国内中小企业全球电子采购模式分析、战略及前景预测
摘要
本论文从国内中小企业的角度，以采购为主要研究对象，根据采购的发展方向，即全球性采购，同时结合电子商务的优势，分析全球电子采购的特点、主要模式，并结合不同企业的特点分析电子采购具体模式的选择。以这些理论知识和分析结果作为基础，根据国内中小企业的自有特点为其参与国际范围内竞争进行全球电子采购战略的布局。同时具体勾画出国内中小企业在未来进行全球电子采购战略时所必经的阶段，分析各个阶段可能会遇到的各种问题以及解决方案。并且对全球电子采购的前景进行了预测。
本人认为由于国内中小企业具有自身的特点，所以在进行全球电子采购战略时不能照搬国内外大型企业的经验，应该立足于国内的实际情况和具体国情进行战略布局。虽然如今全球电子采购风起云涌，电子采购的方案和模式也是千变万化，但是国内中小企业在进行战略布局时，要根据自身情况选择合适的电子采购方案，同时站在战略的角度上看待全球电子采购，不仅要找到目前的解决方案，更重要的是要对今后的发展前景进行预测，这样才能提高企业竞争力。
本论文的新颖之处在于，站在中小企业的角度谈全球采购；摆脱过去从技术的观点看待电子商务，站在战略的角度来分析全球电子采购战略；首次提出“全球电子采购本土化”的战略观点；在采购这一问题上，灵活看待企业的角色定位，不单单只从采购方的角度分析采购过程，从企业的双重身份，即既是采购方又是供应方的角度来分析，得出国内中小企业在全球电子采购战略中的角色定位和发展思路，即“请进来”和“走出去”的战略：作为供应商，不仅要利用全球电子采购体系同国外大型采购商“请进来”，而且还要通过战略合作夺得的采购谈判中的话事权；作为采购商，要利用全球电子采购系统走出去，进行跨国采购，打破过去只有大型企业或政府才能进行全球采购的保守观念。
From the perspective of the middle–or- small-scale enterprises, this thesis takes the purchase as the subject matter, analyzing its main characteristics and main purchasing models, describing the concrete periods of its development, suggesting the suitable way of their E-Procurement and foreseeing the prospect of the globle E-Procurement.
The traditional related theories have shown us the basic way to perform the procurement, however, with the development of procurement, it began to extend globally. It is called cross-country procurement.
IT Times has come. We’re entering a totally new world which is on the basis of E-Commerce. In this new world, procurement is required to change to meet the need of the times. When enterprisers start to use ERP or other soft wares and Internet to purchase the necessary products or resources, E-Procurement is then created. Indeed, E-procurement provides a new way to develop for those middle-or- small-scale enterprises in China, which seldom have chances to purchase overseas now.
However, though E-Procurement is very popular now, it is necessary to find their own way of development in accordance with those enterprises’ special characteristics.
So it is suggested that those enterprises or companies should choose the most suitable way of E-procurement and the most proper strategies to develop.
There are some creative ideas in this thesis:
Usually, when talking about E-procurement, most people would relate it to those large-scale enterprises or just consider it as the task
of the government. However the middle-or-small-scale enterprises or companies also need to find proper method to perform E-Procurement, because actually they have great potential to develop in this field. Therefore this thesis focuses on them and tries to find the best way for them to purchase through E-Business.
In this thesis, E-Procurement is not only a kind of technique but also a strategy which can help those middle-or-small-scale enterprises to find the key to success in the future.
Purchase does not only involve buyers but also suppliers who are equally very important in the whole process of E-Procurement. It’s not a game just for buyers. Meanwhile the role of enterprises can be considered in a flexible way. Usually enterprises play the double roles in the process of E-Procurement, that is, they are buyers and, at the same time, they are also suppliers when facing the different cooperators. So the thesis makes their strategies of E-Procurement by considering these two aspects. Therefore, the thesis divides the strategies of E-Procurement into two parts, that is, “coming in” and “going out”.
There are also some weak points in this paper, of course. But it is hoped that this research can provide a bit help to those middle-or-small-scale enterprises about their future development!
本人认为由于国内中小企业具有自身的特点，所以在进行全球电子采购战略时不能照搬国内外大型企业的经验，应该立足于国内的实际情况和具体国情进行战略布局。虽然如今全球电子采购风起云涌，电子采购的方案和模式也是千变万化，但是国内中小企业在进行战略布局时，要根据自身情况选择合适的电子采购方案，同时站在战略的角度上看待全球电子采购，不仅要找到目前的解决方案，更重要的是要对今后的发展前景进行预测，这样才能提高企业竞争力。
本论文的新颖之处在于，站在中小企业的角度谈全球采购；摆脱过去从技术的观点看待电子商务，站在战略的角度来分析全球电子采购战略；首次提出“全球电子采购本土化”的战略观点；在采购这一问题上，灵活看待企业的角色定位，不单单只从采购方的角度分析采购过程，从企业的双重身份，即既是采购方又是供应方的角度来分析，得出国内中小企业在全球电子采购战略中的角色定位和发展思路，即“请进来”和“走出去”的战略：作为供应商，不仅要利用全球电子采购体系同国外大型采购商“请进来”，而且还要通过战略合作夺得的采购谈判中的话事权；作为采购商，要利用全球电子采购系统走出去，进行跨国采购，打破过去只有大型企业或政府才能进行全球采购的保守观念。
From the perspective of the middle–or- small-scale enterprises, this thesis takes the purchase as the subject matter, analyzing its main characteristics and main purchasing models, describing the concrete periods of its development, suggesting the suitable way of their E-Procurement and foreseeing the prospect of the globle E-Procurement.
The traditional related theories have shown us the basic way to perform the procurement, however, with the development of procurement, it began to extend globally. It is called cross-country procurement.
IT Times has come. We’re entering a totally new world which is on the basis of E-Commerce. In this new world, procurement is required to change to meet the need of the times. When enterprisers start to use ERP or other soft wares and Internet to purchase the necessary products or resources, E-Procurement is then created. Indeed, E-procurement provides a new way to develop for those middle-or- small-scale enterprises in China, which seldom have chances to purchase overseas now.
However, though E-Procurement is very popular now, it is necessary to find their own way of development in accordance with those enterprises’ special characteristics.
So it is suggested that those enterprises or companies should choose the most suitable way of E-procurement and the most proper strategies to develop.
There are some creative ideas in this thesis:
Usually, when talking about E-procurement, most people would relate it to those large-scale enterprises or just consider it as the task
of the government. However the middle-or-small-scale enterprises or companies also need to find proper method to perform E-Procurement, because actually they have great potential to develop in this field. Therefore this thesis focuses on them and tries to find the best way for them to purchase through E-Business.
In this thesis, E-Procurement is not only a kind of technique but also a strategy which can help those middle-or-small-scale enterprises to find the key to success in the future.
Purchase does not only involve buyers but also suppliers who are equally very important in the whole process of E-Procurement. It’s not a game just for buyers. Meanwhile the role of enterprises can be considered in a flexible way. Usually enterprises play the double roles in the process of E-Procurement, that is, they are buyers and, at the same time, they are also suppliers when facing the different cooperators. So the thesis makes their strategies of E-Procurement by considering these two aspects. Therefore, the thesis divides the strategies of E-Procurement into two parts, that is, “coming in” and “going out”.
There are also some weak points in this paper, of course. But it is hoped that this research can provide a bit help to those middle-or-small-scale enterprises about their future development!
引文
1. Dobler,Donald W. and David N.Burt. Purchasing and Supply Management.
6th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill,1996.
2. Ellram, Lisa M.and Laura M.Birou. Purchasing for Bottom Line Impact: Improving the Organization Through Strategic Procurement. Burr Ridge ,IL:Irwin Professional Publishing,1995.
3. Leenders, Michiel R.and David L.Blenkhorn. Reverse Marketing. New York :The Free Press,1988.
4. Watts, Charles A.;Kee Young Kim; and Chan K.Hahn.‘Linking Purchasing to Corporate Competitive Strategy’. “International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management,31,no.2,(Spring 1995),pp.3-8.
5. Kolchin. Purchasing: Principles and Applications. 8th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice Hall,1991.
6. Liccine, Stephen L. Efficient Processes for Low-Value Purchases and Payables. NAPM Insights, August 1994.
7. Carter, Joseph R. and Ram Narasimhan.Purchasing and Supply Management: Future Directions and Trends. Tempe, AZ: Center fro Advanced Purchasing Studies,1995.
8. Freeman, Virginia T. and Joseph L.Cavinato. “Fitting Purchasing to the Strategic Firm: Frameworks, Processes, and Values.” Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, Winter 1990.
9. 书缘工作室，《电子商务交易》，人民邮电出版社出版，2001年
10. 甘华鸣，《采购》，中国国际广播出版社，2002年
11. 朱兴水 工业企业的采购与采购管理 中国经济出版社 2001年
12.王忠宗，《采购管理实务》，广东经济出版社，2001年
13. 张文彦，《采购管理》，台湾联鸣文化有限公司，1997年
14.（美）约瑟夫.L.卡维纳托，拉尔夫.G.考夫曼，《采购手册——专业采购与供应人员指南》，机械工业出版社，2001年
15. 世界贸易组织秘书处，《电子商务与WTO的作用，贸易、金融贺金融危机，金融服务自由化和服务贸易总协定》，法律出版社，2002年
16. 陈畴镛、于俭、曹为国、王晓耘，《电子商务供应联管理》，东北财经大学出版社，2001年
17. 吴叔平，《电子商务的价值链与盈利模式》，上海远东出版社，2000年
18.弗兰克.菲奥里，《电子商务》，辽宁教育出版社，2001年
19. （美）Gary P.Schneider、James T.Perry ，《电子商务》，机械工业出版社， 2000年
20. 覃征、李顺东、阎礼祥、窦家维，《电子商务与国际贸易》，人民邮电出版社， 2001年
21. 张铎、林自葵，《电子商务与现代物流》，北京大学出版社，2002年
22. 绎明宗、苏彦生，《物流企业管理》，北京理工大学出版社，2001年
23. 张成海，《供应链管理技术与方法》，清华大学出版社，2001年
24.（英）贝利，《采购原理与管理》，电子工业出版社，2003
25. （加）米歇尔·R·利恩德斯，（美）哈罗德·E·费伦，《采购与供应管理》，电子工业出版社，2001年
26.（英）布兰奇，《国际采购与管理》，机械工业出版社，2003年
27．杜红平、刘华主编，《国际采购实务》，中国物资出版社，2003年
6th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill,1996.
2. Ellram, Lisa M.and Laura M.Birou. Purchasing for Bottom Line Impact: Improving the Organization Through Strategic Procurement. Burr Ridge ,IL:Irwin Professional Publishing,1995.
3. Leenders, Michiel R.and David L.Blenkhorn. Reverse Marketing. New York :The Free Press,1988.
4. Watts, Charles A.;Kee Young Kim; and Chan K.Hahn.‘Linking Purchasing to Corporate Competitive Strategy’. “International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management,31,no.2,(Spring 1995),pp.3-8.
5. Kolchin. Purchasing: Principles and Applications. 8th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice Hall,1991.
6. Liccine, Stephen L. Efficient Processes for Low-Value Purchases and Payables. NAPM Insights, August 1994.
7. Carter, Joseph R. and Ram Narasimhan.Purchasing and Supply Management: Future Directions and Trends. Tempe, AZ: Center fro Advanced Purchasing Studies,1995.
8. Freeman, Virginia T. and Joseph L.Cavinato. “Fitting Purchasing to the Strategic Firm: Frameworks, Processes, and Values.” Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, Winter 1990.
9. 书缘工作室，《电子商务交易》，人民邮电出版社出版，2001年
10. 甘华鸣，《采购》，中国国际广播出版社，2002年
11. 朱兴水 工业企业的采购与采购管理 中国经济出版社 2001年
12.王忠宗，《采购管理实务》，广东经济出版社，2001年
13. 张文彦，《采购管理》，台湾联鸣文化有限公司，1997年
14.（美）约瑟夫.L.卡维纳托，拉尔夫.G.考夫曼，《采购手册——专业采购与供应人员指南》，机械工业出版社，2001年
15. 世界贸易组织秘书处，《电子商务与WTO的作用，贸易、金融贺金融危机，金融服务自由化和服务贸易总协定》，法律出版社，2002年
16. 陈畴镛、于俭、曹为国、王晓耘，《电子商务供应联管理》，东北财经大学出版社，2001年
17. 吴叔平，《电子商务的价值链与盈利模式》，上海远东出版社，2000年
18.弗兰克.菲奥里，《电子商务》，辽宁教育出版社，2001年
19. （美）Gary P.Schneider、James T.Perry ，《电子商务》，机械工业出版社， 2000年
20. 覃征、李顺东、阎礼祥、窦家维，《电子商务与国际贸易》，人民邮电出版社， 2001年
21. 张铎、林自葵，《电子商务与现代物流》，北京大学出版社，2002年
22. 绎明宗、苏彦生，《物流企业管理》，北京理工大学出版社，2001年
23. 张成海，《供应链管理技术与方法》，清华大学出版社，2001年
24.（英）贝利，《采购原理与管理》，电子工业出版社，2003
25. （加）米歇尔·R·利恩德斯，（美）哈罗德·E·费伦，《采购与供应管理》，电子工业出版社，2001年
26.（英）布兰奇，《国际采购与管理》，机械工业出版社，2003年
27．杜红平、刘华主编，《国际采购实务》，中国物资出版社，2003年