摘要
从学者的角度来看,中非关系值得两个方面的关注:比较视角探析30年来中国和非洲不同的发展路径;双边视角关注中国和非洲之间的交流及其对发展的影响。
本文考察中国对非洲的吸引力及其所生成的软实力,同时涉及两个视角。比较视角着眼于不同的制度和政策以及中国的发展成就对非洲的吸引力。本文将在以下章节展开论述:治理合法性一章介绍了处于不同发展阶段的中国和非洲的不同政治体制的特征。随之主要关注体制政策转让性这一问题。本文强调中国对非关系中致力于多极化,而不是一味地论述中国自身的发展经验对非洲的借鉴之处。比较“北京共识”和“华盛顿共识”后表明,二者不但在内容上不同,更为重要的是双方对普遍化的不同主张。
双边合作视角下的吸引力常常涉及中非关系史的发展。中非关系史一章综述了中国对非洲解放运动的支持,及其致力于反殖、反帝和反霸。但正如中非关系并不止于历史,本文继续探讨当今中非关系的最显著的特点:经济合作。除贸易和投资之外,本文解释自然资源与基础设施交易所具有的吸引力。接下来对文化的讨论分为两个部分:其一是公共文化、传统与文化、文化和社会等的吸引力。其二是源于中国对伙伴国家文化的尊重而生成的吸引力。援助一章展示中国和西方对非援助的不同。尤其强调经济发展到社会基本需求的转移,并说明中国如何成功的填补他国留下的缺口。继而讨论西方捐助者对非的有条件援助,相比中国凭其方式而获得的吸引力。
最后,贯穿全文的主旨是中国的不干涉政策的含义和其所衍生的吸引力。舆论一章采用民意作为软实力的指标,并对诸多的非洲民意调查进行了比较。该章以精选的能够充分表明非洲对中国的民意形成过程的案例为结尾。本文的研究旨趣在于近年来中非关系增进的原因,确定中国逐渐增加的软实力扮演了的重要角色。本文提出促生中国吸引力的因素主要是实用主义、不干涉政策和其对多极世界格局的主张。
From a development scholar's perspective, two aspects of China Africa relations have attracted attention:The comparative perspective, which asks about why the African countries and China have developed so differently over the last 30 years, while the bilateral perspective looks at the dynamics between China and Africa and its effects for development. For this paper, which focuses on China's attraction to Africa, and its resulting soft power, both aspects are relevant.
The comparative perspective looks at the different institutions and policies and attraction that successful development in China yields to Africa. This paper deals with this in the following chapters and sections:The Chapter on legitimacy of governance looks at the characteristics of the different political systems between China and most of Africa in the different stages of development. The next part which compares the political systems focuses largely on the questions of transferability. Rather than looking which aspects of China's development experience are relevant for Africa, it analyzes China's commitment to multi-polarity in its relations with Africa. The comparison between the terms Beijing consensus and Washington consensus shows differences not in terms of contents but more importantly, its respective claims for universality. Attraction from bilateral cooperation in many ways relates to the historic development of China Africa relations. The chapter on History looks at China's support for African liberation movements and its commitment to anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism and anti-hegemony. But as China-Africa relations don't stop with history, the paper continues with the most defining feature of today's China Africa relations, the economic cooperation. Besides trade and investment, this paper explains the attraction of resources-for-infrastructure deals.
The following discussion on culture splits into two parts. First, the attraction of Chinese culture in terms of public culture, traditions and religion and culture and society and second, the attraction that stems from the respect the China shows for the culture of the partner country. Moving on in the bilateral relationship, the chapter on Aid points at the differences between Western and Chinese aid to Africa. Especially it focuses on the shift from economic development to basic social needs, and how has China successfully stepped in to fill this gap. It goes on to discuss the conditionality that Western donors attach to their aid to Africa and the attraction of China's alternative approach. A final point which leads throughout the paper like a red thread is the Chinese non-interference policy, its implications and attraction.
On the evaluation side, this paper takes public opinion as a proxy for soft power, and compares several opinion surveys on Africa views towards China. This part concludes with a short selection of case studies that illustrate how opinions towards China in Africa are formed.
This paper is interested in the reasons for intensifying China Africa relations in recent years, and identifies the role of China's growing soft power. The factors it proposes for triggering this growing attraction are China's pragmatism, non interference and a commitment to multi polarity.
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207 Moyo Dambisa (2009) Dead Aid:Why Aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa, Allen Lane, Penguin Books
208 Congressional record, United States of America,107th congress, frist session, Volume 147, art 17. p 23294
209 Theotonions dos Santos (1970) The Structures of Dependence American Economic Review 60, p 233
210 Cotter William R (1979) How AID Fails to Aid Africa Foreign Policy, No.34, pp.107-119
211 Wade Abdoulaye (2008) Time for the West to practice what it preaches, Financial Times,24 January
212 Youde Dong (2007) The distinguishing features and reasons of China FDI outflows to Africa, The 3nd Forum of the World Association for Political Economy, Langfang, Hebei, China
213董有德.中国对非洲直接投资特点及其成因分析.世界政治经济学学会第三届论坛.河北廊坊.2007年
214 Zhang Chixin (1996) Departement of Foreign Aid, MOFTEC, The foreign aid work develops in the course of reform. Almanac, p.69
215 Dambisa Moyo (2009) Dead Aid, Penguin Books, London
216 Brautigam Deborah (2010) The Dragons Gift:The real story of China in Africa, Oxford University Press, page
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217 Bennel Paul (1998) British Manufacturing Investments in Sub Saharan Africa, Journal of Development Studies, African Development Report.
218 Kevin Moss (2006) Consequences of the WTO Appellate Body Decision in EC-Tariff Preferences for the African Growth Opportunity Act and Sub-Saharan Africa,38 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L.& Pol.665
219 Hayes Stephen (2003) Testimony on the AGOA to the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
220 Federal Acquisition Regulations System, Guidlines to Assure USAID programmes do not result in the loss of jobs in the US, Title 48, US code of Federal Regulations
221 Guyer, Williams, Loxley (2002) Review of African Political Economy, World Bank (The Berg Report): Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, Vol.10 No.27/28 pp 186-204
222 OECD (2005) Paris declaration on aid effectiveness
223 Oxfam (2008) The future of aid:A scramble in Africa,6 Sept
224 Brautigam Deborah (2010) The Dragons Gift:The real story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press
225 William Easterly (2002) What Did Structural Adjustment Adjust? The Association of Policies and Growth with Repeated IMF and World Bank Adjustment Loans, Center for Global Development, Working Paper 11 October
226 Brautigam Deborah (2010) China, Africa and the International Aid Architecture, African Development Bank Working Papers, N 107, April
227 OECD (2002) Policy Brief:Untying Aid to the Least Developed Countries
228 www.usaid.com
229 http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/policyrelease/gazettee/200805/20080505515160.html, Dez 20,2009
230 Leo et al (2002)Achieving Debt Sustainability, US Treasury Department.
231 Michael M. Phillips (2006) G-7 to Warn China Over Costly Loans to Poor Countries, Wall Street Journal,15 September
232为案例参考Chinese thrown out of Africa http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=11266 Craig Trimberg (2006) In Africa China's trade brings growth and unease, Washington Post,13 June; Ofeibea Quist-Acton (2008) Army of shopkeepers paved China's way in Africa; http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93143915 Serge Michel (2008) When China met Africa, Foreign Policy,1 May, pp.38-46; Johnson R.W. (2006) China's empire-builders sweep up African riches, Sunday Times, London,16 July
233 To the question "My View of Chinese Small Businesses in My Country is that they..." the majority of respondents answer "Help, but are also a source of problems for local people" survey published in:Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong (2009) African Perspectives on China-Africa Links, The China Quarterly, page 739
234 All figures taken from:BBC World service poll (2009) PIPA, Globescan, Feb 6
235 Megali Rheault (2006) Chadians view US and China more favorably than France,18 February http://www.gallup.com/poll/104404/Chadians-view-US-China-More-Favorably-Than-France.aspx.
236 Pew Global Attitudes Project (2007) Global unease with major world powers Washington DC www.pewglobal.org, June 27
237 Gallup Poll (2007) quoted in:Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong (2009) African Perspectives on China-Africa Links, The China Quarterly, p733
238 Moyo Dambisa (2009) Dead Aid:Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa, New York: Farrar. Staus and Giroux
239 Hull Bryson (2008) Chinese build new highway to 'lost' Kenya, International Herald Tribune,22 August
240 Keet Dot (2008) The role and impact of Chinese economic operations in Africa, In:Dorothy-Grace Gue and Firoze Manji (2008) China's New Role in Africa and the South:A Search for New Perspectives, Oxford: Fahamu, page 78-86
241 Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong (2009) African Perspectives on China-Africa Links, Adaption of Chinese to the Local Society compared to Westerners, The China Quarterly, page 743
242 Hilsum Lindsey (2005) The Chinese are coming, New Statesman, July 4
243 Naim Moises (2007) Rogue Aid, Foreign Policy, March/April
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