张谷英村公共交往空间及传承研究
|
摘要
随着城市住区交往空间的缺失,人情交往的渴求与日俱增；而传统村落村民依据人的需要和感受“无为而为”地真正做到了“以人为本”,形成的是一个复合的、有序的交往空间网络。如何在古村落保护和发展中合理的传承昔日和谐的交往空间形态有着积极的意义。
论文在空间图式理论、符号空间理论、场所理论、交往与空间理论、遗产保护等相关理论和方法的基础上,通过资料查阅与整理、实地调研、归纳总结及演绎推理等方法,对张谷英村公共交往空间及传承研究,主要结果如下：
(1)归纳总结了国内外聚落空间、文化、生活及传承等研究进展。传统村落公共空间及外部空间等专项研究起步较晚,呈两种趋势：从“空间——人”的基于建筑空间理论的研究和从“人——空间秩序”的基于社会发展、历史变迁的研究；国外对于公共空间的研究分为哲学意义、空间形式、环境行为、环境意义等方面的研究,在乡村建设上重视以人为本的规划,侧重生态规划和休闲规划。
(2)综述了张谷英村历史文化性及遗产价值。张谷英村长达600多年的历史,包含文物古迹13处。张谷英村建筑遗产本体包括文物建筑7处：当大门、王家塅、上新屋、东头屋、西头岸、聚龙湾东片区及石大门片区,共17589 m2。主要遗产环境包括历史文物建筑之外的历史建筑4处,共3360 m2；历史构筑物古井11处、古桥4处、古道路1条、古墓葬11座、古迹1处等；以及与遗产相关的自然环境要素包括水系1条,山体5处,植被若干。
(3)分析了张谷英村公共交往空间的类型、特点及其空间功能的演化和存在状况。张谷英村公共交往空间的类型分为物态交往空间和意态交往空间两大类,根据公共开放程度物态空间又分为开放性交往空间、半开放性交往空间及半私密性交往空间。张谷英村公共交往空间中人的行为具有交往活动频率高、随意性大、持续时间长、高度开放性的特点；交往空间具有尺度空间、模糊空间、场所空间及序列空间的特征。并进一步分析了张谷英村公共交往空间功能的演化及存在的状况,提出张谷英村面临的问题：田园自然景观交往空间破坏、乡土建筑交往空间历史延续性衰弱、公共设施休闲空间缺乏以及民俗风情文化交往空间淡化。
(4)探讨了张谷英村公共交往空间的传承原则、方法和内容。张谷英村公共交往空间从田园自然景观、乡土建筑、公共设施和民俗风情文化交往空间四大类进行传承；以相地为先设计原则、突出真实性和保持延续性原则、人性化原则为主要的传承原则,运用风貌整治、修理与借鉴、集中与分散等主要的传承方法对张谷英村典型的公共交往空间进行理论与实践的传承,旨在最大限度的实现及发挥交往空间的功能与价值。
传统村落人与土地所呈现的和谐关系体现在健康安全的生态过程、秀美朴实的自然环境、人对土地的精神寄托和归属感。公共空间不仅是特定文化的产物,更是记载着人们共同的生命体验。现代城市住区交往空间的缺失、新农村建设中传统特色丢失和旧邻里关系的伤失是我们关心和迫切需要解决的问题。对张谷英村公共交往空间及传承的研究,有助于对上述问题的探讨和借鉴。
With the lack of contacting space in urban settlements, more and more people have great desire for human interaction.Other, the traditional villages have a complex and orderly exchange Space Network in accordance with the needs of feelings of the villagers.How to protect and develop the harmony tradition contacting space with reasonable method, has great realistic signification.
Based on some principles and methods of relevant disciplines, such as Spatial Schema Theory, Symbol Space Theory, the Place Theory,Spatial Interaction Theory and the Heritage Protection, etc and applied with induction deduction method, analysis synthesizes method and practices utilization method and so on, this paper carries out the research and analysis on the traditional contacting spaces and the inheritance of traditional contacting spaces.The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Summarized culture, life and heritage of settlement space at home and abroad.
According to the research on the public space and external space in traditional villages, there were two trends:the construction of space-based research and theory 'Space-Human behavior'and research based on social development, the history of changes from the'Human behavior-Space Order'. And, foreign research on public space already entered to a quite mature stage, study of public space is divided into research on philosophical sense, space forms, environmental behavior, environmental signification, ect. foreign villages building took the great importance in the rural people-oriented planning, ecological planning and leisure planning.
(2) Reviewed the history and culture and heritage values of the Village Zhang guying
Village Zhang as long as 600 years of the history, includes 13 cultural relics:Dang damen, Wang jiaduan, Shang xinwu, Dong touwu,Xi tou'an,Ju longwan, and Shi damen, a total of 17589 square meter.
Besides the main legacy of the history of heritage buildings, there are 4 historic buildings, a total of 3360 square meter,11 historical structures,4 old bridge, an ancient road,11 ancient tombs, and lmonuments,besides, natural elements of 1 water system,5 mountains and a number of vegetation.
(3) Analysed and summarized the types, features of the public contacting space, and its evolution and existence of the functional state of the Village Zhang.
The public contacting spaces of Village Zhang are divided into the substantial spaces and nonmaterial spaces, then, according to the degree of public open space of state contacts, divided into open space, semi-open and semi-private contacting spaces. On the basis of the characteristic of association as well as the intrinsic thought of association in the rural settlement, carried out characteristic of pubic association spaces specially which are scaling, fuzzification, place, and sequentiality. Furtherly, based on the evolution and existence of the functional state of the Village Zhang, put forward the facing issues of Village Zhang guying:damaged Contacting Space between the natural landscape garden, weaked history continuity of local architectural contacing spaces, less and poor public facilities space for Leisure, and Diluted folk customs and cultural Activities.
(4) Elaborated the principle, the method, the content of public contacting space of Village Zhang guying.
Taking Style training, repair and reference, focus and decentralization as the main method of inheritance, the public contacting space of Village Zhang guying has been inherited from the natural landscape countryside, local buildings, public facilities and folk customs and culture, under the guidance of the first design principles, the principle of highlighting authenticity and maintaining continuity, and the principle of humanity design as the main principle.It is to come true the aim of maximizing the function and value of the rural contacting space.
The people and land have been keeping a harmonious relationship:health and safety ecological processes, simple and beautiful natural environment, spiritual sustenance and a sense of belonging between the people and the land. The public space is not only a product of a specific culture, but also records the common experience of the lives of people. Because of the contacting space been missing in urban settlements, the loss of traditional features and the old neighborhood between the construction of new countryside, it is urgent to resolve these questions. Now, research on public contacting space of the village of Zhang guying and its transmission would contribute to the above questions, which would have great reference.
论文在空间图式理论、符号空间理论、场所理论、交往与空间理论、遗产保护等相关理论和方法的基础上,通过资料查阅与整理、实地调研、归纳总结及演绎推理等方法,对张谷英村公共交往空间及传承研究,主要结果如下：
(1)归纳总结了国内外聚落空间、文化、生活及传承等研究进展。传统村落公共空间及外部空间等专项研究起步较晚,呈两种趋势：从“空间——人”的基于建筑空间理论的研究和从“人——空间秩序”的基于社会发展、历史变迁的研究；国外对于公共空间的研究分为哲学意义、空间形式、环境行为、环境意义等方面的研究,在乡村建设上重视以人为本的规划,侧重生态规划和休闲规划。
(2)综述了张谷英村历史文化性及遗产价值。张谷英村长达600多年的历史,包含文物古迹13处。张谷英村建筑遗产本体包括文物建筑7处：当大门、王家塅、上新屋、东头屋、西头岸、聚龙湾东片区及石大门片区,共17589 m2。主要遗产环境包括历史文物建筑之外的历史建筑4处,共3360 m2；历史构筑物古井11处、古桥4处、古道路1条、古墓葬11座、古迹1处等；以及与遗产相关的自然环境要素包括水系1条,山体5处,植被若干。
(3)分析了张谷英村公共交往空间的类型、特点及其空间功能的演化和存在状况。张谷英村公共交往空间的类型分为物态交往空间和意态交往空间两大类,根据公共开放程度物态空间又分为开放性交往空间、半开放性交往空间及半私密性交往空间。张谷英村公共交往空间中人的行为具有交往活动频率高、随意性大、持续时间长、高度开放性的特点；交往空间具有尺度空间、模糊空间、场所空间及序列空间的特征。并进一步分析了张谷英村公共交往空间功能的演化及存在的状况,提出张谷英村面临的问题：田园自然景观交往空间破坏、乡土建筑交往空间历史延续性衰弱、公共设施休闲空间缺乏以及民俗风情文化交往空间淡化。
(4)探讨了张谷英村公共交往空间的传承原则、方法和内容。张谷英村公共交往空间从田园自然景观、乡土建筑、公共设施和民俗风情文化交往空间四大类进行传承；以相地为先设计原则、突出真实性和保持延续性原则、人性化原则为主要的传承原则,运用风貌整治、修理与借鉴、集中与分散等主要的传承方法对张谷英村典型的公共交往空间进行理论与实践的传承,旨在最大限度的实现及发挥交往空间的功能与价值。
传统村落人与土地所呈现的和谐关系体现在健康安全的生态过程、秀美朴实的自然环境、人对土地的精神寄托和归属感。公共空间不仅是特定文化的产物,更是记载着人们共同的生命体验。现代城市住区交往空间的缺失、新农村建设中传统特色丢失和旧邻里关系的伤失是我们关心和迫切需要解决的问题。对张谷英村公共交往空间及传承的研究,有助于对上述问题的探讨和借鉴。
With the lack of contacting space in urban settlements, more and more people have great desire for human interaction.Other, the traditional villages have a complex and orderly exchange Space Network in accordance with the needs of feelings of the villagers.How to protect and develop the harmony tradition contacting space with reasonable method, has great realistic signification.
Based on some principles and methods of relevant disciplines, such as Spatial Schema Theory, Symbol Space Theory, the Place Theory,Spatial Interaction Theory and the Heritage Protection, etc and applied with induction deduction method, analysis synthesizes method and practices utilization method and so on, this paper carries out the research and analysis on the traditional contacting spaces and the inheritance of traditional contacting spaces.The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Summarized culture, life and heritage of settlement space at home and abroad.
According to the research on the public space and external space in traditional villages, there were two trends:the construction of space-based research and theory 'Space-Human behavior'and research based on social development, the history of changes from the'Human behavior-Space Order'. And, foreign research on public space already entered to a quite mature stage, study of public space is divided into research on philosophical sense, space forms, environmental behavior, environmental signification, ect. foreign villages building took the great importance in the rural people-oriented planning, ecological planning and leisure planning.
(2) Reviewed the history and culture and heritage values of the Village Zhang guying
Village Zhang as long as 600 years of the history, includes 13 cultural relics:Dang damen, Wang jiaduan, Shang xinwu, Dong touwu,Xi tou'an,Ju longwan, and Shi damen, a total of 17589 square meter.
Besides the main legacy of the history of heritage buildings, there are 4 historic buildings, a total of 3360 square meter,11 historical structures,4 old bridge, an ancient road,11 ancient tombs, and lmonuments,besides, natural elements of 1 water system,5 mountains and a number of vegetation.
(3) Analysed and summarized the types, features of the public contacting space, and its evolution and existence of the functional state of the Village Zhang.
The public contacting spaces of Village Zhang are divided into the substantial spaces and nonmaterial spaces, then, according to the degree of public open space of state contacts, divided into open space, semi-open and semi-private contacting spaces. On the basis of the characteristic of association as well as the intrinsic thought of association in the rural settlement, carried out characteristic of pubic association spaces specially which are scaling, fuzzification, place, and sequentiality. Furtherly, based on the evolution and existence of the functional state of the Village Zhang, put forward the facing issues of Village Zhang guying:damaged Contacting Space between the natural landscape garden, weaked history continuity of local architectural contacing spaces, less and poor public facilities space for Leisure, and Diluted folk customs and cultural Activities.
(4) Elaborated the principle, the method, the content of public contacting space of Village Zhang guying.
Taking Style training, repair and reference, focus and decentralization as the main method of inheritance, the public contacting space of Village Zhang guying has been inherited from the natural landscape countryside, local buildings, public facilities and folk customs and culture, under the guidance of the first design principles, the principle of highlighting authenticity and maintaining continuity, and the principle of humanity design as the main principle.It is to come true the aim of maximizing the function and value of the rural contacting space.
The people and land have been keeping a harmonious relationship:health and safety ecological processes, simple and beautiful natural environment, spiritual sustenance and a sense of belonging between the people and the land. The public space is not only a product of a specific culture, but also records the common experience of the lives of people. Because of the contacting space been missing in urban settlements, the loss of traditional features and the old neighborhood between the construction of new countryside, it is urgent to resolve these questions. Now, research on public contacting space of the village of Zhang guying and its transmission would contribute to the above questions, which would have great reference.
引文
[1]彭鹏.华北山区传统聚落外部空间研究[D].南昌：南昌大学硕十学位论文,2007.
[2]武婵燕.居住区交往空间环境设计研究[D].杭州：浙江大学硕十学位论文,2005：1
[3]霍有光.社会交往心理学[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1996：5.
[4]林治.传统聚落与现代城市居住区户外交往空间比较研究[D].武汉：武汉大学硕士学位论文,2005：9.
[5]李静.传统城市交往空间的再生与重构[D].长沙：湖南师范大学硕十学位论文,2007.
[6]于冬亮.住区交往空间研究[D].上海：同济大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[7]夏征农等.辞海[M].上海：上海辞书出版社,2001：12.
[8]蔡凌著.侗族聚居区的传统村落与建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007，8：17.
[9]张松.历史西方保护学导论[M].上海：上海科技出版社,2001,12：5.
[10]陈晶.徽州地区传统聚落外部空间的研究与借鉴[D].北京：清华大学硕士学位论文,2005：7.
[11]杨彬.社会空间·场论[J].北方论坛,1996(6)：12-17.
[12]曹海林.村落公共空间：透视乡村社会秩序生成与重构的一个分析视角[J].天府新论,2005(4)：88-92.
[13]王澎.皖南村镇巷道的内部结构解析[J].建筑师,2005(]15)：55-62.
[14]彭一刚.传统村镇聚落景观分析[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[15]彭一刚.江南小城镇形态特征及演变机制[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[16]彭一刚.乡镇形态结构演变的动力学原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[17]徐贤如.传统聚落环境分析[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[18]揭鸣浩.世界文化遗产宏村古村落空间解析[D].南京：东南大学硕十学位论文,2007.
[19]潘莹,施瑛.论江西传统聚落布局的模式特征[J].南昌：南昌大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,38(3)：94-98.
[20]胡敏娴,徽州古村落人居环境空间研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[21]艾大宾,马晓玲.中国乡村社会空间的形成与演化[J].人文地理, 2004,19(5)：54-59.
[22]郑曦.丽江大研古镇传统聚落初探[D].重庆：重庆大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[23]马航.中国传统村落的延续与演变——传统聚落规划的再思考[J].城市规划学刊,2003,161(1)：102-106.
[24]杨怡,郑先友.徽州古村落的空间环境意象[J].安徽建筑,2003(2)：35-40.
[25]彭松.非线性方法——传统村落空间形态研究的新思路[J].四川建筑,2004,24(2)：23-25.
[26]Briggs. A. Victorian cities. Harmondsworth. penguin Books,1968.
[27]常青.略论传统聚落的风土保护与再生[J].建筑师,2005(1).12-16.
[28]Berglee Royal. Heritage tourism and recreated Heritage villages of the American Midwest:A geographic analysis[M]. Ph. D. Indiana State University,2000.
[29]Suan Buggey. Parks Canada:An approach to aboriginal cultural landscape[J]. Historic sites and monuments board of Canada,1999,3.
[30]Bacon, Kirk Anthony, The adaptive re-use of heritage buildings (Alberta)[M].M.A. University of Calgary(Canada),2001.
[31]Bernard Rudofsky, Architecture Without Architects:A Short Introduction to Non-Pedigreed Architecture[M].University of New Mexico Press,1987,6.
[32]Bernard Rudofsky, Streets for People:A Primer for Americans (Hardcover) [M]DoubleDay:1ST edition,1969,3.
[33]Bernard Rudofsky, The Kimono Mind:An Informal Guide to Japan and the Japanese (Paperback)[M]. Van Nostrand Reinhold,1982,6.
[34](日)藤井明著,宁晶译.聚落探访[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[35]Amos Rapoport. Culture, Architecture, and Design (Paperback)[M]. Locke Science Publishing Co.Inc,2005,3.
[36]Amos Rapoport. House Form and Culture (Foundations of Cultural Geography Series) (Paperback) [M].Prentice Hall:Facsimile edition 1969,2.
[37]Amos Rapoport.The Meaning of the Built Environment:A Nonverbal Communication Approach (Paperback) [M]. University of Arizona Press,1990,4.
[38](希腊)亚里士多德著,吴寿彭译.政治学[M].北京：商务印书馆,1965：140.
[39]Pirre Vidal Naquet,the Black Hunter:Forms of Thought and Forms of Sociey in the Greek Wodld[M]. the Johns Hopkins University Press,1988:57.
[40]Andreas Gestrich. The Pubilc Sphere and the Habermas Debate[J]. German History,2006(3).
[41]Briggs.A. Victorian cities[M]. Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1968.
[42]Janes F. Stability of landscape perceptions in the face of landscape hange[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1997,37(3):109-113.
[43]Nassaueer J I. Cultural principle of landscape [J]. Landscape Ecology, 1995,10 (4):229-237.
[44]Arriaza M, Canas JF. Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes [J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(3):115-125.
[45]MUlarPatl, Kilpatrick Suel. How community development programmes can foster reengagement with learning in disadvantaged communities: Leadership as process[J]. Studies in the Education of Adults, 2005(1):18-30.
[46]Elizabeth Lindsey, Kelli stajduhar,Lisa McGuinness. Examining the Process of Community Development[J]. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2005,3(6).
[47]付军,蒋林树.乡村景观规划设计[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2007,12：119-124.
[48]李燕.传统村镇聚落与当代小城镇外部空间比较研究[D].天津：天津大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[49]陈晓东.黟县西递村外部空间构成与解析[D].上海：东南大学硕十学位论,2004.
[50]冯姗姗,姚刚.重返人类住居记忆的深处——传统聚落特征对现代居住区设计的启迪[J].建筑知识,2006,28(3)：28-32.
[51]金涛,金飚等.中国传统农村聚落营造思想浅析[J].人文地理,2002,17(5)：45-48.
[52]张大玉,欧阳文.传统村镇聚落环境中人之行为活动与场所的分析研究[J].北京建筑工程学院学报,1999,15(1)：11-23.
[53]李蕾,李红.聚落构成与公共空间营造[J].规划师,2004,20(9)：81-82.
[54]唐迅.鄂西传统村落公共空间的行为——场所研究[J].四川建筑,2004,24(5)：26-27.
[55]贺明.日常生活世界的传统聚落空间解读[D].武汉：华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[56]刘沛林.论中国历史文化村落的“精神空间”[J].北京大学学报(哲社版),1996(1)：23-28.
[57]曹海林.乡村社会变迁中的村落公共空间——以苏北窑村为例考察村庄秩序的-项经验研究[J].中国农村观察,2005,6：61-73.
[58]韩净方.传统聚落外部空间的现代演变[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[59]何敬东.古村落空间意象与设计借鉴[J].四川建筑,2004,24(5)：28-31.
[60]郭立源,葛红旺,饶小军.中国传统民居村落空间之“消极性”[J].南方建筑,2005(1)：]07-108.
[61]刘沛林.湖南传统村镇感应空间规划研究[J].地理研究,1999,18(1)：66-72.
[62]Lewim K. Field theory in social science:selected theoretical papers[M]. Harper:New York,1951.
[63]朱贺,传统住宅天井的研究与探析[D].西安：西南交通大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[64]潘莹,施瑛.江西传统聚落中的祭祀类建筑[J].农业考古,2007,(3)：201-204.
[65]王巍,徽州传统聚落的巷路研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[66]张国梅,浅谈徽州传统民居的环境布局及建筑特色[J].安徽建筑,2002,(1)：32-33.
[67]郝宏丽,王润生.北方居住小区交往空间特征分析[J].山西建筑.2007,33(15)：25-26.
[68]郭静.城市居住区空间环境与邻里交往研究[D].成都：四川大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[69]段战锋.居住区交往空间设计研究[D].西安：西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[70]种小毛.居住小区中交往空间的系统性建设研究[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学硕十学位论文,2003.
[71]孔祥伟.社区公共生活与公共空间的互动[D].南京：东南大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[72]张娟.基于人类心理需求的居住区规划设计[J].科技创业月刊,2007,(6)：192-193.
[73](挪威)诺伯格·舒尔兹著,尹培桐译.存在·空间·建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工 业出版社,1990,19.
[74](美)凯文·林奇著,方益萍,何晓军译.城市意象[M].北京：华夏出版社,2001.
[75](日)芦原义信著,尹培桐译.外部空间设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1985.3.
[76](日)芦原义信著,尹培桐译.街道美学[M].天津：百花文艺出版社,2006.
[77](意)阿尔多·罗西著,黄十均译.城市建筑学[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
[78](美)阿摩斯·拉普卜特著,黄兰谷等译.建成环境的意义[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[79]万钦.北京古山村--门头沟斋堂川[M].北京：中国文联出版公司,2005.
[80]刘明鑫,李翅等.从公共空间整治到古镇复兴——以四川省平乐古镇为例[J].规划师,2006,(8)：6-10.
[81]杨载田,刘沛林.南岭山区传统聚落景观资源及其旅游开发研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(1)：35-39.
[82]魏欣韵,湘南民居——传统聚落研究及其保护与开发[D].长沙：湖南大学硕十学位论文,2003.
[83]乐地.湘南民居中吉祥图的运用与研究[D].长沙：湖南大学硕十学位论文,2004.
[84]冯骥才.城市的历史美——法国文化考察随笔二[N].文汇报,2006-6-24(3-6)
[85]杨晓蔚.古村落保护：新农村建设中亟待重视的问题[J].中国党政干部论坛,2006,(11)：42-43.
[86]张西林,张清,黄娜等.社会主义新农村建设中的传统乡土文化开发——以湖南浏阳为例[J].安徽农业科学,2007,(16)：5-9.
[87]徐涞.新农村建设规划模式研究[D].成都：成都理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[88]张所根.传统聚落保护与更新的自力型模式探析[D].南昌：南昌大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[89]杨过.探索传统村落更新的有效途径[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[90]姜永浩,杨丹丹.东北新型农村住宅设计探索[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报,2007,24(2)：61-64.
[91]黎逸科,传统广府村落布局的传承与革新—以广东省阳东县平地村新村详细规划为例[J].规划师,2006,22(8)：25-28.
[92]贾安强,贾慧献,王自衡.保定市史庄村改造规划设计[J].住宅科技,2007,(5)： 34-36.
[93]方明,刘军.国外村镇建设借鉴[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2006：1-115.
[94]Kim, Youngjoo. Revisiting the great good place:The country house, landscape and Englishness in twentieth century British fiction[M]. Ph. D.Texas A&M Uiversity.2002.
[95]Arriaza M, Canas JF. Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69, (3):115-125.
[96]Marc Antrop. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe[J]. landscape and Urban Planning,2004,67:9-29.
[97]刘黎明.乡村景观规划[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,2003：17-20.
[98]Clark Haverkamp JA, Chapman W.Eroding soils: The off-farm impacts[J]. The Conservation Foundation,2003, (6):14-32.
[99]Agrawa,1 Ani,1 SunitaNarain. Towards green villages:a strategy for environmentally sound and participatory rural development [M]. New Delh:The India Centre for Science and Environment,1989.
[100]Richard Benner.Exclusive Farm Use Reprot[M]. Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development,1998.
[101]VonHaaren Christina. Landscape planning facing the challenge of the development of cultural landscape[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002,60 (2):73-80.
[102]Edward A. Landscape planning and ecological networks[M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1994:59-128.
[103]张安蒙,高祖华.张谷英历史文化名村调查记[J].今日国土,2006,(3)：41-46.
[104]孙伯初.“天下第一村”——张谷英村[J].学习导报,2003,(4)：60-61.
[105]黄禹康.千户大屋藏古韵——寻访苗族千户大屋张谷英古村寨[J].今日民族,2007,(6)：44-48.
[106]钟华.张谷英——“天下第一村”[J].中华建设,2005,(8)：48.
[107]李贞刚.神奇诡秘的乡村谜事[J].西江月,2005,(8)：18-20.
[108]陈彦丹.张谷英五日[J].风景名胜,2004,(5)：68-71.
[109]沈守云.那门那窗那巷——张谷英村古风遗韵[J].家具与室内装饰,2004,(5)：68-71.
[110]唐孝祥,李倩.张谷英村建筑文化特征初探[J].小城镇建设,2008,(2)：52-55.
[111]文娟,柳肃.湘北张谷英村与皖南宏村之比较研究[J].南方建筑,2003,(4)：76-79.
[112]谢志平,郭建东,彭建国.张谷英古村的特色空间探析[J].湖南城市学院学报(自然科学版),2007,16(3)：31-33.
[113]张迎冰.张谷英村古建筑中传统文化之管见[J].岳阳职业技术学院学报,2006,21(4)：56-59.
[114]李文兵.张谷英村落体系空间结构历史变迁初探[J].云梦学刊,2008,29(2)：91-93.
[115]江波.岳阳张谷英村旅游开发与管理现状分析[J].商场现代化,2008,(527)：247-248.
[116]江波.张谷英村旅游开发构建知识管理系统的可行性分析[J].湖北广播电视大学学报,2008,28(3)：98-99.
[117]刘宇.浅析古村落的保护与开发——以张谷英村为例[J].美术大观,2007,(6)：148-149.
[118]林汀.天下第一村——600年同姓村自然村[J].旅游时代,2005,(1)45-47.
[119]张岳望·风水·环境意象·生态——论古村张谷英传统建筑文化的发掘与开发[J].小城镇建设,2003,(12)：46-48.
[120]周晟.张谷英历史街区保护规划思考[J].规划师,2003,(5)：31-34.
[121]张防.以岳阳张谷英村为例探讨湘北民居风水[J].山西建筑,2006,(12)：19-20.
[122]章光日.人类生活空间图式变迁研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2004,151(3)：62-66.
[123]王浩,唐晓岚等.村落景观的特色与整合[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2008.
[124]诺伯格·舒尔兹著,施植明译.场所精神[M].台北：田园城市文化事业有限公司,1995,5.
[125](英)马尔霍尔著,元校盛译.海德格尔与《存在与时间》[M].北京：广西师范大学出版社,2007.
[126]郭琦,杨新海.呼唤新农村建设中的场所精神——以常州市西夏墅镇浦前村为例[J].规划师,2008,24(3)：33-36.
[127]詹和平.空间[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2006：254.
[128](丹麦)扬·盖尔著,何人可译.交往与空间(第四版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002：1-203.
[129](日)针之谷钟吉著,邹洪灿译.《西方造园变迁史》[M].北京：中国建筑工业出 版社,1991：249.
[130]百度知道.历史文化遗产保护.http://zhidao. baidu. com/question/ 21822655.html?si=2.2007-03-10.
[131]百度知道.文物古迹保护.http://zhidao. baidu. com/quest ion/36775344. html?si=8.2007-10-24.
[132]百度百科.文物古迹.http://baike. baidu. com/view/807116. html?wtp=tt.
[133]张谷英民俗文化村-天下第一村.民俗风情.http://www.zhangguying. com. cn/ msfq_list. asp?classid=7.2007.
[134]刘沛林.风水环境观的启迪[M].上海：上海二联书店,2001,1.130-134.
[135]谢煜林,刘雪华.婺源古村落“乡土园林”研究[J].中国园林,2005,21(9)：18-21.
[136]符炫.古村张谷英乡土建筑试析[J].岳阳职业技术学院学报,2007,22(5).49-56.
[137]龚红艳,康小勇.居住区环境模糊性空间设计[J].规划师,2002,18(11)：38-41.
[138]鲍展斌.关于历史文化遗产的哲学思考[D].杭州：浙江大学硕十学位论文,2002：2-13.
[139]欧阳勇锋,黄汉莉,和太平.相地为先的乡村景观设计——以百色市那坡县新农村建设试点村屯环境设计为例[J].中国园林,2008,(8)：28-31.
[140]Van der Ryn S, CowanS. Ecological Design[M]. Washington. D. C.:Island Press,1996.
[141]许五军.新农村建设与乡村传统聚落关系研究[J].科技广场,2007(4)：37-39.
[142]袁瑾.民俗视野中的历史文化景观区整体保护研究—以杭州清河坊历史文化街区为中心[D].上海：华东师范大学硕十学位论文,2005(5)：9-10.
[143]何敬东.论后乡土建筑[J].四川建筑,2004,24(4)：48-50.
[144]Gehl, Jan. The Residential Street Environment[J].Built Environment 1980,6(1):51-61.
[145]Hall, Edward T. The Hidden Dimension[M]. New York:Double day,1966.
[146]Forman R.Some general principals of landscape ecology[J]. Landscape Ecology,1996,11 (3):133-142.
[147]Bostadens Grannskab. Statens Planverk[J], report 24. Stockholm,1972.
[148](美)凯文·林奇著,陈朝晖,邓华译.城市形态[M].北京：华夏出版社,2001：108.
[149]赵之枫,张健.小城镇街道和广场设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：60.
[2]武婵燕.居住区交往空间环境设计研究[D].杭州：浙江大学硕十学位论文,2005：1
[3]霍有光.社会交往心理学[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1996：5.
[4]林治.传统聚落与现代城市居住区户外交往空间比较研究[D].武汉：武汉大学硕士学位论文,2005：9.
[5]李静.传统城市交往空间的再生与重构[D].长沙：湖南师范大学硕十学位论文,2007.
[6]于冬亮.住区交往空间研究[D].上海：同济大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[7]夏征农等.辞海[M].上海：上海辞书出版社,2001：12.
[8]蔡凌著.侗族聚居区的传统村落与建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007，8：17.
[9]张松.历史西方保护学导论[M].上海：上海科技出版社,2001,12：5.
[10]陈晶.徽州地区传统聚落外部空间的研究与借鉴[D].北京：清华大学硕士学位论文,2005：7.
[11]杨彬.社会空间·场论[J].北方论坛,1996(6)：12-17.
[12]曹海林.村落公共空间：透视乡村社会秩序生成与重构的一个分析视角[J].天府新论,2005(4)：88-92.
[13]王澎.皖南村镇巷道的内部结构解析[J].建筑师,2005(]15)：55-62.
[14]彭一刚.传统村镇聚落景观分析[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[15]彭一刚.江南小城镇形态特征及演变机制[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[16]彭一刚.乡镇形态结构演变的动力学原理[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[17]徐贤如.传统聚落环境分析[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[18]揭鸣浩.世界文化遗产宏村古村落空间解析[D].南京：东南大学硕十学位论文,2007.
[19]潘莹,施瑛.论江西传统聚落布局的模式特征[J].南昌：南昌大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,38(3)：94-98.
[20]胡敏娴,徽州古村落人居环境空间研究[D].北京：北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[21]艾大宾,马晓玲.中国乡村社会空间的形成与演化[J].人文地理, 2004,19(5)：54-59.
[22]郑曦.丽江大研古镇传统聚落初探[D].重庆：重庆大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[23]马航.中国传统村落的延续与演变——传统聚落规划的再思考[J].城市规划学刊,2003,161(1)：102-106.
[24]杨怡,郑先友.徽州古村落的空间环境意象[J].安徽建筑,2003(2)：35-40.
[25]彭松.非线性方法——传统村落空间形态研究的新思路[J].四川建筑,2004,24(2)：23-25.
[26]Briggs. A. Victorian cities. Harmondsworth. penguin Books,1968.
[27]常青.略论传统聚落的风土保护与再生[J].建筑师,2005(1).12-16.
[28]Berglee Royal. Heritage tourism and recreated Heritage villages of the American Midwest:A geographic analysis[M]. Ph. D. Indiana State University,2000.
[29]Suan Buggey. Parks Canada:An approach to aboriginal cultural landscape[J]. Historic sites and monuments board of Canada,1999,3.
[30]Bacon, Kirk Anthony, The adaptive re-use of heritage buildings (Alberta)[M].M.A. University of Calgary(Canada),2001.
[31]Bernard Rudofsky, Architecture Without Architects:A Short Introduction to Non-Pedigreed Architecture[M].University of New Mexico Press,1987,6.
[32]Bernard Rudofsky, Streets for People:A Primer for Americans (Hardcover) [M]DoubleDay:1ST edition,1969,3.
[33]Bernard Rudofsky, The Kimono Mind:An Informal Guide to Japan and the Japanese (Paperback)[M]. Van Nostrand Reinhold,1982,6.
[34](日)藤井明著,宁晶译.聚落探访[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[35]Amos Rapoport. Culture, Architecture, and Design (Paperback)[M]. Locke Science Publishing Co.Inc,2005,3.
[36]Amos Rapoport. House Form and Culture (Foundations of Cultural Geography Series) (Paperback) [M].Prentice Hall:Facsimile edition 1969,2.
[37]Amos Rapoport.The Meaning of the Built Environment:A Nonverbal Communication Approach (Paperback) [M]. University of Arizona Press,1990,4.
[38](希腊)亚里士多德著,吴寿彭译.政治学[M].北京：商务印书馆,1965：140.
[39]Pirre Vidal Naquet,the Black Hunter:Forms of Thought and Forms of Sociey in the Greek Wodld[M]. the Johns Hopkins University Press,1988:57.
[40]Andreas Gestrich. The Pubilc Sphere and the Habermas Debate[J]. German History,2006(3).
[41]Briggs.A. Victorian cities[M]. Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1968.
[42]Janes F. Stability of landscape perceptions in the face of landscape hange[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1997,37(3):109-113.
[43]Nassaueer J I. Cultural principle of landscape [J]. Landscape Ecology, 1995,10 (4):229-237.
[44]Arriaza M, Canas JF. Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes [J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(3):115-125.
[45]MUlarPatl, Kilpatrick Suel. How community development programmes can foster reengagement with learning in disadvantaged communities: Leadership as process[J]. Studies in the Education of Adults, 2005(1):18-30.
[46]Elizabeth Lindsey, Kelli stajduhar,Lisa McGuinness. Examining the Process of Community Development[J]. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2005,3(6).
[47]付军,蒋林树.乡村景观规划设计[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2007,12：119-124.
[48]李燕.传统村镇聚落与当代小城镇外部空间比较研究[D].天津：天津大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[49]陈晓东.黟县西递村外部空间构成与解析[D].上海：东南大学硕十学位论,2004.
[50]冯姗姗,姚刚.重返人类住居记忆的深处——传统聚落特征对现代居住区设计的启迪[J].建筑知识,2006,28(3)：28-32.
[51]金涛,金飚等.中国传统农村聚落营造思想浅析[J].人文地理,2002,17(5)：45-48.
[52]张大玉,欧阳文.传统村镇聚落环境中人之行为活动与场所的分析研究[J].北京建筑工程学院学报,1999,15(1)：11-23.
[53]李蕾,李红.聚落构成与公共空间营造[J].规划师,2004,20(9)：81-82.
[54]唐迅.鄂西传统村落公共空间的行为——场所研究[J].四川建筑,2004,24(5)：26-27.
[55]贺明.日常生活世界的传统聚落空间解读[D].武汉：华中科技大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[56]刘沛林.论中国历史文化村落的“精神空间”[J].北京大学学报(哲社版),1996(1)：23-28.
[57]曹海林.乡村社会变迁中的村落公共空间——以苏北窑村为例考察村庄秩序的-项经验研究[J].中国农村观察,2005,6：61-73.
[58]韩净方.传统聚落外部空间的现代演变[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[59]何敬东.古村落空间意象与设计借鉴[J].四川建筑,2004,24(5)：28-31.
[60]郭立源,葛红旺,饶小军.中国传统民居村落空间之“消极性”[J].南方建筑,2005(1)：]07-108.
[61]刘沛林.湖南传统村镇感应空间规划研究[J].地理研究,1999,18(1)：66-72.
[62]Lewim K. Field theory in social science:selected theoretical papers[M]. Harper:New York,1951.
[63]朱贺,传统住宅天井的研究与探析[D].西安：西南交通大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[64]潘莹,施瑛.江西传统聚落中的祭祀类建筑[J].农业考古,2007,(3)：201-204.
[65]王巍,徽州传统聚落的巷路研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学硕十学位论文,2006.
[66]张国梅,浅谈徽州传统民居的环境布局及建筑特色[J].安徽建筑,2002,(1)：32-33.
[67]郝宏丽,王润生.北方居住小区交往空间特征分析[J].山西建筑.2007,33(15)：25-26.
[68]郭静.城市居住区空间环境与邻里交往研究[D].成都：四川大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[69]段战锋.居住区交往空间设计研究[D].西安：西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[70]种小毛.居住小区中交往空间的系统性建设研究[D].西安：西安建筑科技大学硕十学位论文,2003.
[71]孔祥伟.社区公共生活与公共空间的互动[D].南京：东南大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[72]张娟.基于人类心理需求的居住区规划设计[J].科技创业月刊,2007,(6)：192-193.
[73](挪威)诺伯格·舒尔兹著,尹培桐译.存在·空间·建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工 业出版社,1990,19.
[74](美)凯文·林奇著,方益萍,何晓军译.城市意象[M].北京：华夏出版社,2001.
[75](日)芦原义信著,尹培桐译.外部空间设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1985.3.
[76](日)芦原义信著,尹培桐译.街道美学[M].天津：百花文艺出版社,2006.
[77](意)阿尔多·罗西著,黄十均译.城市建筑学[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
[78](美)阿摩斯·拉普卜特著,黄兰谷等译.建成环境的意义[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[79]万钦.北京古山村--门头沟斋堂川[M].北京：中国文联出版公司,2005.
[80]刘明鑫,李翅等.从公共空间整治到古镇复兴——以四川省平乐古镇为例[J].规划师,2006,(8)：6-10.
[81]杨载田,刘沛林.南岭山区传统聚落景观资源及其旅游开发研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(1)：35-39.
[82]魏欣韵,湘南民居——传统聚落研究及其保护与开发[D].长沙：湖南大学硕十学位论文,2003.
[83]乐地.湘南民居中吉祥图的运用与研究[D].长沙：湖南大学硕十学位论文,2004.
[84]冯骥才.城市的历史美——法国文化考察随笔二[N].文汇报,2006-6-24(3-6)
[85]杨晓蔚.古村落保护：新农村建设中亟待重视的问题[J].中国党政干部论坛,2006,(11)：42-43.
[86]张西林,张清,黄娜等.社会主义新农村建设中的传统乡土文化开发——以湖南浏阳为例[J].安徽农业科学,2007,(16)：5-9.
[87]徐涞.新农村建设规划模式研究[D].成都：成都理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[88]张所根.传统聚落保护与更新的自力型模式探析[D].南昌：南昌大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[89]杨过.探索传统村落更新的有效途径[D].昆明：昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[90]姜永浩,杨丹丹.东北新型农村住宅设计探索[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报,2007,24(2)：61-64.
[91]黎逸科,传统广府村落布局的传承与革新—以广东省阳东县平地村新村详细规划为例[J].规划师,2006,22(8)：25-28.
[92]贾安强,贾慧献,王自衡.保定市史庄村改造规划设计[J].住宅科技,2007,(5)： 34-36.
[93]方明,刘军.国外村镇建设借鉴[M].北京：中国社会出版社,2006：1-115.
[94]Kim, Youngjoo. Revisiting the great good place:The country house, landscape and Englishness in twentieth century British fiction[M]. Ph. D.Texas A&M Uiversity.2002.
[95]Arriaza M, Canas JF. Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69, (3):115-125.
[96]Marc Antrop. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe[J]. landscape and Urban Planning,2004,67:9-29.
[97]刘黎明.乡村景观规划[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社,2003：17-20.
[98]Clark Haverkamp JA, Chapman W.Eroding soils: The off-farm impacts[J]. The Conservation Foundation,2003, (6):14-32.
[99]Agrawa,1 Ani,1 SunitaNarain. Towards green villages:a strategy for environmentally sound and participatory rural development [M]. New Delh:The India Centre for Science and Environment,1989.
[100]Richard Benner.Exclusive Farm Use Reprot[M]. Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development,1998.
[101]VonHaaren Christina. Landscape planning facing the challenge of the development of cultural landscape[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002,60 (2):73-80.
[102]Edward A. Landscape planning and ecological networks[M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1994:59-128.
[103]张安蒙,高祖华.张谷英历史文化名村调查记[J].今日国土,2006,(3)：41-46.
[104]孙伯初.“天下第一村”——张谷英村[J].学习导报,2003,(4)：60-61.
[105]黄禹康.千户大屋藏古韵——寻访苗族千户大屋张谷英古村寨[J].今日民族,2007,(6)：44-48.
[106]钟华.张谷英——“天下第一村”[J].中华建设,2005,(8)：48.
[107]李贞刚.神奇诡秘的乡村谜事[J].西江月,2005,(8)：18-20.
[108]陈彦丹.张谷英五日[J].风景名胜,2004,(5)：68-71.
[109]沈守云.那门那窗那巷——张谷英村古风遗韵[J].家具与室内装饰,2004,(5)：68-71.
[110]唐孝祥,李倩.张谷英村建筑文化特征初探[J].小城镇建设,2008,(2)：52-55.
[111]文娟,柳肃.湘北张谷英村与皖南宏村之比较研究[J].南方建筑,2003,(4)：76-79.
[112]谢志平,郭建东,彭建国.张谷英古村的特色空间探析[J].湖南城市学院学报(自然科学版),2007,16(3)：31-33.
[113]张迎冰.张谷英村古建筑中传统文化之管见[J].岳阳职业技术学院学报,2006,21(4)：56-59.
[114]李文兵.张谷英村落体系空间结构历史变迁初探[J].云梦学刊,2008,29(2)：91-93.
[115]江波.岳阳张谷英村旅游开发与管理现状分析[J].商场现代化,2008,(527)：247-248.
[116]江波.张谷英村旅游开发构建知识管理系统的可行性分析[J].湖北广播电视大学学报,2008,28(3)：98-99.
[117]刘宇.浅析古村落的保护与开发——以张谷英村为例[J].美术大观,2007,(6)：148-149.
[118]林汀.天下第一村——600年同姓村自然村[J].旅游时代,2005,(1)45-47.
[119]张岳望·风水·环境意象·生态——论古村张谷英传统建筑文化的发掘与开发[J].小城镇建设,2003,(12)：46-48.
[120]周晟.张谷英历史街区保护规划思考[J].规划师,2003,(5)：31-34.
[121]张防.以岳阳张谷英村为例探讨湘北民居风水[J].山西建筑,2006,(12)：19-20.
[122]章光日.人类生活空间图式变迁研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2004,151(3)：62-66.
[123]王浩,唐晓岚等.村落景观的特色与整合[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2008.
[124]诺伯格·舒尔兹著,施植明译.场所精神[M].台北：田园城市文化事业有限公司,1995,5.
[125](英)马尔霍尔著,元校盛译.海德格尔与《存在与时间》[M].北京：广西师范大学出版社,2007.
[126]郭琦,杨新海.呼唤新农村建设中的场所精神——以常州市西夏墅镇浦前村为例[J].规划师,2008,24(3)：33-36.
[127]詹和平.空间[M].南京：东南大学出版社,2006：254.
[128](丹麦)扬·盖尔著,何人可译.交往与空间(第四版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002：1-203.
[129](日)针之谷钟吉著,邹洪灿译.《西方造园变迁史》[M].北京：中国建筑工业出 版社,1991：249.
[130]百度知道.历史文化遗产保护.http://zhidao. baidu. com/question/ 21822655.html?si=2.2007-03-10.
[131]百度知道.文物古迹保护.http://zhidao. baidu. com/quest ion/36775344. html?si=8.2007-10-24.
[132]百度百科.文物古迹.http://baike. baidu. com/view/807116. html?wtp=tt.
[133]张谷英民俗文化村-天下第一村.民俗风情.http://www.zhangguying. com. cn/ msfq_list. asp?classid=7.2007.
[134]刘沛林.风水环境观的启迪[M].上海：上海二联书店,2001,1.130-134.
[135]谢煜林,刘雪华.婺源古村落“乡土园林”研究[J].中国园林,2005,21(9)：18-21.
[136]符炫.古村张谷英乡土建筑试析[J].岳阳职业技术学院学报,2007,22(5).49-56.
[137]龚红艳,康小勇.居住区环境模糊性空间设计[J].规划师,2002,18(11)：38-41.
[138]鲍展斌.关于历史文化遗产的哲学思考[D].杭州：浙江大学硕十学位论文,2002：2-13.
[139]欧阳勇锋,黄汉莉,和太平.相地为先的乡村景观设计——以百色市那坡县新农村建设试点村屯环境设计为例[J].中国园林,2008,(8)：28-31.
[140]Van der Ryn S, CowanS. Ecological Design[M]. Washington. D. C.:Island Press,1996.
[141]许五军.新农村建设与乡村传统聚落关系研究[J].科技广场,2007(4)：37-39.
[142]袁瑾.民俗视野中的历史文化景观区整体保护研究—以杭州清河坊历史文化街区为中心[D].上海：华东师范大学硕十学位论文,2005(5)：9-10.
[143]何敬东.论后乡土建筑[J].四川建筑,2004,24(4)：48-50.
[144]Gehl, Jan. The Residential Street Environment[J].Built Environment 1980,6(1):51-61.
[145]Hall, Edward T. The Hidden Dimension[M]. New York:Double day,1966.
[146]Forman R.Some general principals of landscape ecology[J]. Landscape Ecology,1996,11 (3):133-142.
[147]Bostadens Grannskab. Statens Planverk[J], report 24. Stockholm,1972.
[148](美)凯文·林奇著,陈朝晖,邓华译.城市形态[M].北京：华夏出版社,2001：108.
[149]赵之枫,张健.小城镇街道和广场设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：60.