医药供应链库存控制策略研究
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摘要
随着医药物流的发展,目前很多大型医药分销企业都面临着货物积压损耗的问题。然而随着医药分销企业运作环境不断变化,传统的库存理论已经无法诠释医药库存控制中的很多问题,这就需要从新的视点,运用新的理论来重新审视医药库存的运作模式。本文以系统论和控制论作为理论基础,采用定量模型与定性分析相结合的方法,研究分析医药供应链库存控制问题,力求形成一套较为完整的医药库存理论框架及理论模型,从而为医药库存提供有效的决策支持。论文主要内容如下：
(1)阐述了医药物流、医药供应链及医药库存的基本概念和构成要素。分析了国内外医药行业发展的基本现状,国内外医药市场各种药品的需求状况以及医药流通市场的主要特点。并在此基础上,剖析了医药供应链库存的控制问题：库存药品安全与质量监管、医药库存成本和库存周转问题。同时,对国内外相关理论研究进行了简要总结。
(2)基于传统的医药库存控制策略,运用国内大型三甲医院及大型制药企业的数据分析了当前医药库存控制的主要方法,并指出其主要局限性,分析了影响医药库存的主要因素。
(3)以大型医药连锁超市的多药品订购问题为背景,将供应链协调机制引入医药库存理论研究,研究了确定需求下医药连锁超市多种药品的订购策略。构建了不同时变需求下的同一供应商向医药超市零售商不同专柜供货的库存订购策略模型。并且,把模型推广到具有提前期的多个供应商和多个订购商的情形,得到了多种药品订购的近似最优策略。最后,对理论进行了实证分析。结果表明：确定需求下,医药超市实行多药品订购时,联合补货策略为最优补货策略。
(4)针对不同需求、不同库存状况和不同环境下的医药库存补货策略进行了研究。首先考虑了允许缺货且缺货量完全拖后的三种状态：入货时允许缺货,出货时不允许缺货；入货时不允许缺货,出货时允许缺货；入货和出货时均允许缺货。并建立了相应的理论模型。结论表明：入货时和出货时都允许缺货时的库存成本是三种缺货状况中成本最低的。在允许缺货且缺货量完全拖后的医药库存模型基础上,考虑拖后订货率取决于排队等待的队伍中总的顾客数,进一步建立了的允许缺货且缺货量部分拖后的医药库存模型,得到了在这种情况下的最优补货策略。
(5)以耗散结构理论为依据,全面考虑医药分销企业的库存控制问题,从多方面多角度对医药分销企业库存资金流进行了深入分析。构建了全面考虑医药分销企业内外部通货膨胀率、内外部交易价格、内外部缺货损失,以及内外部持有成本的医药库存模型,并进一步分析了医药分销企业内外部通货膨胀率以及内外部交易价格对医药库存补货周期、补货批次及相关成本的影响,结论表明：企业相关库存成本随内外部通货膨胀率和内外部交易价格的增加而增加,最优补货批次随内外部通货膨胀率和内外部交易价格的增加而减少。并运用理论结果揭示了医药流通市场中的暗箱操作及回扣机制,并提出了改进方案。
(6)将研究进一步拓展到随机库存系统,以医院药房原料药库存为背景,提出了随机需求下,具有提前期,允许延期支付,并考虑医药库存缺货惩罚因子的(Q,r)医药库存模型,并通过计算机仿真计算得出相应的Q,r值及单峰函数。
(7)传统的变质库存模型研究在进行成本计算时,常重复考虑变质成本的计算。通过对传统变质库存模型的深入分析,对国内外计算变质成本函数中的错误进行修正。
With the development of medical logistics, recently a lot of medical enterprises are facing the problems of goods backlogs. However, the surroundings around medical enterprises varies from time to time. Traditional inventory theory cannot interpret most problems in medical inventory control. It is necessary to scrutinize the operation modes of medical inventory by using new theory. This paper, based on the system theory and cybernetics analyzes the medical inventory problem are analyzed by quantitative analysis combined with qualitative analysis in order to form a relatively complete framework of medical inventory theory which gives an efficient decision support for medical inventory. The content of the paper are completed as follows:
(1) Description of the concepts andelements of medical supply chain, medical logistics and medical inventory. The current situation of medical industries at home and abroad, the demand of medicine in medical market, and the characteristics of medical circulation market are analyzed. On such basis, the problems in medical inventory are revealed and analyzed: the medicine safety problem, the inventory cost problem, the inventory turnover problem. At last, the related theories at home and aboard are briefly reviewed.
(2)Based on traditional inventory replenishment policy, this paper analyzes the main methods of traditional inventory replenishment policy by data analysis of domestic third-class hospitals and large pharmaceutical factories. Moreover, the limitations of those methods are pointed out. At last, the factors for medical inventory model construction are taken into consideration
(3) According to the multi-product ordering problems in medical chain supermarkets, the coordination mechanism is led to medical inventory research. Research is mainly on the multi-product ordering problems in medical chain supermarket under deterministic demand. First, the inventory shoppers of medical retailer under different time-varying demands are established and analyzed. Then the models are extended to multi-supplier and multi-retailer with a given lead time. Use computer simulation to get the approximate optimal policy. By the empirical analysis,the theoretical results are obtained:JRP is the optimal policy in multi-product ordering in medical chain supermarket.
(4) Research on the medical inventory replenishment policy under different demands,different inventory levels and different surroundings. First three patterns in the inventory models with shortages are considered: starting with shortages and ending without shortages, starting with replenishment and ending with shortages and starting and ending with shortages. Moreover, the corresponding models are established. Then the model with partial-exponential type-backlogging is established on the basis of the former model. At last, the optimal inventory policies for medical inventory replenishment models are obtained.
(5)On the basis of dissipative structure of management, the medical inventory control problems are considered completely. The capital flow of medical inventory is analyzed deeply from multi-angle and multi-aspect. The medical inventory models which take into consideration internal and external inflation rate, internal and external purchasing cost, internal and external shortage cost and internal and external holding cost are established. Moreover, the affects of internal and external inflation rate, internal and external purchasing cost to medical inventory replenishment cycle, replenishment numbers and relative costs are analyzed. The results are that:the inventory cost increases with the increase of internal and external inflation rate and internal and external purchasing cost. The optimal numbers decreases with the decrease of internal and external inflation rate and internal and external purchasing cost.At last,the under table dealing in medical circulation is revealed by the theoretical result. And the improvement schemes are provided.
(6)The research is extended to stochastical inventory research. According to the raw medicine in hospital pharmacy,the stochastical(Q,r) inventory model with a lead time under the condition of permissible delay in payment is considered.The stocasyical(Q,r)model of the penalty for stock out is also considered.
(7)There are some mistakes in cost counting of traditional perishable inventory model.Some researchers often consider the cost due to deterioration repeatedly. The mistakes are verified in this paper.
(1)阐述了医药物流、医药供应链及医药库存的基本概念和构成要素。分析了国内外医药行业发展的基本现状,国内外医药市场各种药品的需求状况以及医药流通市场的主要特点。并在此基础上,剖析了医药供应链库存的控制问题：库存药品安全与质量监管、医药库存成本和库存周转问题。同时,对国内外相关理论研究进行了简要总结。
(2)基于传统的医药库存控制策略,运用国内大型三甲医院及大型制药企业的数据分析了当前医药库存控制的主要方法,并指出其主要局限性,分析了影响医药库存的主要因素。
(3)以大型医药连锁超市的多药品订购问题为背景,将供应链协调机制引入医药库存理论研究,研究了确定需求下医药连锁超市多种药品的订购策略。构建了不同时变需求下的同一供应商向医药超市零售商不同专柜供货的库存订购策略模型。并且,把模型推广到具有提前期的多个供应商和多个订购商的情形,得到了多种药品订购的近似最优策略。最后,对理论进行了实证分析。结果表明：确定需求下,医药超市实行多药品订购时,联合补货策略为最优补货策略。
(4)针对不同需求、不同库存状况和不同环境下的医药库存补货策略进行了研究。首先考虑了允许缺货且缺货量完全拖后的三种状态：入货时允许缺货,出货时不允许缺货；入货时不允许缺货,出货时允许缺货；入货和出货时均允许缺货。并建立了相应的理论模型。结论表明：入货时和出货时都允许缺货时的库存成本是三种缺货状况中成本最低的。在允许缺货且缺货量完全拖后的医药库存模型基础上,考虑拖后订货率取决于排队等待的队伍中总的顾客数,进一步建立了的允许缺货且缺货量部分拖后的医药库存模型,得到了在这种情况下的最优补货策略。
(5)以耗散结构理论为依据,全面考虑医药分销企业的库存控制问题,从多方面多角度对医药分销企业库存资金流进行了深入分析。构建了全面考虑医药分销企业内外部通货膨胀率、内外部交易价格、内外部缺货损失,以及内外部持有成本的医药库存模型,并进一步分析了医药分销企业内外部通货膨胀率以及内外部交易价格对医药库存补货周期、补货批次及相关成本的影响,结论表明：企业相关库存成本随内外部通货膨胀率和内外部交易价格的增加而增加,最优补货批次随内外部通货膨胀率和内外部交易价格的增加而减少。并运用理论结果揭示了医药流通市场中的暗箱操作及回扣机制,并提出了改进方案。
(6)将研究进一步拓展到随机库存系统,以医院药房原料药库存为背景,提出了随机需求下,具有提前期,允许延期支付,并考虑医药库存缺货惩罚因子的(Q,r)医药库存模型,并通过计算机仿真计算得出相应的Q,r值及单峰函数。
(7)传统的变质库存模型研究在进行成本计算时,常重复考虑变质成本的计算。通过对传统变质库存模型的深入分析,对国内外计算变质成本函数中的错误进行修正。
With the development of medical logistics, recently a lot of medical enterprises are facing the problems of goods backlogs. However, the surroundings around medical enterprises varies from time to time. Traditional inventory theory cannot interpret most problems in medical inventory control. It is necessary to scrutinize the operation modes of medical inventory by using new theory. This paper, based on the system theory and cybernetics analyzes the medical inventory problem are analyzed by quantitative analysis combined with qualitative analysis in order to form a relatively complete framework of medical inventory theory which gives an efficient decision support for medical inventory. The content of the paper are completed as follows:
(1) Description of the concepts andelements of medical supply chain, medical logistics and medical inventory. The current situation of medical industries at home and abroad, the demand of medicine in medical market, and the characteristics of medical circulation market are analyzed. On such basis, the problems in medical inventory are revealed and analyzed: the medicine safety problem, the inventory cost problem, the inventory turnover problem. At last, the related theories at home and aboard are briefly reviewed.
(2)Based on traditional inventory replenishment policy, this paper analyzes the main methods of traditional inventory replenishment policy by data analysis of domestic third-class hospitals and large pharmaceutical factories. Moreover, the limitations of those methods are pointed out. At last, the factors for medical inventory model construction are taken into consideration
(3) According to the multi-product ordering problems in medical chain supermarkets, the coordination mechanism is led to medical inventory research. Research is mainly on the multi-product ordering problems in medical chain supermarket under deterministic demand. First, the inventory shoppers of medical retailer under different time-varying demands are established and analyzed. Then the models are extended to multi-supplier and multi-retailer with a given lead time. Use computer simulation to get the approximate optimal policy. By the empirical analysis,the theoretical results are obtained:JRP is the optimal policy in multi-product ordering in medical chain supermarket.
(4) Research on the medical inventory replenishment policy under different demands,different inventory levels and different surroundings. First three patterns in the inventory models with shortages are considered: starting with shortages and ending without shortages, starting with replenishment and ending with shortages and starting and ending with shortages. Moreover, the corresponding models are established. Then the model with partial-exponential type-backlogging is established on the basis of the former model. At last, the optimal inventory policies for medical inventory replenishment models are obtained.
(5)On the basis of dissipative structure of management, the medical inventory control problems are considered completely. The capital flow of medical inventory is analyzed deeply from multi-angle and multi-aspect. The medical inventory models which take into consideration internal and external inflation rate, internal and external purchasing cost, internal and external shortage cost and internal and external holding cost are established. Moreover, the affects of internal and external inflation rate, internal and external purchasing cost to medical inventory replenishment cycle, replenishment numbers and relative costs are analyzed. The results are that:the inventory cost increases with the increase of internal and external inflation rate and internal and external purchasing cost. The optimal numbers decreases with the decrease of internal and external inflation rate and internal and external purchasing cost.At last,the under table dealing in medical circulation is revealed by the theoretical result. And the improvement schemes are provided.
(6)The research is extended to stochastical inventory research. According to the raw medicine in hospital pharmacy,the stochastical(Q,r) inventory model with a lead time under the condition of permissible delay in payment is considered.The stocasyical(Q,r)model of the penalty for stock out is also considered.
(7)There are some mistakes in cost counting of traditional perishable inventory model.Some researchers often consider the cost due to deterioration repeatedly. The mistakes are verified in this paper.
引文
1来源：《国家基本药物目录管理办法(暂行)》
2来源：《2007-2008中国与世界医药市场分析报告》
5来源：《国家基本药物目录管理办法(暂行)》
6来源：《国家基本药物目录(基层医疗卫生机构配备使用部分)》(2009版)
7来源：2009年实地考察湖南省最大的医药物流企业——湖南双鹤医药有限责任公司
8来源：《国家基本药物目录管理办法(暂行)》
9来源：《药品管理法》
10来源：中国医药商业协会
11来源：《药品管理法实施条例》
12来源：《中国药学会22届理事会第三次会议工作报告》；
13来源：中国医药商业协会
14来源：2009年实地考察湖南省最大的医药物流企业——北药集团下属企业湖南双鹤医药有限公司
15来源：2009年实地考察湖南强生药业有限公司和湖南双鹤医药有限公司,了解国内外医药库存控制现状。
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2来源：《2007-2008中国与世界医药市场分析报告》
5来源：《国家基本药物目录管理办法(暂行)》
6来源：《国家基本药物目录(基层医疗卫生机构配备使用部分)》(2009版)
7来源：2009年实地考察湖南省最大的医药物流企业——湖南双鹤医药有限责任公司
8来源：《国家基本药物目录管理办法(暂行)》
9来源：《药品管理法》
10来源：中国医药商业协会
11来源：《药品管理法实施条例》
12来源：《中国药学会22届理事会第三次会议工作报告》；
13来源：中国医药商业协会
14来源：2009年实地考察湖南省最大的医药物流企业——北药集团下属企业湖南双鹤医药有限公司
15来源：2009年实地考察湖南强生药业有限公司和湖南双鹤医药有限公司,了解国内外医药库存控制现状。
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