
在Excel上将抑制率作反正弦转换后，采用SPSS10.0 for Windows分析软件，进行各处理间抑制率的差异显著性检验(Duncan法)。
主要研究结果如下：
1．丝核菌菌丝融合群类型
不同菌丝融合群间在菌丝生长速度、菌核颜色和形状及其结构和大小、菌落颜色、表面绒毛的多少、分布、菌落气生菌丝的多少以及培养基的颜色等方面都具有明显的差异，而融合群内的这些方面却具有较大的相似性。通过对培养性状的观测，发现AG-A和AG-C_1的菌落、菌核的特征特性和培养基颜色等完全一致，而其余11类之间的培养性状存在着较明显的差异。因此专门对AG-A和AG-C_1进行配对培养，在显微镜下观察到其菌丝发生融合、菌丝间相互吸引和融合细胞逐渐坏死。可得出结论：有两个(AG-A和AG-C_1)是种内群(Instrapecific group，ISG)。
2．不同杀菌剂对菌丝融合群的抑制作用
井岗霉素、增效敌克松对12类菌丝融合群都具有良好的抑菌效果，其中增效敌克
松的抑制作用最佳。7种杀菌剂对226均具有良好的抑制作用。
多菌灵对AG＊、AG（、AGot具有良好的抑菌作用，可用于防治这些菌群引发的
水稻、玉米、高粱、谷子、大豆、芥菜、甜菜、菠菜、魔芋、茶、云杉、落叶松、人参、
大麻等作物病害。
甲基托布津能有效抑制AG4、AG－A的生长，可作为生产上选择有效药剂来防治由
它们引发的玉米、水稻、辣椒、马铃薯、茄子、豌豆、油菜、白菜、胡萝卜、瓜类、甜
菜、养麦、杉类、柏木、谷子等作物病害的重要参考依据。也可用于防治小麦纹枯病（主
要由AG－D引发的）。
退菌特对AG－K具有良好抑制作用，可作为生产上选择有效药剂来防治由AG－K引发
的谷子、花生、草萄、菊花、甜菜、胡萝卜、茵香、唐葛蒲等作物病害的重要参考依据。
百菌清对AG－2－l、290具有良好的抑菌效果，可用于防治由AG－2－l引发的小麦、
甘蓝、油菜、白菜、小枣等作物病害。
可杀得对12类菌群的抑制作用较差。
总之，在防治菌丝融合群引发的病害，应综合考虑杀菌剂对融合群的作用效果和引
起病害的主导菌丝融合群，如防治小麦纹枯病（60O／以上是由于 AG．D的致病作用），
可选择井岗霉素、退菌特和甲基托布津；在防治水稻立枯病、纹枯病时（主要是AG－4、
AG．l引发的），可选择退菌特、增效敌克松、井岗霉素。在防治马铃薯、辣椒、甘蓝等
作物等的黑藉病、网斑病、叶枯病、立枯病（主要由AGl引发）时可选择井岗霉素。
菌丝融合群在有井岗霉素的培养基上菌丝生长速度相对较慢，并在显徽镜下观察到
了分支菌丝的畸形。其防治机理是对能引发纹枯病的丝核菌菌丝融合群产生畸形致使分
支菌丝无法侵入。
3．杀菌剂不同防治浓度对菌丝融合群抑制率的差异
7种杀菌剂的3种浓度之间对12类菌丝融合群的抑制作用表现出一定的差异性，总
的趋势基本是一致的：随着浓度的增加，对菌丝融合群的抑制效果增强，即高浓度＞中
浓度＞低浓度。因此，在田间防治这口类菌群引发的病害且病害发生较重时，最好使
用杀菌剂施药说明的高浓度。在井岗霉素防治AG〕引发病害时应选择中浓度。
Rhizoctonia Kuhn is kind of fungus with wide distribution and can infest many plants. It is a very large group, often result in series plant diseases by anastomosis group (AG) and cause large economic loss. Currently, there is little information available on the characteristics of the fungicides and control effect to the AG in the literature. In China, the susceptibility of different strains belong to the AG1-IA intraspecific group (ISG) to different fungicides were studied, while there is no information on the susceptibility of other AG to different fungicides. Chongqing is a serious AG infested area. In order to manage this kind of disease effectively, this paper studied the susceptibility of 12 anastomosis group (AG-2-1 s AG-3, AG-4, AG-A, AG-C1, AG-D, AG-E, AG-F, AG-K, R. solani, 290, BM9) to 7 fungicides (carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, fenaminosulf, kocide 2000, Jingangmycin, and chlorothalonil) which commonly used to control the soreshin, and sheath blight in the laboratory by culture in vitr
o method of "paper dish method" and "fluid culture method". The culture characteristics of AG and the susceptibility of different strains to the same fungicide were investigated. All of these information could provide very important theory basis to the screening and changing of fungicide\ rotation and popularization of resistant crops and making of manage strategy.
According to the information in the literature, the culture temperature was determined, and then according to the result, the culture time of "paper dish method' was 48h, and 'fluid culture method' was 72h.
The statistical analyses of the data were performed on the computer using statistical software such as Excel and SPSS 10.0 for Windows. The percentage data was transformed to arcsin-square-root value before multiple range test was performed.
The major results are as follows:
1. The classification of anastomosis group (AG)
The result showed that there is significant difference in the following aspects among different anastomosis groups. These including the growing velocity of hyphae, the color\ shape\ structure and size of the mycelitha, the color of the colony, number and distribution of the surfance villus, the number of the hypha, and the color of the culture medium, and so on. Based on the culture characteristics, it was found that the characteristics of colony, hyphae and the color of culture medium are completely same between AG-A and AG-C1, however, the others are different from each other. So the AG-A and AG-C1 were specially studied and the following conclusion was achieved: the two groups (AG-A and AG-C1) are intraspecific group (ISG).
2. The inhibition of different fungicides to the AGs
Both Jingangmycin and fenaminosulf have good inhibition effects on 12 AGs, and the effect of fenaminosulf is the best. All 7 tested fungicides have effective inhibition to R. solani.
Carbendazim has the effective inhibiting effects on AG-E> AG-CK AG-A. it might be used to control those diseases infested by the three AGs for paddy, maize, Chinese sorghum, millet, soybean, leaf mustard, beet, spinach, tea, dragon spruce, larch, ginseng, hemp, and so on.
Thiophanate-methyl can effectively inhibit the growth of AG-4 and AG-A. It might be used as the important theory basis of choosing the fungicides to control those diseases infested by these two groups for maize, paddy, hot pepper, potato, eggplant, pea, rape, cabbage, carrot, beet, buckwheat, cypress, millet, and so on. It could also be used to control sharp eye spot of wheat which is mainly caused by AG-D.
Thiram can effectively inhibit the growth of AG-K, this result might be as a theoretical basis to select fungicide to control the crop diseases caused by AG-K on millet, peanut, strawberry, chrysamthemum, beet, carrot, fennel, and so on.
Chlorothalonil can effectively inhibit the growth of AG-2-1 and 290. It might be used to control the crop diseases caused by these two groups on wheat, wild cabbage, rape, cabbage, jujube, and so on.
The inhibition effects of Kocide to 12 AGs
引文
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20．林荣寿，邓先明．1996水稻旱育秧苗期主要真菌病害病原的分离鉴定及防治研究．西南农业大学学报．18(6)：579-582．
20．刘力，葛起新．1988立枯丝核菌融合群对四种微量元素敏感性的研究．植物病理学报．18(3)：175-178．
21．马振国，马志强等．2001几种杀菌剂对小麦纹枯病的室内毒力和田间防效．农药科学与管理．(B07)：30-31．
22．孟祥祯．1990在中国抗水稻纹枯病的研究．河北农垦科技．(1)：48．
23．王洪凯，刘开启，吴洵耻．1997丝核菌分类研究进展．山东农业大学学报．28(3)：375-381．
24．王艳丽，徐同．2000哈茨木霉防治水稻纹枯病研究．植物保护学报．27(2)：97-101．
25．谢彦洁，张君成．1999 多菌灵和井岗霉素对香蕉苗纹枯病的作用方式测定．广西植保．12(2)：2-4．
26．颜思齐，杨大旗，肖建国．1992水稻丰收菌．科学技术文献出版社．
27．杨立军，杨小军，喻大昭等．2001．小麦品种(系)对纹枯病抗性鉴定及抗病资源的筛选．植物保护．27(2)：4-7．
28．杨秀荣，程根武等．2001 利用拮抗木霉菌防治立枯病的研究．天津农学院学报．8(1)：9-12．
29．喻大昭，杨小军等．2000湖北省小麦纹枯病病原菌菌丝融合群研究．湖北农业科学．(3)：39-42．
30．岳红宾，王守正．1997用非致病性丝核菌株防治小麦纹枯病的初步研究．31(1)：35-38．
31．张穗，吴友三．1999丝核菌菌丝融合群种类，寄生专化性及温度的关系．生态学杂志．18(1)：9-14．
32．张穗，许文霞．1995郑州郊区水稻纹枯病菌对井岗霉素敏感性的初步研究．中国生物防治．11(4)：171-173．
33．张穗，周梅先，宋万昌等．1999河南省固始等地稻纹枯病对井岗霉素的敏感性．植物保护学报．26(2)：189-190．
34．张穗，朱有红．1989北地区丝核菌菌群分类及对禾谷类作物的致病性．沈阳农业大学学报．20(4)：431-435．
35．张天晓，张志光．1991中国Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn新的菌丝融合群与其它各群诸性质的比较．湖南师范大学自然科学学报．14(4)：354-361．
36．张天晓．1984 Rhizoctonia solani菌丝融合群的研究．湖南师范学院学报(自然科学版)．(2)：69-72．
37. Anderson NA. 1982 The genetics and pathology of Rhizoctonia solani. Ann. Rev. Phytopatbol. 20: 329-347.
38. Chin S. Yang and Richad, P.KORF. 1985 Ascorhizoctonia Gen. Nov. and complexipes., two genera for anamorphs of species assigned to Tricharina(Discomycetes). Mycotaxon, Ⅹ Ⅹ Ⅲ: 475-481.
39. Flentje NT. Stretton M. and Hawn EJ. 1962 Nuclear Distribution and Bahaviour throughout the life
Cyceles of Thanate phorus, Waitea and Ceratobasisdium. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 16: 450-466.
40. Keijer Jaap. Houterman Petka M. et al. 1996 Hetergeneity in electrophoretic karyotype within and between anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani. Mycol. Res. 100(7):787-797.
41. Liu ZL, Sincliar JB.,1992. Genetic divercity of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 2. Phytopathology 82:778-787.
42. Loroche JP. Jabaji-Hara SH. Charest P.M. 1992. Differentiation of two anastomosis group 2. Phytopathology 82: 1387-1393.
43. Macnish GC. Caring DE. Sweetingham MW. And Brainadrka. 1994. Anastomosis group.(AG)affinity of Pectic isozyme(zymogram) groups(ZG)of Rhizoctonia solani from the western Australian Cereal—belt. Mycol. Res. 98(12) 1360-1375.
44. Macnish GC. Swecting Ham NW. 1993 Evidence of stability of pectic zymogrom groups within Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Mycol.Res. 97: 1056-1058.
45. Moore Royall T. 1987. The genera of Rhixoctonia—like fungi Ascorhizoctonia, ceratorhiza gen. nov. Epulorhixa gen. nov., Momiliopsis and Rhizoctonia. Mycotaxon, X XI X: 91-99.
46. Parmeter JR Jr(de.). 1970 Biology and Rhizoctonia solani. University of Califomia press, Berkelty.
47. Sneh B, Burpee B, Ogoshi A. 1991 Identification of Rhizoctonia species, APS press St. Paul, USA.
48. Sneh B, Jabaja-hara S, Dijst G. 1996 Rhizoctonia species, Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease control. Kluwer academic pubishers, Dordrecht\Bostonl London.
49. Sneh Burpee,LL. Ogoshi A. 1991. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. St. Paul.MN: APS Press, 133pp.
50. Tommerup C, Barton JE, O'brien PA. Mycol Res, 1995, 99(2):179-186.
51. Viigalys,R.,and Cubeta,M. A. 1994. Molecular, Systematics and populations biology of Rhizoctonia solani kuhn. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 25:135-143.
2．陈厚德，赵桂东．1997江苏玉米纹枯病的菌丝融合群及其对药剂的敏感性．江苏农业学报．13(2)：94-98．
3．陈怀谷，陈利峰等．2001禾谷丝核菌的次生代谢产物．江苏农业学报．17(3)：167-171．
4．陈家祥，邹军煌，徐敬友等．2000对水稻纹枯病抗源的初步研究．中国水稻科学．14(1)：15-18．
5．陈延熙，张敦华，段霞渝等．1985 关于Rhizoctonia solani菌丝融合分类和有性世代的研究．植物病理学报．15(3)：139-143．
6．陈志谊，过崇俭．1989防治水稻纹枯病的新途径．江苏农业科学-总第144期： 25-26．
7．陈志谊，许志刚，T．W．Mew．1999水稻纹枯病拮抗细菌的种群分布及其生物多样性研究．植物病理学报．29(2)：97-103．
8．方中达编．1977植病研究方法 农业出版社4-10．
9．高俊全，韩民利．1995水稻旱育秧苗期土传病害防治技术研究．河北农垦科．(2)：1-7
10．何明，张成琬，罗显芝．1990新杀菌剂叶枯灵防治水稻纹枯病研究．植物保护学报．17(1)：83-87．
11．何迎春，高必达．2000立枯丝核菌的生物防治．中国生物防治．16(1)：31-34．
12．朗进宝，葛起新，刘力．1989硼对水稻纹枯病防病增产效果研究．植物保护学报．16(1)：42-60．
13．李华荣，刘灼均．1992康氏木霉对立枯丝核菌7个融合群及3个亚群拮抗作用的研究．西南农业大学学报．14(4)：283-285．
14．李华荣，颜思齐．1990四川东南部稻区水稻纹枯病菌系研究．真菌学报．9(1)：41-49．
15．李华荣．1988丝核菌(Rhizoctonia)属真菌的分类学进展．国外农学—植物保护．No．4：9-14．
16．李华荣．1999丝核菌的菌丝融合群及其遗传多样性研究的新进展．菌物系统．18(1)：100-107．
17．李华荣．，兰景华．1997玉蜀黍丝核菌的鉴定特征．菌物系统．16(2)：134-138．
18．李树正，张素华．1987 三种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病作用特性的研究．植物保护学报．14(4)：277-281．
19．廖新光．1990几种作物病原丝核菌的比较研究．湖南农学院学报．16(1)：65-71．
20．林荣寿，邓先明．1996水稻旱育秧苗期主要真菌病害病原的分离鉴定及防治研究．西南农业大学学报．18(6)：579-582．
20．刘力，葛起新．1988立枯丝核菌融合群对四种微量元素敏感性的研究．植物病理学报．18(3)：175-178．
21．马振国，马志强等．2001几种杀菌剂对小麦纹枯病的室内毒力和田间防效．农药科学与管理．(B07)：30-31．
22．孟祥祯．1990在中国抗水稻纹枯病的研究．河北农垦科技．(1)：48．
23．王洪凯，刘开启，吴洵耻．1997丝核菌分类研究进展．山东农业大学学报．28(3)：375-381．
24．王艳丽，徐同．2000哈茨木霉防治水稻纹枯病研究．植物保护学报．27(2)：97-101．
25．谢彦洁，张君成．1999 多菌灵和井岗霉素对香蕉苗纹枯病的作用方式测定．广西植保．12(2)：2-4．
26．颜思齐，杨大旗，肖建国．1992水稻丰收菌．科学技术文献出版社．
27．杨立军，杨小军，喻大昭等．2001．小麦品种(系)对纹枯病抗性鉴定及抗病资源的筛选．植物保护．27(2)：4-7．
28．杨秀荣，程根武等．2001 利用拮抗木霉菌防治立枯病的研究．天津农学院学报．8(1)：9-12．
29．喻大昭，杨小军等．2000湖北省小麦纹枯病病原菌菌丝融合群研究．湖北农业科学．(3)：39-42．
30．岳红宾，王守正．1997用非致病性丝核菌株防治小麦纹枯病的初步研究．31(1)：35-38．
31．张穗，吴友三．1999丝核菌菌丝融合群种类，寄生专化性及温度的关系．生态学杂志．18(1)：9-14．
32．张穗，许文霞．1995郑州郊区水稻纹枯病菌对井岗霉素敏感性的初步研究．中国生物防治．11(4)：171-173．
33．张穗，周梅先，宋万昌等．1999河南省固始等地稻纹枯病对井岗霉素的敏感性．植物保护学报．26(2)：189-190．
34．张穗，朱有红．1989北地区丝核菌菌群分类及对禾谷类作物的致病性．沈阳农业大学学报．20(4)：431-435．
35．张天晓，张志光．1991中国Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn新的菌丝融合群与其它各群诸性质的比较．湖南师范大学自然科学学报．14(4)：354-361．
36．张天晓．1984 Rhizoctonia solani菌丝融合群的研究．湖南师范学院学报(自然科学版)．(2)：69-72．
37. Anderson NA. 1982 The genetics and pathology of Rhizoctonia solani. Ann. Rev. Phytopatbol. 20: 329-347.
38. Chin S. Yang and Richad, P.KORF. 1985 Ascorhizoctonia Gen. Nov. and complexipes., two genera for anamorphs of species assigned to Tricharina(Discomycetes). Mycotaxon, Ⅹ Ⅹ Ⅲ: 475-481.
39. Flentje NT. Stretton M. and Hawn EJ. 1962 Nuclear Distribution and Bahaviour throughout the life
Cyceles of Thanate phorus, Waitea and Ceratobasisdium. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 16: 450-466.
40. Keijer Jaap. Houterman Petka M. et al. 1996 Hetergeneity in electrophoretic karyotype within and between anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani. Mycol. Res. 100(7):787-797.
41. Liu ZL, Sincliar JB.,1992. Genetic divercity of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 2. Phytopathology 82:778-787.
42. Loroche JP. Jabaji-Hara SH. Charest P.M. 1992. Differentiation of two anastomosis group 2. Phytopathology 82: 1387-1393.
43. Macnish GC. Caring DE. Sweetingham MW. And Brainadrka. 1994. Anastomosis group.(AG)affinity of Pectic isozyme(zymogram) groups(ZG)of Rhizoctonia solani from the western Australian Cereal—belt. Mycol. Res. 98(12) 1360-1375.
44. Macnish GC. Swecting Ham NW. 1993 Evidence of stability of pectic zymogrom groups within Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Mycol.Res. 97: 1056-1058.
45. Moore Royall T. 1987. The genera of Rhixoctonia—like fungi Ascorhizoctonia, ceratorhiza gen. nov. Epulorhixa gen. nov., Momiliopsis and Rhizoctonia. Mycotaxon, X XI X: 91-99.
46. Parmeter JR Jr(de.). 1970 Biology and Rhizoctonia solani. University of Califomia press, Berkelty.
47. Sneh B, Burpee B, Ogoshi A. 1991 Identification of Rhizoctonia species, APS press St. Paul, USA.
48. Sneh B, Jabaja-hara S, Dijst G. 1996 Rhizoctonia species, Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease control. Kluwer academic pubishers, Dordrecht\Bostonl London.
49. Sneh Burpee,LL. Ogoshi A. 1991. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. St. Paul.MN: APS Press, 133pp.
50. Tommerup C, Barton JE, O'brien PA. Mycol Res, 1995, 99(2):179-186.
51. Viigalys,R.,and Cubeta,M. A. 1994. Molecular, Systematics and populations biology of Rhizoctonia solani kuhn. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 25:135-143.