涵洞土压力有限元施工分层填筑模拟与试验研究
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摘要
随着经济的高速发展，地下埋涵广泛应用于水利、公路、铁路等工程，占用工程投资相对较多，且工程量大。文献表明，涵洞在运营中常出现各种病害，其原因主要有两个：一是垂直土压力的计算值偏小；二是施工质量问题。目前垂直土压力的计算公式很多，但都存在一定的局限性。本文以室内试验为基础，结合有限元数值模拟和理论分析，对上埋式和高填方沟埋式涵洞土压力的计算进行了系统、深入的研究和分析。本论文所作的研究工作和得出的主要成果如下：
(1)本文以刚性地基和砂性填土条件下的刚性箱涵为研究对象，通过模型试验和数值模拟计算，研究分析了槽底宽度为2倍洞径时的不同坡度以及边坡为直坡时不同槽宽条件下的涵洞土压力随填土高度的变化规律。研究结果表明，在各种边界条件下，当填土达到一定高度后，涵洞土压力随高度的变化规律不是线性的，而是非线性变化的。
(2)上埋式涵洞与沟埋式涵洞的土压力系数与H／B有关，对于上埋式涵洞，垂直土压力系数K_v随着H／B的增加先升后降，且K_v大于1，最大值达到1.45；水平土压力系数K_h要大于按主动土压力计算的数值。对于沟埋式涵洞，垂直土压力系数K_v随着H／B的增加也是先升后降，在填土达到一定高度后，K_v小于1，水平土压力系数K_h小于按主动土压力计算的值。
(3)沟埋式涵洞土压力分布规律随着开挖边坡的变缓、沟槽宽度的增大，垂直及侧向土压力逐渐增大。
(4)针对现有设计规范中对沟埋式涵洞顶垂直土压力计算公式的不足，本论文通过理论分析、数值模拟计算和室内试验验证的方法，进行了涵洞土压力施工分层填筑模拟计算，取得了一定的成果，可以应用在实际工程建设中。
With national economy developing by leaps and bounds, the culvert is widely used in water conservancy, highway, railway, etc .It can be mainly divided into two parts: channel-buried culvert and positive buried culvert. However, because lack of the reasonable earth pressure theory for design of these culverts, some of them fail in the period of construction or after completion of work for using smaller size of structure, in some case over big size of culvert structure are designed to be bear the uncertain pressures on the culverts and led to more cost. Based on the occasion above, the earth pressure theory and the method of load reduction are studied through model test and numeric simulation to find a reasonable earth pressure theory for the culverts beneath the high fill. The fruits of research in the thesis as follow:
(1)A series of testing about stiff rounded culvert in the house have been carried on based on the stiff foundation and sand soil. Slope of trough wall; the condition of positive buried culvert. The result involves the earth pressure on the top of culvert, the lateral earth pressure and the displacement of the earth with the different height of backfill. The test results show the principle of variation of pressures on culverts beneath high fill is similar, it is that, even if the embankment is filled up to a higher height, the earth pressures can still partly transfer to the top of culvert, as a result the pressures on the culvert increase nonlinearly with the variation of height of fill and further the pressures.
(2)There is connection between channel-buried culvert and positive buried culvert. Along with the increase of H/B, channel-buried culvert grow positive buried culvert. With the increase of H/B, positive coefficient of vertical soil pressure, K_v, decreases before ascend. K_v is above 1, the max of K_v is 1.45.Positive coefficient of horizontal soil pressure, K_h,is above the value by active earth pressure. With the increase of H/B, positive coefficient of vertical soil pressure, K_v, decreases before ascend. K_v is less than 1, positive coefficient of horizontal soil pressure, K_h, is less than the value by active earth pressure.
(3)As the decrease of the slope and the increase of the width of the trough, that is to say, the slope of backfill is less than 1:1 or the width of the trough is four times than of the width of the span of culvert, the distribution of the channel-buried culvert is similar with that of positive buried culvert.
(4)The theory of, so a new calculation model of earth pressure has been established in the paper, which also includes the formula of calculating the earth pressure of channel-buried culvert with the rectangular section and trapeze form the theory of M-S has been modulated. There is a conclusion that when the height of backfill is not tall, tall distribution of perpendicular earth pressure of channel-buried culvert is similar with that of positive buried culvert.
(1)本文以刚性地基和砂性填土条件下的刚性箱涵为研究对象，通过模型试验和数值模拟计算，研究分析了槽底宽度为2倍洞径时的不同坡度以及边坡为直坡时不同槽宽条件下的涵洞土压力随填土高度的变化规律。研究结果表明，在各种边界条件下，当填土达到一定高度后，涵洞土压力随高度的变化规律不是线性的，而是非线性变化的。
(2)上埋式涵洞与沟埋式涵洞的土压力系数与H／B有关，对于上埋式涵洞，垂直土压力系数K_v随着H／B的增加先升后降，且K_v大于1，最大值达到1.45；水平土压力系数K_h要大于按主动土压力计算的数值。对于沟埋式涵洞，垂直土压力系数K_v随着H／B的增加也是先升后降，在填土达到一定高度后，K_v小于1，水平土压力系数K_h小于按主动土压力计算的值。
(3)沟埋式涵洞土压力分布规律随着开挖边坡的变缓、沟槽宽度的增大，垂直及侧向土压力逐渐增大。
(4)针对现有设计规范中对沟埋式涵洞顶垂直土压力计算公式的不足，本论文通过理论分析、数值模拟计算和室内试验验证的方法，进行了涵洞土压力施工分层填筑模拟计算，取得了一定的成果，可以应用在实际工程建设中。
With national economy developing by leaps and bounds, the culvert is widely used in water conservancy, highway, railway, etc .It can be mainly divided into two parts: channel-buried culvert and positive buried culvert. However, because lack of the reasonable earth pressure theory for design of these culverts, some of them fail in the period of construction or after completion of work for using smaller size of structure, in some case over big size of culvert structure are designed to be bear the uncertain pressures on the culverts and led to more cost. Based on the occasion above, the earth pressure theory and the method of load reduction are studied through model test and numeric simulation to find a reasonable earth pressure theory for the culverts beneath the high fill. The fruits of research in the thesis as follow:
(1)A series of testing about stiff rounded culvert in the house have been carried on based on the stiff foundation and sand soil. Slope of trough wall; the condition of positive buried culvert. The result involves the earth pressure on the top of culvert, the lateral earth pressure and the displacement of the earth with the different height of backfill. The test results show the principle of variation of pressures on culverts beneath high fill is similar, it is that, even if the embankment is filled up to a higher height, the earth pressures can still partly transfer to the top of culvert, as a result the pressures on the culvert increase nonlinearly with the variation of height of fill and further the pressures.
(2)There is connection between channel-buried culvert and positive buried culvert. Along with the increase of H/B, channel-buried culvert grow positive buried culvert. With the increase of H/B, positive coefficient of vertical soil pressure, K_v, decreases before ascend. K_v is above 1, the max of K_v is 1.45.Positive coefficient of horizontal soil pressure, K_h,is above the value by active earth pressure. With the increase of H/B, positive coefficient of vertical soil pressure, K_v, decreases before ascend. K_v is less than 1, positive coefficient of horizontal soil pressure, K_h, is less than the value by active earth pressure.
(3)As the decrease of the slope and the increase of the width of the trough, that is to say, the slope of backfill is less than 1:1 or the width of the trough is four times than of the width of the span of culvert, the distribution of the channel-buried culvert is similar with that of positive buried culvert.
(4)The theory of, so a new calculation model of earth pressure has been established in the paper, which also includes the formula of calculating the earth pressure of channel-buried culvert with the rectangular section and trapeze form the theory of M-S has been modulated. There is a conclusion that when the height of backfill is not tall, tall distribution of perpendicular earth pressure of channel-buried culvert is similar with that of positive buried culvert.
引文
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[2] 陈虔礼．高填土涵洞的病害处理和加固设计．广西交通科技，1955．03．
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[4] 罗智刚、李永刚、李力．涵洞洞顶垂直土压力的分析及计算．太原理工大学学报，2004．11，第35卷第6期．
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[6] 刘燕．高填土涵洞地基承载力影响因素初探．山西交通科技，2000．06，P32-34．
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[2] 陈虔礼．高填土涵洞的病害处理和加固设计．广西交通科技，1955．03．
[3] 王长运、李永刚．矩形断面沟埋式涵洞垂直土压力的分析．太原理工大学学报，2005．1，第36卷第1期．
[4] 罗智刚、李永刚、李力．涵洞洞顶垂直土压力的分析及计算．太原理工大学学报，2004．11，第35卷第6期．
[5] 高恩玲．浅谈东南公路高填土板涵的设计．东北公路，2001．07，P32-34．
[6] 刘燕．高填土涵洞地基承载力影响因素初探．山西交通科技，2000．06，P32-34．
[7] 孙树娴．高填土钢筋混凝土涵洞的基础设计及地基处理．科技交流，2000．03，P123-125．
[8] 陈素君．高填土涵洞的基础设计．公路，1998．04，P37-39．
[9] 田文铎．对近年来国内外上埋式管涵垂直土压力计算理论的述评．浙江水利科技，1989．01，P13-21．
[10] 刘志成．涵洞上部填土的竖向土压力计算．林业建设，1996．06，P36-37．
[11] 冯忠居．路基中涵洞结构物受土压力作用机理分析．内蒙古公路与运输，2000．01，总第63期，P17-19．
[12] 冯忠居、张新占．涵洞土压力与填土沉降差关系分析．内蒙古公路与运输，2002．01，P21-23．
[13] 王秉勇．涵洞顶填土压力的讨论及计算．铁道工程学报，2002．06，第2期(总74)P50-54．
[14] 林选青．高填土下结构物的竖向土压力及结构设计计算方法．土木工程学报，1989．04，P27-37．
[15] 刘全林、杨敏．上埋式管道上竖向土压力计算的探讨．岩土力学，2001．02，P214-218．
[16] 折学森．路基涵洞的土压力计算．中国公路学报，1992．03，P72-79．
[17] 折学森．填埋式管道垂直土压力的计算．西北建筑工程学院学报，1993．01，P28-34．
[18] 郭利军．上埋式涵洞顶部垂直土压力的塑性分析．山西水利科技，2005．02，第1期(总第155期)，P67-68、73．
[19] 李永刚、孙建生．软基涵洞土压力分析．土木工程学报，2003．03，P96-99．
[20] M.G.Spangler. Underground conduits—An appraisal of modem research. 《Proceedings Am. Assoc.of civil Eng.》 V.74, No5, 1948.
[21] 赵日平．柴米河地下涵洞空间有限元分析研究．江苏水利，1999．08，P24—26．
[22] Hinze, J.1977.Risk Assessment in Underground Construction: Uncertainty Is Certain.No—DigEngineering, 4(3), May/June.
[23] Dtress-strain relationship for confined concrete in various shape of concrete-filled steel columns. Structural Failure and Plasticity. 2000,7. P381.
[24] Machie R I.Object-oriented methods-finite element programming and engineering software design[J]. Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, 1995,(1) :P133-138.
[25] Zhang J R,Peng S M,Qi S,et al. Analysis and treatment of slide in Daganping[A].In:Shen Z J,Law G Y, Fellenius B H ed.Proceedings of the 2nd international Conference on Soft Soil Engineering[C]. Nanjing: Hohai University Press,1996,1 :P554-559.
[26] Belytschko T, Lu Y, Gu L.Element free GalerKin methods[J].International Journal for Numerial Methods in Engineering,1994,37:P229-256.
[27] Stress from linearly distributed Pressures over rectangular areas. Int.Journal for Numberical and Analytical Method in Geomechanics. 2000,24(8).
[28] American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association. 1999.Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts.Washington.
[29] г．К．克列恩著，陈万佳译，《散粒体结构力学》，中国铁道出版社，1983．07．
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