贸易与环境协调问题研究
摘要
随着世界范围内环境保护浪潮的兴起，贸易与环境问题日益得到国际社会、各国政府
及人民的关注，成为国际政治、经济领域的焦点问题之一。
贸易与环境问题是环境保护与经济增长相联系的一个方面，主要包括以下几个方面的
问题：1、贸易与环境的关系：贸易对环境的影响，贸易活动的开展和扩大是改善还是恶
化环境；环境对贸易的影响，环境保护活动是促进还是阻碍国际贸易的发展；2、是否应
该为了保护环境而使用贸易限制措施？3、如何防止环境措施成为变相的贸易壁垒？4、如
何协调贸易与环境的关系，以实现可持续发展？
对于贸易与环境问题，有关专家和国际组织进行了大量的研究，取得了一些有价值的
研究成果。由于贸易与环境问题相对较新，有些方面尚未得出明确的结论，需要进一步的
研究和实践验证。同时，国际社会与环境有关的贸易争端也越来越多，不仅影响了国际贸
易的正常发展，也不利于全球环境保护。因此，如何协调贸易与环境的关系已成为国际社
会面临的一项迫切任务。对外开放和环境保护是中国的两项基本国策，二者在相互促进的
同时也产生了一定的矛盾与冲突，影响了中国经济的可持续发展。所以，如何协调对外开
放与环境保护的关系也是摆在中国政府面前的一项迫切任务。
在前人研究成果的基础上，本文使用理论和实证分析相结合的研究方法，进一步分析
贸易与环境的关系，对贸易与环境领域的几个主要问题进行探讨。在此基础上，笔者认为，
国际合作是协调贸易发展与环境保护的关系、使二者相互促进的有效途径，并对国际社会
如何在国际合作的基础上协调贸易与环境的关系以及WTO新一轮谈判如何处理贸易与环
境问题提出了自己的看法。最后，笔者对中国政府如何协调对外开放与环境保护的关系，
以及在2001年11月份在多哈召开的WTO第四次部长级会议上和WTO新一轮谈判中应
持的立场和原则提出了建议，希望能够对中国政府提供一定的借鉴意义，这也是写作本文
的根本目的之所在。
引言部分论述了贸易与环境问题的起源。除引言之外，论文内容分为四部分共九章。
第一部分主要从理论的角度对贸易与环境问题进行了论述与分析。第一章分析了贸易
与环境的关系，首先对五种典型的环境退化问题（农业、森林退化、全球变暖、酸雨和鱼
类过度捕捞）进行了分析，这几种环境问题分别代表了性质相似的某类环境问题，并对贸
易活动和贸易限制措施对这些环境问题的影响进行了分析，接着从整体的角度分析了贸易
与环境的相互关系。
第二章从经济角度对贸易和环境问题进行了理论分析。第一节分析了贸易发展与环境
保护的冲突及具体体现。接下来，论文对现阶段贸易与环境领域的几个焦点问题进行了理
论和实证分析，对有关的一些观点进行评价并提出了自己的看法，主要包括1、是否应该
为了保护环境而使用贸易限制措施；2、环境标准与竞争力的问题；3、环境标准与污染企
业转移的问题；4、贸易、经济增长与环境保护的关系。
论文第二部分主要对国际及区域组织现行的处理贸易与环境问题的原则和方法进行了
分析。一些国际及区域组织，如联合国、OECD、NAFTA等，对贸易与环境问题进行了深
入的研究，并从各自不同的角度提出了解决问题的方法，其中有些做法可为WTO新一轮
谈判所借鉴，第三章对这些问题进行了分析。为保护环境，国际社会签署了200多项与环
境和资源有关的，约有20项协议中含有与贸易有关的条款，第四章分析了主要的多边环
境协议对国际贸易的影响。第五章重点分析GATT/WTO对贸易与环境问题的处理。作为
协调各成员方贸易政策和规章的多边贸易体系的基础的GATT/WTO，在其组织机构和协议
内容中越来越多地反映了贸易与环境问题。1971年，GATT成立了“环境措施与国际贸易
小组”（the Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade）；乌拉圭回合谈判结束
时，成立了“贸易与环境委员会”（the Committee on Trade and Environment），专门负责处
理WTO内与贸易有关的环境问题。在WTO的内容中虽然没有专门的“环境条款”，但贸
易与环境问题在许多协议中有所反映。从90年代初开始，GATT／WTO共处理了八起成员
方之间与环境有关的贸易争端，对这些争端的处理体现了WTO对贸易与环境问题的处理
原则。
第三部分主要是寻求贸易与环境协调发展的途径。第六章分析了环境成本内在化问题。
从理论上讲，环境成本内在化是协调贸易与环境关系的根本途径。但是，在现实中，由于
以下问题的存在，至少在短期内，环境成本完全内在化在实际操作中并不可行：一方面，
有些环境资产很难定价，如大气，不同的人对清洁空气的偏好也不一样，这样就很难确定
生产或消费活动的环境成本；另一方面，更重要的是，在政策的制定和执行中，存在着普
遍的“政治失灵”（Political railure）问题，即政策的制定受利益集团的影响。此外，由于
环境问题具有全球性和外溢性的特点，在环境问题的治理上存在着“搭便车”的倾向。因，
此，单靠各国政府实行环境成本完全?
With the environmental protection having become increasingly important, the issue of trade and environment has become one of focuses in the international economic and political society.
The issue of trade and environment is one aspect of the interconnection between environmental protection and economic growth. It includes: 1. The relationship between trade and environment; 2. Should we use trade measures for environmental purpose? 3. How to prevent environmental measures from becoming disguised trade barriers? 4. How to harmonize the relationship between tra~le and environment?
Many experts and international organizations have researched into some aspects of the trade and environment issue and reached certain conclusions. As this issue is relatively new, it needs further study before we reach definite conclusions. In recent years, there arise more and more environment-related trade disputes in international society, which not only impede trade development but also do no good to environmental protection. In this sense, to harmonize the relationship between trade and environment has become an urgent task of the international society. Opening to the outside world and environmental protection are two basic national policies of China, but nowadays there are conflicts between them, which will harm the sustainable development of chinese economy. Therefore, harmonizing the relationship between the two basic national policies is an urgent task of chinese government.
On the basis of former research, employing the method of theoretical and empirical analysis, the author further analyzes the relationship between trade and environment and discusses the main problems in trade and environment area. The author holds that international cooperation is an effective way to harmonize trade and environment and gives the viewpoints on how to do in the new round of WTO trade negotiation. In the end, the author puts forward the suggestions to chinese government on how to do in the future, hoping it can benefit the sustainable development of chinese economy, which is the main purpose of writing this thesis.
The introduction illustrates the origin of the trade and environment issue. Apart from the introduction this thesis comprises four parts which are divided into nine chapters.
The first part mainly analyzes trade and environment issue from theoretical perspective. The first chapter is about the relationship between trade and environment and deals with five typical environmental degradation problems, including chemical-intensive agriculture, deforestation, global warming, acid rain and overfishing, and analyzes the effects of trade and trade measures on these environmental degradation problems, and then analyzes the relationship between trade and environment from the overall perspective.
The second chapter gives the theoretical analysis of trade and environment issue from economic perspective. The first section analyzes conflicts between trade and environment. The following sections discuss the current focal problems in trade and environment area , which includes: 1. Should we use trade measures for environmental purpose? 2. The problem of environmental standards and competitiveness; 3. The relationship between environmental standards and relocation of polluting industries; 4, The relationship between trade ,economic growth and environmental protection; and also gives evaluations to some viewpoints and puts forward the author’s own viewpoints.
The second part of this thesis mainly analyzes the principles and methods coping with trade and environment issue by some international and regional organizations. Some international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, OECD, NAFTA, have done some deep research in this area and take some measures dealing with trade and environment issue, some of which can be used by WTO to deal with this issue. The above are contents of the third chapter. To protect the environment, the international society has signed about 200 Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs), among whi
及人民的关注，成为国际政治、经济领域的焦点问题之一。
贸易与环境问题是环境保护与经济增长相联系的一个方面，主要包括以下几个方面的
问题：1、贸易与环境的关系：贸易对环境的影响，贸易活动的开展和扩大是改善还是恶
化环境；环境对贸易的影响，环境保护活动是促进还是阻碍国际贸易的发展；2、是否应
该为了保护环境而使用贸易限制措施？3、如何防止环境措施成为变相的贸易壁垒？4、如
何协调贸易与环境的关系，以实现可持续发展？
对于贸易与环境问题，有关专家和国际组织进行了大量的研究，取得了一些有价值的
研究成果。由于贸易与环境问题相对较新，有些方面尚未得出明确的结论，需要进一步的
研究和实践验证。同时，国际社会与环境有关的贸易争端也越来越多，不仅影响了国际贸
易的正常发展，也不利于全球环境保护。因此，如何协调贸易与环境的关系已成为国际社
会面临的一项迫切任务。对外开放和环境保护是中国的两项基本国策，二者在相互促进的
同时也产生了一定的矛盾与冲突，影响了中国经济的可持续发展。所以，如何协调对外开
放与环境保护的关系也是摆在中国政府面前的一项迫切任务。
在前人研究成果的基础上，本文使用理论和实证分析相结合的研究方法，进一步分析
贸易与环境的关系，对贸易与环境领域的几个主要问题进行探讨。在此基础上，笔者认为，
国际合作是协调贸易发展与环境保护的关系、使二者相互促进的有效途径，并对国际社会
如何在国际合作的基础上协调贸易与环境的关系以及WTO新一轮谈判如何处理贸易与环
境问题提出了自己的看法。最后，笔者对中国政府如何协调对外开放与环境保护的关系，
以及在2001年11月份在多哈召开的WTO第四次部长级会议上和WTO新一轮谈判中应
持的立场和原则提出了建议，希望能够对中国政府提供一定的借鉴意义，这也是写作本文
的根本目的之所在。
引言部分论述了贸易与环境问题的起源。除引言之外，论文内容分为四部分共九章。
第一部分主要从理论的角度对贸易与环境问题进行了论述与分析。第一章分析了贸易
与环境的关系，首先对五种典型的环境退化问题（农业、森林退化、全球变暖、酸雨和鱼
类过度捕捞）进行了分析，这几种环境问题分别代表了性质相似的某类环境问题，并对贸
易活动和贸易限制措施对这些环境问题的影响进行了分析，接着从整体的角度分析了贸易
与环境的相互关系。
第二章从经济角度对贸易和环境问题进行了理论分析。第一节分析了贸易发展与环境
保护的冲突及具体体现。接下来，论文对现阶段贸易与环境领域的几个焦点问题进行了理
论和实证分析，对有关的一些观点进行评价并提出了自己的看法，主要包括1、是否应该
为了保护环境而使用贸易限制措施；2、环境标准与竞争力的问题；3、环境标准与污染企
业转移的问题；4、贸易、经济增长与环境保护的关系。
论文第二部分主要对国际及区域组织现行的处理贸易与环境问题的原则和方法进行了
分析。一些国际及区域组织，如联合国、OECD、NAFTA等，对贸易与环境问题进行了深
入的研究，并从各自不同的角度提出了解决问题的方法，其中有些做法可为WTO新一轮
谈判所借鉴，第三章对这些问题进行了分析。为保护环境，国际社会签署了200多项与环
境和资源有关的，约有20项协议中含有与贸易有关的条款，第四章分析了主要的多边环
境协议对国际贸易的影响。第五章重点分析GATT/WTO对贸易与环境问题的处理。作为
协调各成员方贸易政策和规章的多边贸易体系的基础的GATT/WTO，在其组织机构和协议
内容中越来越多地反映了贸易与环境问题。1971年，GATT成立了“环境措施与国际贸易
小组”（the Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade）；乌拉圭回合谈判结束
时，成立了“贸易与环境委员会”（the Committee on Trade and Environment），专门负责处
理WTO内与贸易有关的环境问题。在WTO的内容中虽然没有专门的“环境条款”，但贸
易与环境问题在许多协议中有所反映。从90年代初开始，GATT／WTO共处理了八起成员
方之间与环境有关的贸易争端，对这些争端的处理体现了WTO对贸易与环境问题的处理
原则。
第三部分主要是寻求贸易与环境协调发展的途径。第六章分析了环境成本内在化问题。
从理论上讲，环境成本内在化是协调贸易与环境关系的根本途径。但是，在现实中，由于
以下问题的存在，至少在短期内，环境成本完全内在化在实际操作中并不可行：一方面，
有些环境资产很难定价，如大气，不同的人对清洁空气的偏好也不一样，这样就很难确定
生产或消费活动的环境成本；另一方面，更重要的是，在政策的制定和执行中，存在着普
遍的“政治失灵”（Political railure）问题，即政策的制定受利益集团的影响。此外，由于
环境问题具有全球性和外溢性的特点，在环境问题的治理上存在着“搭便车”的倾向。因，
此，单靠各国政府实行环境成本完全?
With the environmental protection having become increasingly important, the issue of trade and environment has become one of focuses in the international economic and political society.
The issue of trade and environment is one aspect of the interconnection between environmental protection and economic growth. It includes: 1. The relationship between trade and environment; 2. Should we use trade measures for environmental purpose? 3. How to prevent environmental measures from becoming disguised trade barriers? 4. How to harmonize the relationship between tra~le and environment?
Many experts and international organizations have researched into some aspects of the trade and environment issue and reached certain conclusions. As this issue is relatively new, it needs further study before we reach definite conclusions. In recent years, there arise more and more environment-related trade disputes in international society, which not only impede trade development but also do no good to environmental protection. In this sense, to harmonize the relationship between trade and environment has become an urgent task of the international society. Opening to the outside world and environmental protection are two basic national policies of China, but nowadays there are conflicts between them, which will harm the sustainable development of chinese economy. Therefore, harmonizing the relationship between the two basic national policies is an urgent task of chinese government.
On the basis of former research, employing the method of theoretical and empirical analysis, the author further analyzes the relationship between trade and environment and discusses the main problems in trade and environment area. The author holds that international cooperation is an effective way to harmonize trade and environment and gives the viewpoints on how to do in the new round of WTO trade negotiation. In the end, the author puts forward the suggestions to chinese government on how to do in the future, hoping it can benefit the sustainable development of chinese economy, which is the main purpose of writing this thesis.
The introduction illustrates the origin of the trade and environment issue. Apart from the introduction this thesis comprises four parts which are divided into nine chapters.
The first part mainly analyzes trade and environment issue from theoretical perspective. The first chapter is about the relationship between trade and environment and deals with five typical environmental degradation problems, including chemical-intensive agriculture, deforestation, global warming, acid rain and overfishing, and analyzes the effects of trade and trade measures on these environmental degradation problems, and then analyzes the relationship between trade and environment from the overall perspective.
The second chapter gives the theoretical analysis of trade and environment issue from economic perspective. The first section analyzes conflicts between trade and environment. The following sections discuss the current focal problems in trade and environment area , which includes: 1. Should we use trade measures for environmental purpose? 2. The problem of environmental standards and competitiveness; 3. The relationship between environmental standards and relocation of polluting industries; 4, The relationship between trade ,economic growth and environmental protection; and also gives evaluations to some viewpoints and puts forward the author’s own viewpoints.
The second part of this thesis mainly analyzes the principles and methods coping with trade and environment issue by some international and regional organizations. Some international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, OECD, NAFTA, have done some deep research in this area and take some measures dealing with trade and environment issue, some of which can be used by WTO to deal with this issue. The above are contents of the third chapter. To protect the environment, the international society has signed about 200 Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs), among whi
引文
中文参考文献：
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19、张帆著：《环境与自然资源经济学》，上海人民出版社，1998年第1版
20、〔美〕丹尼斯·米都斯等著，李宝恒译：《增长的极限—罗马俱乐部关于人类困境的报告》，吉林人民出版社，1997年第1版
21、世界环境与发展委员会著，王之佳 柯金良等译：《我们共同的未来》，吉林人民出版社，1997年第1版
22、曲格平著：《我们需要一场变革》，吉林人民出版社，1997年第1版
23、罗伯特·莱皮托著：《就业、竞争力和环境规章—什么是问题的症结》，中国环境科学出版社，1995年第1版
24、乔治R·希顿等著：《欠缺的环节—发展中国家的技术与环境改善》，中国环境科学出版社，1995年第1版
25、对外贸易经济合作部国际司、关贸总协定上海研究中心编：《乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果最后文件》，法律出版社，1995年第1版
26、国家环境保护总局译：《21世纪议程》，中国环境科学出版社，1993年第1版
27、高风 毛毛编：《贸易与环境》，法律出版社，1998年第1版
28、国家计划发展委员会编：《十五规划战略研究》，中国人口出版社，2000第1版
29、王瑾：“论加入WTO与我国出口贸易面临的环境问题”，《国际商务研究》，2000年第六期
30、李良波：“环保时代国际贸易发展新趋势及我国外贸企业的对策”，《国际商务》，2000年第1期
31、赵维田：“协调贸易规则与环境需要—评WTO‘海龟’案”，《国际贸易》，2000年第11期
32、李炼：“环境保护立法与我国外贸企业的可持续发展”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，1998年第8期
33、冯德连：“突破绿色贸易壁垒：政府策略的定位与细分”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，1998年第11期
34、李毅：“国际贸易法面临的新困惑—绿色贸易壁垒问题探析”，《国际贸易问题》，1997年第11期
35、徐立青：“关于可持续发展与对外贸易的关系”，《国际商务》，2000年第6期
36、袁凌 申颖涛 姜太平：“入世对我国环保产业的机遇和挑战”，《国际商务》，2000年第5期
37、夏友富：“影响未来的重要因素—技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)与我国出口贸易发展”，《国际贸易》，1999年第6期
38、夏友富：“步入有机食品时代”，《国际贸易》，1999年第12期
39、邵宏华：“贸易标靶——我国出口贸易面临的技术壁垒”，《国际贸易》，1999年第6期
40、徐嵩龄 钱薏红：“环境贸易——论亚太经合组织(APEC)环境市场及中国的政策思考”，《国际贸易》，1997年第10期
41、曲如晓：“寻求最佳方案—协调环境保护与竞争力措施”，《国际贸易》，2001年第2期
42、赵玉焕：“贸易与环保相协调的途径——环境成本内在化”，《国际贸易问题》，1997年第9期
43、秦天宝：“世界贸易组织关于环境保护的法律与实践”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，2000年第5期
44、崔书锋：“发展中国家在世贸组织新一轮谈判贸易与环境议题上的策略”，《国际贸易问题》，2001年第3期
45、程大为：“新一轮多边贸易谈判中的‘贸易与环境’问题——从虾和海龟谈起”，《国际贸易问题》，2000年第2期
46、张若思：“世界贸易组织内涉及环境问题的争端”，《国际贸易问题》，1997年第6期
47、中国科学院、清华大学国情研究中心：“21世纪：中国步入环保时代”，《经济研究参考》，2000年第97期
48、国家环境保护总局：“2001年全国环境保护工作要点”，《环境保护》，2001年第2期
49、解振华：“全面开创新世纪我国环保工作的新局面”，《环境保护》，2001年第1期
50、韩德强：“西雅图会议缘何失败”，《当代经济研究》，2000年第2期
51、邱月明：“限量残留——国际安全卫生环保标准及其对国际贸易的影响”，《国际贸易》，1999年第6期
52、李良：“世贸组织环境保护条款初探”，《世界贸易组织动态与研究》，2000年第2期
53、徐嵩龄：“因压而飞——入世后中国环境与贸易展望”，《国际贸易》，2000年第1期
54、李猷林：“中国环境国际合作现状与发展趋势”，《国际经济合作》，2000年第5期
55、卢新德：“论全球绿色浪潮与我国绿色产品的出口”，《世界经济与政治论坛》，2000年第2期
56、张小瑜：“经受环境保护飓风的考验——与贸易有关的环境措施对贸易的影响”，《国际贸易》，1999年第2期
57、王毅：“全球气候谈判纷争的原因分析及其展望”，《环境保护》，2001年第1期
58、邓炯：“寻求环境在国际贸易规则体系中的妥当地位——‘千年回合’贸易与环境议题谈判展望”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，2000年第1期
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1、李伟芳编著：《保护我们的环境—投资贸易新课题》，上海社会科学出版社，1998年第1版
2、外经贸部国际贸易经济合作研究院编：《形势与热点(1997)—中国融入世界经济大潮》，中国对外经济贸易出版社，1997年第1版
3、外经贸部国际贸易经济合作研究院编：《形势与热点(1999)—中国融入世界经济大潮》，中国对外经济贸易出版社，1999年第1版
4、Thomas Andersson等著，黄晶、周乃君等译：《环境与贸易—生态、经济、体制和政策》，清华大学出版社，1998年第1版
5、颜世 赵旭东等著：《环保浪潮与中国对策》，世界知识出版社，1999年第1版
6、薛荣久著：《世贸组织与中国大经贸发展》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，1997年第1版
7、OECD：《贸易的环境影响》，中国环境科学出版社，1996年第1版
8、OECD：《环境管理中的经济手段》，中国环境科学出版社，1996年第1版
9、OECD：《税收与环境：互补性政策》，中国环境科学出版社，1996年第1版
10、OECD：《生命周期管理与贸易》，中国环境科学出版社，1996年第1版
11、OECD：《环境管理中的市场与政府失效》，中国环境科学出版社，1996年第1版
12、夏友富著：《国际环保法规与中国对外开放》，中国青年出版社，1996年第1版
13、黄顺基 吕永龙编：《中国经济可持续发展战略框架》，改革出版社，1999年第1版
14、〔法〕亚历山大·基斯著，张若思编译：《国际环境法》，法律出版社，2000年第1版
15、王信领 王孔秀 王希荣著：《可持续发展概论》，山东人民出版社，1999年第1版
16、朱榄叶编著：《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析》，法律出版社，2000年第1版
17、朱榄叶编著：《关税与贸易总协定国际贸易纠纷案例汇编》，法律出版社，1995年第1版
18、余敏友著：《世界贸易组织争端解决机制法律与实践》，武汉大学出版社，1998年第1版
19、张帆著：《环境与自然资源经济学》，上海人民出版社，1998年第1版
20、〔美〕丹尼斯·米都斯等著，李宝恒译：《增长的极限—罗马俱乐部关于人类困境的报告》，吉林人民出版社，1997年第1版
21、世界环境与发展委员会著，王之佳 柯金良等译：《我们共同的未来》，吉林人民出版社，1997年第1版
22、曲格平著：《我们需要一场变革》，吉林人民出版社，1997年第1版
23、罗伯特·莱皮托著：《就业、竞争力和环境规章—什么是问题的症结》，中国环境科学出版社，1995年第1版
24、乔治R·希顿等著：《欠缺的环节—发展中国家的技术与环境改善》，中国环境科学出版社，1995年第1版
25、对外贸易经济合作部国际司、关贸总协定上海研究中心编：《乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果最后文件》，法律出版社，1995年第1版
26、国家环境保护总局译：《21世纪议程》，中国环境科学出版社，1993年第1版
27、高风 毛毛编：《贸易与环境》，法律出版社，1998年第1版
28、国家计划发展委员会编：《十五规划战略研究》，中国人口出版社，2000第1版
29、王瑾：“论加入WTO与我国出口贸易面临的环境问题”，《国际商务研究》，2000年第六期
30、李良波：“环保时代国际贸易发展新趋势及我国外贸企业的对策”，《国际商务》，2000年第1期
31、赵维田：“协调贸易规则与环境需要—评WTO‘海龟’案”，《国际贸易》，2000年第11期
32、李炼：“环境保护立法与我国外贸企业的可持续发展”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，1998年第8期
33、冯德连：“突破绿色贸易壁垒：政府策略的定位与细分”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，1998年第11期
34、李毅：“国际贸易法面临的新困惑—绿色贸易壁垒问题探析”，《国际贸易问题》，1997年第11期
35、徐立青：“关于可持续发展与对外贸易的关系”，《国际商务》，2000年第6期
36、袁凌 申颖涛 姜太平：“入世对我国环保产业的机遇和挑战”，《国际商务》，2000年第5期
37、夏友富：“影响未来的重要因素—技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)与我国出口贸易发展”，《国际贸易》，1999年第6期
38、夏友富：“步入有机食品时代”，《国际贸易》，1999年第12期
39、邵宏华：“贸易标靶——我国出口贸易面临的技术壁垒”，《国际贸易》，1999年第6期
40、徐嵩龄 钱薏红：“环境贸易——论亚太经合组织(APEC)环境市场及中国的政策思考”，《国际贸易》，1997年第10期
41、曲如晓：“寻求最佳方案—协调环境保护与竞争力措施”，《国际贸易》，2001年第2期
42、赵玉焕：“贸易与环保相协调的途径——环境成本内在化”，《国际贸易问题》，1997年第9期
43、秦天宝：“世界贸易组织关于环境保护的法律与实践”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，2000年第5期
44、崔书锋：“发展中国家在世贸组织新一轮谈判贸易与环境议题上的策略”，《国际贸易问题》，2001年第3期
45、程大为：“新一轮多边贸易谈判中的‘贸易与环境’问题——从虾和海龟谈起”，《国际贸易问题》，2000年第2期
46、张若思：“世界贸易组织内涉及环境问题的争端”，《国际贸易问题》，1997年第6期
47、中国科学院、清华大学国情研究中心：“21世纪：中国步入环保时代”，《经济研究参考》，2000年第97期
48、国家环境保护总局：“2001年全国环境保护工作要点”，《环境保护》，2001年第2期
49、解振华：“全面开创新世纪我国环保工作的新局面”，《环境保护》，2001年第1期
50、韩德强：“西雅图会议缘何失败”，《当代经济研究》，2000年第2期
51、邱月明：“限量残留——国际安全卫生环保标准及其对国际贸易的影响”，《国际贸易》，1999年第6期
52、李良：“世贸组织环境保护条款初探”，《世界贸易组织动态与研究》，2000年第2期
53、徐嵩龄：“因压而飞——入世后中国环境与贸易展望”，《国际贸易》，2000年第1期
54、李猷林：“中国环境国际合作现状与发展趋势”，《国际经济合作》，2000年第5期
55、卢新德：“论全球绿色浪潮与我国绿色产品的出口”，《世界经济与政治论坛》，2000年第2期
56、张小瑜：“经受环境保护飓风的考验——与贸易有关的环境措施对贸易的影响”，《国际贸易》，1999年第2期
57、王毅：“全球气候谈判纷争的原因分析及其展望”，《环境保护》，2001年第1期
58、邓炯：“寻求环境在国际贸易规则体系中的妥当地位——‘千年回合’贸易与环境议题谈判展望”，《外贸经济、国际贸易》(人大报刊复印资料)，2000年第1期
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