X80管线钢焊接特性研究
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摘要
近些年,石油和天然气在远离中心城市的一些边远地区被发现和开采,若把这些油气运输到中心消费城市难免经过一些地质灾害频发的地区,这使得运输油气的管线钢必须具有良好的强韧性、大变形能力、优异的焊接性能等。抗大变形管线钢基于应变设计,具有高的屈服强度和抗拉强度、低的屈强比和高的初始加工硬化率等特点。本论文首先在热模拟试验机上建立X80抗大变形管线钢动态CCT曲线,为制定轧制工艺及焊接工艺奠定了基础。接着进行了X80抗大变形管线钢的焊接热模拟试验研究。最后分别以X80抗大变形管线钢和X80针状铁素体管线钢的管体和焊接接头为研究对象,采用扫描电镜试验、夏比冲击试验、维氏硬度试验和拉伸试验等方法,具体分析两种管线钢的组织、力学性能和焊接性能,并对这两种管线钢的性能进行了对比研究。研究结果如下：
由建立的X80抗大变形管线钢动态CCT曲线可知,随着冷速增加,组织中的铁素体减少,贝氏体增多,晶粒变细,硬度增加；当冷速大于3℃/s时,全部为贝氏体组织。在一定轧制条件下,冷速为2。C/s条件下可获得软硬相结合的铁素体加贝氏体两相组织,符合抗大变形管线钢对组织的要求。
随着焊接热输入的增加,X80抗大变形管线钢的韧性先增大后减小,在焊接热输入为20KJ/cm时,热影响区粗晶区具有良好的韧性。焊接热输入为35KJ/cm,随着峰值温度的升高,晶粒增大,钢的韧性降低,硬度增大；焊接热输入为20KJ/cm条件下,仍具有良好的韧性和硬度,性能没有出现恶化。在热输入为35KJ/cm条件下,二次峰值温度为800℃时,改善了钢的韧性性能,但硬度降低；二次峰值温度为900℃时,钢的韧性和硬度均降低。在热输入为20KJ/cm条件下材料经历二次热循环后,韧性和硬度降低,但好于35KJ/cm。
X80抗大变形管线钢的显微组织主要是铁素体+粒状贝氏体,其中粒状贝氏体大约占20.6%,软硬相结合使管线钢具有良好的强韧性和变形能力。X80抗大变形管线钢的焊接接头的强度和韧性均低于管体,但仍满足标准要求。焊缝的组织为晶内形核铁素体,使焊缝具有良好的强度和韧性。热影响区粗晶区为粒状贝氏体组织,晶粒显著粗化。热影响区细晶区(峰值温度约为900℃)组织显著细化。基体近热影响区峰值温度低于Acl,贝氏体发生回复及再结晶,使该处硬度降低。FeO夹杂物内部出现裂纹,同时未和基体很好的结合,因此,此夹杂物对钢有害。A1203·CaO·MnO球状复相夹杂,此夹杂物形态较小,与基体很好的结合,此夹杂物对钢的危害不大。
X80针状铁素体管线钢焊接接头没有出现明显的软化现象。X80针状铁素体管线钢和X80抗大变形管线钢焊接接头的硬度变化一致。在靠近热影响区的基体,由于M／A岛分解,使这部分区域硬度值减小。由于析出强化,内焊焊缝的硬度高于外焊焊缝且最高达到250HV。热影响区粗晶区中的夹杂物主要是D类夹杂物。有硫化物外壳包裹的铝酸钙复相夹杂物和没有外壳的铝酸钙夹杂物与基体很好的结合,与基体之间没有缝隙。
X80针状铁素体管线钢焊接接头热影响区和焊缝的硬度值大于X80抗大变形管线钢,基体硬度值和X80抗大变形管线钢相差不大；X80抗大变形管线钢热影响区硬度变化较大。
In recent years, it is difficult to transport the oil and gas found in the remote areas to the center cities, therefore the transportation of the oil and gas pipeline steel should have a good ability of strong toughness, large deformation, excellent welding performance, etc. The pipeline steel with strain-based design is usually characterized by high yield strength and tensile strength, low yield stress to tensile strength ratio, initial work hardening rate, etc. Firstly the dynamic CCT curve was drawn by the thermal expansion test, the metallographic test and the hardness test. Then welding thermal simulation experiment was carried out to study the performance characteristics of X80pipeline steel with strain-based design. Finally, the performance of pipeline steel pipe and welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite and the X80pipeline steel with strain-based design were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test, the charpy impact test, the vickers hardness test and the tensile test and other methods. The main contents are given as follows:
The dynamic CCT curve showed that the ferrite decreases, the grain refine, bainite and hardness increase, when the cooling speed increased. When the cooling speed was greater than3℃/s, the main microstructure was bainite. The two phase of hard and soft combination could be obtained at the cooling rate of2℃/s, and the two phase was ferritic and bainite, which met the requirement of pipeline steel with strain-based design.
With the increase of welding heat input, the toughness of the material increased first and then decreased. When the welding heat input was20KJ/cm, the coarse grain heat-affected zone area showed good toughness. When the welding heat input is35KJ/cm, with the increase of peak temperature, the toughness of material reduced, the hardness and grain size increased. When the condition of welding heat input was20KJ/cm, material still possessed good toughness and hardness and the performance was not deteriorated. When the condition of the heat input was35KJ/cm and the metal experienced secondary thermal cycle, the toughness of material increased but the hardness decreased at the temperature of800℃; the toughness and hardness of the material were lower at the temperature of900℃. When the condition of the heat input was20KJ/cm and the metal experienced secondary thermal cycle, impact toughness and hardness of the material reduced, but impact toughness and hardness are higher than the condition of the heat input35KJ/cm.
The microstructure of X80pipeline steel with strain-based design was mainly ferrite plus granular bainite, and the proportion of granular bainite was about20.6%. The toughness and hardness of welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with strain-based design were lower than base, but these two kinds of performance still met requirement of standard. The microstructure of the weld contained intragranular nucleated acicular which was beneficial to the toughness and hardness of the weld. The grain of coarse grain in HAZ near two phase region(heating temperature was about900℃) refined significantly. The heating temperature of base near HAZ was lower than Ac1, and some fine carbide precipitated easily. But the bainite reverted and recrystallized at this temperature, so the hardness of this region reduced. The main types inclusion of coarse grain heat-affected zone was class D inclusion. FeO inclusions were not good combination with matrix, which were harmful to the steel. AlO3·CaO·MnO inclusion was small and good combination with matrix, which were innocuity to the steel.
The welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite did not appear obvious softening phenomenon. The change of the hardness of welded joint were similar between the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite and the X80pipeline steel with strain-based design. The hardness of near the base of HAZ reduced due to M/A island spheroidizing. Inside weld hardness was higher outside weld and reached250HV because of grain refining and precipitation strengthening. The main inclusions of coarse grain heat-affected zone were class D inclusions. Calcium aluminate compound phase inclusions combined with matrix were better. But there was the gap between oxide inclusion and matrix.
The hardness of the welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite was higher than X80pipeline steel with strain-based design, but the hardness of the base metal was the seem with each other. The hardness of coarse grain zone was different, because the M/A of X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite was more scattered and distribution.
由建立的X80抗大变形管线钢动态CCT曲线可知,随着冷速增加,组织中的铁素体减少,贝氏体增多,晶粒变细,硬度增加；当冷速大于3℃/s时,全部为贝氏体组织。在一定轧制条件下,冷速为2。C/s条件下可获得软硬相结合的铁素体加贝氏体两相组织,符合抗大变形管线钢对组织的要求。
随着焊接热输入的增加,X80抗大变形管线钢的韧性先增大后减小,在焊接热输入为20KJ/cm时,热影响区粗晶区具有良好的韧性。焊接热输入为35KJ/cm,随着峰值温度的升高,晶粒增大,钢的韧性降低,硬度增大；焊接热输入为20KJ/cm条件下,仍具有良好的韧性和硬度,性能没有出现恶化。在热输入为35KJ/cm条件下,二次峰值温度为800℃时,改善了钢的韧性性能,但硬度降低；二次峰值温度为900℃时,钢的韧性和硬度均降低。在热输入为20KJ/cm条件下材料经历二次热循环后,韧性和硬度降低,但好于35KJ/cm。
X80抗大变形管线钢的显微组织主要是铁素体+粒状贝氏体,其中粒状贝氏体大约占20.6%,软硬相结合使管线钢具有良好的强韧性和变形能力。X80抗大变形管线钢的焊接接头的强度和韧性均低于管体,但仍满足标准要求。焊缝的组织为晶内形核铁素体,使焊缝具有良好的强度和韧性。热影响区粗晶区为粒状贝氏体组织,晶粒显著粗化。热影响区细晶区(峰值温度约为900℃)组织显著细化。基体近热影响区峰值温度低于Acl,贝氏体发生回复及再结晶,使该处硬度降低。FeO夹杂物内部出现裂纹,同时未和基体很好的结合,因此,此夹杂物对钢有害。A1203·CaO·MnO球状复相夹杂,此夹杂物形态较小,与基体很好的结合,此夹杂物对钢的危害不大。
X80针状铁素体管线钢焊接接头没有出现明显的软化现象。X80针状铁素体管线钢和X80抗大变形管线钢焊接接头的硬度变化一致。在靠近热影响区的基体,由于M／A岛分解,使这部分区域硬度值减小。由于析出强化,内焊焊缝的硬度高于外焊焊缝且最高达到250HV。热影响区粗晶区中的夹杂物主要是D类夹杂物。有硫化物外壳包裹的铝酸钙复相夹杂物和没有外壳的铝酸钙夹杂物与基体很好的结合,与基体之间没有缝隙。
X80针状铁素体管线钢焊接接头热影响区和焊缝的硬度值大于X80抗大变形管线钢,基体硬度值和X80抗大变形管线钢相差不大；X80抗大变形管线钢热影响区硬度变化较大。
In recent years, it is difficult to transport the oil and gas found in the remote areas to the center cities, therefore the transportation of the oil and gas pipeline steel should have a good ability of strong toughness, large deformation, excellent welding performance, etc. The pipeline steel with strain-based design is usually characterized by high yield strength and tensile strength, low yield stress to tensile strength ratio, initial work hardening rate, etc. Firstly the dynamic CCT curve was drawn by the thermal expansion test, the metallographic test and the hardness test. Then welding thermal simulation experiment was carried out to study the performance characteristics of X80pipeline steel with strain-based design. Finally, the performance of pipeline steel pipe and welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite and the X80pipeline steel with strain-based design were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test, the charpy impact test, the vickers hardness test and the tensile test and other methods. The main contents are given as follows:
The dynamic CCT curve showed that the ferrite decreases, the grain refine, bainite and hardness increase, when the cooling speed increased. When the cooling speed was greater than3℃/s, the main microstructure was bainite. The two phase of hard and soft combination could be obtained at the cooling rate of2℃/s, and the two phase was ferritic and bainite, which met the requirement of pipeline steel with strain-based design.
With the increase of welding heat input, the toughness of the material increased first and then decreased. When the welding heat input was20KJ/cm, the coarse grain heat-affected zone area showed good toughness. When the welding heat input is35KJ/cm, with the increase of peak temperature, the toughness of material reduced, the hardness and grain size increased. When the condition of welding heat input was20KJ/cm, material still possessed good toughness and hardness and the performance was not deteriorated. When the condition of the heat input was35KJ/cm and the metal experienced secondary thermal cycle, the toughness of material increased but the hardness decreased at the temperature of800℃; the toughness and hardness of the material were lower at the temperature of900℃. When the condition of the heat input was20KJ/cm and the metal experienced secondary thermal cycle, impact toughness and hardness of the material reduced, but impact toughness and hardness are higher than the condition of the heat input35KJ/cm.
The microstructure of X80pipeline steel with strain-based design was mainly ferrite plus granular bainite, and the proportion of granular bainite was about20.6%. The toughness and hardness of welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with strain-based design were lower than base, but these two kinds of performance still met requirement of standard. The microstructure of the weld contained intragranular nucleated acicular which was beneficial to the toughness and hardness of the weld. The grain of coarse grain in HAZ near two phase region(heating temperature was about900℃) refined significantly. The heating temperature of base near HAZ was lower than Ac1, and some fine carbide precipitated easily. But the bainite reverted and recrystallized at this temperature, so the hardness of this region reduced. The main types inclusion of coarse grain heat-affected zone was class D inclusion. FeO inclusions were not good combination with matrix, which were harmful to the steel. AlO3·CaO·MnO inclusion was small and good combination with matrix, which were innocuity to the steel.
The welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite did not appear obvious softening phenomenon. The change of the hardness of welded joint were similar between the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite and the X80pipeline steel with strain-based design. The hardness of near the base of HAZ reduced due to M/A island spheroidizing. Inside weld hardness was higher outside weld and reached250HV because of grain refining and precipitation strengthening. The main inclusions of coarse grain heat-affected zone were class D inclusions. Calcium aluminate compound phase inclusions combined with matrix were better. But there was the gap between oxide inclusion and matrix.
The hardness of the welded joint of the X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite was higher than X80pipeline steel with strain-based design, but the hardness of the base metal was the seem with each other. The hardness of coarse grain zone was different, because the M/A of X80pipeline steel with acicular ferrite was more scattered and distribution.
引文
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