城市化背景下流域土地利用变化及其对河流水质影响研究
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摘要
城市化区域土地利用变化对湿地生态系统影响的研究是当前湿地生态学的重要命题之一。河流作为重要湿地类型之一,其水环境质量的优劣,不仅决定着未来城市的景观质量,而且影响着城市的可持续发展。探讨城市化背景下流域土地利用与河流水质的响应关系,对于城市化区域的景观规划以及河流水环境保护具有重要的理论和现实意义。在此背景下,本文以河流的水环境质量为主线,从景观生态学,环境科学以及地理学等多学科综合交叉角度,选择快速城市化的九乡河流域为案例区,以2003、2009年两期遥感影像为基本数据,结合2010.4-2011.3的水质监测数据,运用GIS技术以及RDA分析等方法,对流域土地利用格局变化特征,河流水环境质量特征以及流域土地利用格局、土地利用强度对水环境质量的影响进行了较为系统的探析,在此基础上给出了城市化背景下河流水环境质量的调控措施。论文的研究结果主要体现在：
(1)识别了九乡河流域快速城市化过程中土地利用变化特征。①2003-2009年,九乡河流域土地利用结构发生了显著变化。耕地从2003年的34.86%迅速减少到2009年的19.52%,而建设用地则从17.80%快速增加到25.80%；且在空间上呈现出一定的梯度特征：上游、中游及下游耕地分别减少140.05hm2、506.15hm2、979.82hm2,而建设用地分别增加48.86hm2、284.05hm2、515.95hm2;城市化过程中建设用地对耕地的占用是导致流域耕地减少的主要原因。②流域土地利用的空间变化规律呈现较明显的分异特征：湿地、耕地以及林地分布重心整体向上游迁移；未利用地及草地分布重心向下游迁移；而建设用地则向靠近主城区的流域西侧移动。③流域土地利用格局时空分异显著：6年来,流域土地利用的空间异质性加强,均匀性增加,而优势度下降,流域土地利用趋于复杂化；在空间上,流域上游、中游的土地类型趋于破碎,而下游有所降低,以中游土地利用的均匀程度增加最为明显。④流域土地利用强度呈现出向强和弱两极转化的趋势,以东北-西南方向增强最为显著。土地利用强度空间分布也表现出较强的正相关性,且与尺度密切相关,随着尺度的增加,空间自相关性下降。
(2)剖析了九乡河水环境质量时空分异特征。①九乡河水环境质量总体较差。河流年平均水质基本处在Ⅳ类以下,其中TN、TP和NH3-N达到劣V类水平；河流水质以氮、磷污染为主,其中,上游受氮污染,而中、下游则受氮、磷的综合污染。②河流水环境质量存在较大的时空差异。在空间上,河流上游水质明显优于中、下游,而中、下游水质差异不显著,仅NH3-N及Chla存在显著差异；在时间上,河流水质总体表现为湿季优于旱季。但针对具体指标有所不同：NH3-N,TP及TDS在整条河流上均为湿季浓度较低；TN在中下游河段表现为湿季浓度较低,而上游湿季浓度高于旱季；DO及Chla则未呈现明显的规律;仅CODMn及Cond的浓度总体表现为湿季浓度较高。③河流不同河段入河污染物的来源也有所不同。在上游,河流水质主要受农业非点源污染的影响；在中游,农村生活污水是河流水质的主要影响源；而至下游,城市生活污水及少量的工业废水对河流水质存在较大贡献。
(3)探讨了九乡河流域土地利用格局与河流水质的多尺度响应关系。①土地利用及其格局对河流水质的影响具有较明显的尺度依赖性。对土地利用类型而言,在较小的空间尺度,建设用地及湿地是影响水质的主要因子,而在较大的空间尺度,林地及建设用地是影响水质的主要因子；对土地利用格局而言,在较小空间尺度,斑块的结合度对河流水质有较大影响,而在较大的空间尺度,土地利用的多样性是影响河流水质的关键因子；流域尺度土地利用状况对河流水质的影响最为强烈,而在岸边100m空间尺度的土地利用格局对河流水质的影响最大。②土地利用格局与河流水质的相关性存在差异,但季节性差异不明显。其中,林地、湿地与水质指标负相关；建设用地、未利用地与水质指标正相关；耕地在流域尺度与水质指标正相关,其他尺度负相关；而草地则在小尺度表现为与水质指标负相关,在较大的空间尺度表现为正相关。土地利用格局则表现为：斑块密度(PD)越大,越有利于河流水质的改善；而斑块的物理连通状况(COHE)越大,用地类型越多样(SHDI)、形状(SH_MN)越复杂,可能会导致河流水质的劣化。③土地利用强度对河流水质指标浓度存在明显的正效应,随着土地利用强度的增加,水质趋于恶化；尺度依赖性也较为显著,但总体上,流域尺度土地利用强度增加对河流水质的劣化具有最大贡献。
(4)尝试给出了城市化背景下河流水环境质量的调控措施。结合以上分析结果与九乡河流域未来发展趋势,将流域景观划分为禁止开发区(包括景观保护区和景观修复区)、限制开发区、重点开发区以及优化开发区,针对不同区域提出了相应策略；在此基础上,进一步以合理配置岸边100m的土地利用格局,控制农村污染以及控制城市陆源污染等为重点给出了城市化背景下河流水环境质量调控措施。
The impact on wetland ecosystem by land use change in urbanization is one of the important topics in wetland ecology. River as one of the important types of wetlands, the quality of the water environment not only determines the quality of the urban landscape in future, but also affects the sustainable development of urban areas. From the perspective of landscape ecology, it has brought an important theoretical and practical significance to explore the relationship between the land use pattern and river water quality of the urban areas in landscape planning and environmental protection of river water. In this context, using the environment quality of river water as a check point, Jiuxiang River Basin was selected as a case study for its rapid urbanization. Based on two remote sensing in2003,2009and water quality monitored in April2010and March2011,this paper stated the characteristics of watershed land use pattern changes and environmental quality of river water, relationship between watershed land use pattern and water quality, and the impact of land use intensity on water quality by means of GIS technology and the RDA analysis. The paper also presented strategies of water quality of the river basin.The main findings of the paper were summarized as the following:
1.Identify the features of landuse change of the Jiuxiang River watershed in the rapid urbanization process.(1) From2003to2009, the landuse structure of Jiuxiang River watershed has made significant changes. The arable rapidly reduced from34.86%in2003to19.52%in2009, while construction land rapidly increased from17.80%to25.80%; It also showed a certain gradient feature in space:The farmland reduced140.05hm2,506.15hm2,979.82hm2in the upstream, midstream and downstream respectively, while construction land increased48.86hm2,284.05hm2,515.95hm2; The key reason of arable reduction was that construction land occupied farmland in the process of urbanization.(2) Watershed land use spatial variation presented significant differences: the center of gravity of wetland, farmland, and woodland move to upstream in a whole; Unused land and grassland moved to downstream; Construction area moved to the west of the city.(3) Land use pattern in watershed significantly changed in temporal and spatial. From2003to2009, land use spatial heterogeneity was enhanced, and evenness was increased, however a decline in dominance, watershed land use becomed more complicated; In space level, the land use type tended to be fragmentated in the upstream and midstream, and the land use evenness in the midstream had most obviously increased.(4) From2003to2009, land use intensity in the watershed showed a trend to the strong and weak poles, and the enhancement was the most significant in northeast-southwest direction; The spatial distribution of land use intensity in the Jiuxiang River watershed showed a strong positive correlation,which was closely related with the scale. With increase in the scale, land use intensity autocorrelation reduced.
2. Dissect the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the water quality in the Jiuxiang River.(1)The water quality was generally poor in Jiuxiang river. The annual average water quality was categoried as below Ⅳ class, and TN, TP and NH3-N reach inferior to Ⅴ class. Water quality was mainly contaminated by nitrogen and phosphorus. The water was polluted by nitrogen in the upstream, while the water quality was polluted by nitrogen, phosphorus in the middle and lower catchment.(2)There existed a large spatial and temporal differences in river water quality. The water quality in the upper reaches was better than that in the middle and lower reaches, and the water quality did not make any difference between downstream and middle reaches of the river, but the concentration of NH3-N and Chla varied significantly; The water quality was superior in wet season than the dry season. However, there were some differences among the indicators:the concentration of NH3-N, TP and TDS was lower in the wet season. In the middle and lower reaches of the river, TN was lower in the wet season, and TN concentration was higher in the wet season in the upstream; only CODMn and Cond concentration showed high in the wet season.(3) Differences existed in pollutant sources in different parts of the river. Water quality was mainly affected by agricultural non-point source pollution in the upstream. The rural sewage was the main impacting source of the water quality in the middle reaches of the river. Municipal sewage and waste water from small size industries were the key sources in the downstream.
3.Explore the multi-scale response between the land use pattern and water quality in the Jiuxiang River basin.(1) The impacts of land use and its pattern obviously depended on water quality in different scales. In the small spatial scale, construction land and wetland were the main factors to influence the water quality; In the large spatial scale, woodland and construction land were the main factor; In terms of land use pattern, COHE had a greater impact on water quality in the small spatial scale; In larger spatial scale, SHID was a key factor to determine the water quality; Land use status at the watershed scale had the strongest impact on water quality; The land use pattern had the greatest impact on water quality in the spatial scale along the100m shore.(2) The correlation was differenent between land use pattern and water quality, However, the seasonal difference was not obvious. Woodland and wetland show negative correlation with the indicators of water quality; Construction land, unused land present positive correlation with the indicators of water quality; Arable land in the watershed scale also showed positive correlation with water quality, butnegative correlation presents in other scales; In small scale, grassland was negative correlation with indicators of water quality, and positive correlation in the larg scale. Land use intensity had a significant positive effect on the concentration of the indicators of water quality. But overall, land use intensity in basin-scale had the greatest impact on water quality.
4. Develop the regulation countermeasures for the water environment in the context of urbanization. Combined the above analysis results of the development trend of Jiuxiang River watershed in the future, landscapes in watershed were zoned as protected areas(landscape protection, landscape restoration), restricted development areas, key development areas and optimized development areas.Accordingly, some measures were proposed in this paper to control water environmental quality in the context of urbanization including the rational allocation of land use pattern along the100m shore, and control of rural and urban land-based sources pollution.
(1)识别了九乡河流域快速城市化过程中土地利用变化特征。①2003-2009年,九乡河流域土地利用结构发生了显著变化。耕地从2003年的34.86%迅速减少到2009年的19.52%,而建设用地则从17.80%快速增加到25.80%；且在空间上呈现出一定的梯度特征：上游、中游及下游耕地分别减少140.05hm2、506.15hm2、979.82hm2,而建设用地分别增加48.86hm2、284.05hm2、515.95hm2;城市化过程中建设用地对耕地的占用是导致流域耕地减少的主要原因。②流域土地利用的空间变化规律呈现较明显的分异特征：湿地、耕地以及林地分布重心整体向上游迁移；未利用地及草地分布重心向下游迁移；而建设用地则向靠近主城区的流域西侧移动。③流域土地利用格局时空分异显著：6年来,流域土地利用的空间异质性加强,均匀性增加,而优势度下降,流域土地利用趋于复杂化；在空间上,流域上游、中游的土地类型趋于破碎,而下游有所降低,以中游土地利用的均匀程度增加最为明显。④流域土地利用强度呈现出向强和弱两极转化的趋势,以东北-西南方向增强最为显著。土地利用强度空间分布也表现出较强的正相关性,且与尺度密切相关,随着尺度的增加,空间自相关性下降。
(2)剖析了九乡河水环境质量时空分异特征。①九乡河水环境质量总体较差。河流年平均水质基本处在Ⅳ类以下,其中TN、TP和NH3-N达到劣V类水平；河流水质以氮、磷污染为主,其中,上游受氮污染,而中、下游则受氮、磷的综合污染。②河流水环境质量存在较大的时空差异。在空间上,河流上游水质明显优于中、下游,而中、下游水质差异不显著,仅NH3-N及Chla存在显著差异；在时间上,河流水质总体表现为湿季优于旱季。但针对具体指标有所不同：NH3-N,TP及TDS在整条河流上均为湿季浓度较低；TN在中下游河段表现为湿季浓度较低,而上游湿季浓度高于旱季；DO及Chla则未呈现明显的规律;仅CODMn及Cond的浓度总体表现为湿季浓度较高。③河流不同河段入河污染物的来源也有所不同。在上游,河流水质主要受农业非点源污染的影响；在中游,农村生活污水是河流水质的主要影响源；而至下游,城市生活污水及少量的工业废水对河流水质存在较大贡献。
(3)探讨了九乡河流域土地利用格局与河流水质的多尺度响应关系。①土地利用及其格局对河流水质的影响具有较明显的尺度依赖性。对土地利用类型而言,在较小的空间尺度,建设用地及湿地是影响水质的主要因子,而在较大的空间尺度,林地及建设用地是影响水质的主要因子；对土地利用格局而言,在较小空间尺度,斑块的结合度对河流水质有较大影响,而在较大的空间尺度,土地利用的多样性是影响河流水质的关键因子；流域尺度土地利用状况对河流水质的影响最为强烈,而在岸边100m空间尺度的土地利用格局对河流水质的影响最大。②土地利用格局与河流水质的相关性存在差异,但季节性差异不明显。其中,林地、湿地与水质指标负相关；建设用地、未利用地与水质指标正相关；耕地在流域尺度与水质指标正相关,其他尺度负相关；而草地则在小尺度表现为与水质指标负相关,在较大的空间尺度表现为正相关。土地利用格局则表现为：斑块密度(PD)越大,越有利于河流水质的改善；而斑块的物理连通状况(COHE)越大,用地类型越多样(SHDI)、形状(SH_MN)越复杂,可能会导致河流水质的劣化。③土地利用强度对河流水质指标浓度存在明显的正效应,随着土地利用强度的增加,水质趋于恶化；尺度依赖性也较为显著,但总体上,流域尺度土地利用强度增加对河流水质的劣化具有最大贡献。
(4)尝试给出了城市化背景下河流水环境质量的调控措施。结合以上分析结果与九乡河流域未来发展趋势,将流域景观划分为禁止开发区(包括景观保护区和景观修复区)、限制开发区、重点开发区以及优化开发区,针对不同区域提出了相应策略；在此基础上,进一步以合理配置岸边100m的土地利用格局,控制农村污染以及控制城市陆源污染等为重点给出了城市化背景下河流水环境质量调控措施。
The impact on wetland ecosystem by land use change in urbanization is one of the important topics in wetland ecology. River as one of the important types of wetlands, the quality of the water environment not only determines the quality of the urban landscape in future, but also affects the sustainable development of urban areas. From the perspective of landscape ecology, it has brought an important theoretical and practical significance to explore the relationship between the land use pattern and river water quality of the urban areas in landscape planning and environmental protection of river water. In this context, using the environment quality of river water as a check point, Jiuxiang River Basin was selected as a case study for its rapid urbanization. Based on two remote sensing in2003,2009and water quality monitored in April2010and March2011,this paper stated the characteristics of watershed land use pattern changes and environmental quality of river water, relationship between watershed land use pattern and water quality, and the impact of land use intensity on water quality by means of GIS technology and the RDA analysis. The paper also presented strategies of water quality of the river basin.The main findings of the paper were summarized as the following:
1.Identify the features of landuse change of the Jiuxiang River watershed in the rapid urbanization process.(1) From2003to2009, the landuse structure of Jiuxiang River watershed has made significant changes. The arable rapidly reduced from34.86%in2003to19.52%in2009, while construction land rapidly increased from17.80%to25.80%; It also showed a certain gradient feature in space:The farmland reduced140.05hm2,506.15hm2,979.82hm2in the upstream, midstream and downstream respectively, while construction land increased48.86hm2,284.05hm2,515.95hm2; The key reason of arable reduction was that construction land occupied farmland in the process of urbanization.(2) Watershed land use spatial variation presented significant differences: the center of gravity of wetland, farmland, and woodland move to upstream in a whole; Unused land and grassland moved to downstream; Construction area moved to the west of the city.(3) Land use pattern in watershed significantly changed in temporal and spatial. From2003to2009, land use spatial heterogeneity was enhanced, and evenness was increased, however a decline in dominance, watershed land use becomed more complicated; In space level, the land use type tended to be fragmentated in the upstream and midstream, and the land use evenness in the midstream had most obviously increased.(4) From2003to2009, land use intensity in the watershed showed a trend to the strong and weak poles, and the enhancement was the most significant in northeast-southwest direction; The spatial distribution of land use intensity in the Jiuxiang River watershed showed a strong positive correlation,which was closely related with the scale. With increase in the scale, land use intensity autocorrelation reduced.
2. Dissect the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the water quality in the Jiuxiang River.(1)The water quality was generally poor in Jiuxiang river. The annual average water quality was categoried as below Ⅳ class, and TN, TP and NH3-N reach inferior to Ⅴ class. Water quality was mainly contaminated by nitrogen and phosphorus. The water was polluted by nitrogen in the upstream, while the water quality was polluted by nitrogen, phosphorus in the middle and lower catchment.(2)There existed a large spatial and temporal differences in river water quality. The water quality in the upper reaches was better than that in the middle and lower reaches, and the water quality did not make any difference between downstream and middle reaches of the river, but the concentration of NH3-N and Chla varied significantly; The water quality was superior in wet season than the dry season. However, there were some differences among the indicators:the concentration of NH3-N, TP and TDS was lower in the wet season. In the middle and lower reaches of the river, TN was lower in the wet season, and TN concentration was higher in the wet season in the upstream; only CODMn and Cond concentration showed high in the wet season.(3) Differences existed in pollutant sources in different parts of the river. Water quality was mainly affected by agricultural non-point source pollution in the upstream. The rural sewage was the main impacting source of the water quality in the middle reaches of the river. Municipal sewage and waste water from small size industries were the key sources in the downstream.
3.Explore the multi-scale response between the land use pattern and water quality in the Jiuxiang River basin.(1) The impacts of land use and its pattern obviously depended on water quality in different scales. In the small spatial scale, construction land and wetland were the main factors to influence the water quality; In the large spatial scale, woodland and construction land were the main factor; In terms of land use pattern, COHE had a greater impact on water quality in the small spatial scale; In larger spatial scale, SHID was a key factor to determine the water quality; Land use status at the watershed scale had the strongest impact on water quality; The land use pattern had the greatest impact on water quality in the spatial scale along the100m shore.(2) The correlation was differenent between land use pattern and water quality, However, the seasonal difference was not obvious. Woodland and wetland show negative correlation with the indicators of water quality; Construction land, unused land present positive correlation with the indicators of water quality; Arable land in the watershed scale also showed positive correlation with water quality, butnegative correlation presents in other scales; In small scale, grassland was negative correlation with indicators of water quality, and positive correlation in the larg scale. Land use intensity had a significant positive effect on the concentration of the indicators of water quality. But overall, land use intensity in basin-scale had the greatest impact on water quality.
4. Develop the regulation countermeasures for the water environment in the context of urbanization. Combined the above analysis results of the development trend of Jiuxiang River watershed in the future, landscapes in watershed were zoned as protected areas(landscape protection, landscape restoration), restricted development areas, key development areas and optimized development areas.Accordingly, some measures were proposed in this paper to control water environmental quality in the context of urbanization including the rational allocation of land use pattern along the100m shore, and control of rural and urban land-based sources pollution.
引文
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