生态恢复工程对历山舜王坪亚高山草甸植被的影响研究
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摘要
历山国家级自然保护区是山西省面积最大、物种资源最丰富的自然保护区,总面积24800hm2,被誉为“山西省动植物资源的宝库”。舜王坪亚高山草甸是历山国家级自然保护区生态系统的重要组成部分。本文应用数量生态学的理论和方法对历山舜王坪亚高山草甸生态恢复工程实施后的植物群落进行分类与排序、物种多样性和生态恢复进展的研究,分析了生态工程实施后群落物种的组成与结构、物种多样性与环境梯度变化之间的关系,以期为舜王坪亚高山草甸的保护和利用提供科学依据和理论基础。
应用TWINSPAN分类软件,将舜王坪亚高山草甸草本群落200个样方分为14个群丛。综合样方DCA排序的结果,得出植物群落之间、群落与环境因子梯度变化之间的相互关系。不同海拔区域的群落优势种有显著差别。伴人植物的优势度表现出群落受干扰的程度,受干扰强度越大,伴人植物优势度越高。物种排序表现出与样方排序一致的海拔梯度变化,表明植物群落优势种的分布格局可以决定植物群落类型的分布格局。
舜王坪亚高山草甸植物群落α多样性指数的测定和研究结果表明,生态恢复工程实施后群落多样性程度较高,伴人植物的影响变小,游径附近样带的多样性指数较高,表明铺设步道对减少人为踩踏干扰有着十分重要的作用。物种丰富度指数(R)随着样方与游径的距离变大,呈现升高的趋势。物种均匀度指数(E)各样带间差别不大,说明生态恢复工程后植被恢复情况较好。群落p多样性指数从海拔2100m开始表现出增加的趋势,到海拔2200-2250m处各指数值最大；随着海拔的继续增加,β多样性指数下降,这主要由舜王坪亚高山草甸面积较大坡度较小的地形条件特点所决定。
在生态恢复工程实施之后,群落盖度明显增加,优势种数量增多,水土流失程度减缓。在下一阶段的恢复过程中,可以采取在重点区域改善土壤结构,增加适度生物干扰等措施。政府应加强对保护区的管理和监督,减少人为干扰对自然群落的影响。
Lishan National Nature Reserve is the largest nature reserve with24,800hm2area totally and is known as "rich plant and animal resource in Shanxi". Shunwangping Subalpine meadow is one of the important components of the ecosystems in this nature reserve. The species diversity, classification and ordination of plant communities after the ecological rehabilitate project of Shunwangping subalpine meadow, were studied by the methodology of numerical ecology. Changes of community species composition, structure and species diversity with environmental gradients were analyzed to propose a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of the subalpine meadow.
Based on200plots from the field, Shunwangping subalpine meadow communities were classified into14associations by TWINSPAN. With the results of the DCA ordination, the dominant species were significant different distributed in the communities in different altitude gradient. Dominance of androphile reflected the degree of human disturbance. With the greater strength interference, androphile got the higher dominance degree. With a change of altitude, the dynamic of plots ordination corresponded well with the species ordination, which indicated that the dominant species in the distribution pattern could determine the distribution pattern of plant community types.
According to the a diversity index measured of Shunwangping subalpine meadow communities, the level of community diversity was increased after the ecological rehabilitate project with an impact of androphile lessening. The diversity index of transects near the trail was higher than before, which demonstrated that the trail-laying played an important role in reducing the human disturbance. The species richness index (R) showed a rising trend with the increasing distance from plots to the trail. There was not a significant different for the evenness index (E) between different transects, suggested that vegetation restored well after the ecological rehabilitate projects. The β diversity index from2100m above sea level (a. s.1.) showed an increasing trend and reached the maximum at2200-2250m a. s.1, while the index deceased with the increasing altitude beyond2250m a. s.1. due to the large area with small slope topographic features.
After the ecological rehabilitate project, the degree of soil erosion was controlled gradually and the community coverage (i.e. the number of dominant species) increased significantly. For the next step of the rehabilitate process, both of the soil structure change and moderate biological interference increase should be taken in some key areas. Besides, the strategies of management and supervision for the nature reserves need to be strengthened by the government, reducing human disturbance to the natural communities.
应用TWINSPAN分类软件,将舜王坪亚高山草甸草本群落200个样方分为14个群丛。综合样方DCA排序的结果,得出植物群落之间、群落与环境因子梯度变化之间的相互关系。不同海拔区域的群落优势种有显著差别。伴人植物的优势度表现出群落受干扰的程度,受干扰强度越大,伴人植物优势度越高。物种排序表现出与样方排序一致的海拔梯度变化,表明植物群落优势种的分布格局可以决定植物群落类型的分布格局。
舜王坪亚高山草甸植物群落α多样性指数的测定和研究结果表明,生态恢复工程实施后群落多样性程度较高,伴人植物的影响变小,游径附近样带的多样性指数较高,表明铺设步道对减少人为踩踏干扰有着十分重要的作用。物种丰富度指数(R)随着样方与游径的距离变大,呈现升高的趋势。物种均匀度指数(E)各样带间差别不大,说明生态恢复工程后植被恢复情况较好。群落p多样性指数从海拔2100m开始表现出增加的趋势,到海拔2200-2250m处各指数值最大；随着海拔的继续增加,β多样性指数下降,这主要由舜王坪亚高山草甸面积较大坡度较小的地形条件特点所决定。
在生态恢复工程实施之后,群落盖度明显增加,优势种数量增多,水土流失程度减缓。在下一阶段的恢复过程中,可以采取在重点区域改善土壤结构,增加适度生物干扰等措施。政府应加强对保护区的管理和监督,减少人为干扰对自然群落的影响。
Lishan National Nature Reserve is the largest nature reserve with24,800hm2area totally and is known as "rich plant and animal resource in Shanxi". Shunwangping Subalpine meadow is one of the important components of the ecosystems in this nature reserve. The species diversity, classification and ordination of plant communities after the ecological rehabilitate project of Shunwangping subalpine meadow, were studied by the methodology of numerical ecology. Changes of community species composition, structure and species diversity with environmental gradients were analyzed to propose a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of the subalpine meadow.
Based on200plots from the field, Shunwangping subalpine meadow communities were classified into14associations by TWINSPAN. With the results of the DCA ordination, the dominant species were significant different distributed in the communities in different altitude gradient. Dominance of androphile reflected the degree of human disturbance. With the greater strength interference, androphile got the higher dominance degree. With a change of altitude, the dynamic of plots ordination corresponded well with the species ordination, which indicated that the dominant species in the distribution pattern could determine the distribution pattern of plant community types.
According to the a diversity index measured of Shunwangping subalpine meadow communities, the level of community diversity was increased after the ecological rehabilitate project with an impact of androphile lessening. The diversity index of transects near the trail was higher than before, which demonstrated that the trail-laying played an important role in reducing the human disturbance. The species richness index (R) showed a rising trend with the increasing distance from plots to the trail. There was not a significant different for the evenness index (E) between different transects, suggested that vegetation restored well after the ecological rehabilitate projects. The β diversity index from2100m above sea level (a. s.1.) showed an increasing trend and reached the maximum at2200-2250m a. s.1, while the index deceased with the increasing altitude beyond2250m a. s.1. due to the large area with small slope topographic features.
After the ecological rehabilitate project, the degree of soil erosion was controlled gradually and the community coverage (i.e. the number of dominant species) increased significantly. For the next step of the rehabilitate process, both of the soil structure change and moderate biological interference increase should be taken in some key areas. Besides, the strategies of management and supervision for the nature reserves need to be strengthened by the government, reducing human disturbance to the natural communities.
引文
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[3]余世孝.数学生态学导论[M].北京：科技文献出版社,1995.
[4]张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1994.
[5]张金屯.历山自然保护区森林群落的典范主分量分析[J].生物数学学报,2005,20(2)：213-218
[6]王琳,张金屯,欧阳华.历山山地草甸的生态关系[J].山地学报,2004,22(6)：669-674
[7]米湘成,张金屯,张峰等.山西高原植被与土壤分和格局关系的研究[J]植物生态学报,1999,23(04)：336-344
[8]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.旅游干扰对历山舜王坪亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响[J]生态学报,2008(01)：407-415
[9]Kremen C.2005.Managing ecosystem services:what do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters,8:468-479
[10]任海,刘庆,李凌浩等.《恢复生态学导论》[M].北京：科学出版社,2008,72-94
[11]REN H,PENG S L.2003.The practice of ecological restoration in china:A brief history and conference report. Ecological Restoration.21(2):122-125
[12]彭少麟.《恢复生态学》[M].北京,气象出版社,2007,10-32
[10]王琳,张金屯.历山山地草甸优势种的种间关联和相关分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,(08)：1435-1440
[11]王琳,张金屯,欧阳华.历山山地草甸的生态关系[J].山地学报,2004,(06)：669-674
[12]王琳,张金屯,上官铁梁,樊龙锁.历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系[J]应用与环境生物学报,2004,(01)：018-022
[13]陈姣,廉凯敏,张峰等.山西历山保护区野生种子植物区系研究[J].山西大学学报.2012.35(1)：151-157.
[14]张金屯.数量生态学方法[M].北京.科学出版社,2004
[15]阳含熙,卢泽愚.植物生态学的数量分类方法[M].北京：科学出版社,1981.
[16]Gauch H C群落生态学中的多元分析[M].李博,等译.北京：科学出版社,1988
[17]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法1α多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,(03)162-168
[18]马克平,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法(下)[J].生物多样性,1994,(04)231-239.
[19]马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅱβ多样性的测度方法[J].生物多样性,1995,(01)38-43.
[20]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ：丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,1995,15(3)：268-277.
[21]Alatalo R V. Problems in the measurement of evenness in ecology [J].Oikos,1981, 37:199-204
[22]Sheldon A L. Equitability indices dependence on the species count [J]. Ecology, 1969,50:466-467
[23]Heip C. A new index measuring evenness [J].Mar Biol Assoc,1974,54:555-557
[24]Hurlbert S H. The non-concept of species diversity:a critique and alternative parameters [J]. Ecology,1971,52:577-586
[25]贺金生,陈伟烈.陆地植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化特征[J].生态学报,1997,17(1)：91-99
[26]张峰译.生物多样性测度[M].北京.科学出版社,2011
[27]HANDEL S N,ROBINSON G R,BEATTIE A J. Biodiversity resources for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology.1994.2(4)230-241
[28]Magurran A E,Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. New Jersey:Princeton University,1988
[29]Dolezal,Srutek.Altitudinal changes in composition and structure of mountain-temperate vegetation:a case study from the Western Carpathians. Plant Ecology.158:201-221
[30]郝占庆,于德勇,吴刚等.长白山北坡植物群落p多样性分析[J].生态学报,2001,21(12)：2018-2022.
[31]张建彪,闫美芳,上官铁梁.五台山亚高山草甸的p多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(2)：0389-0392
[32]陈廷贵,张金屯.山西关帝山神尾沟植物群落多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2000,20(4)：638-646
[33]赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华,王效科,苗鸿.草地生态系统服务功能分析及其评价指标体系[J].生态学杂志,2004,(06).
[34]黄晓霞,江源,刘全儒,等.五台山高山、亚高山草甸植物种分布的环境梯度分析和种组划分[J].草业科学,2009,26(11)：12-18
[35]李素清,张金屯,上官铁梁.芦芽山亚高山草甸的数量分类与排序研究[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(10)：2062-206
[36]张金屯.,植物种群空间分布的点格局分析[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4)：344-349
[37]张峰,张金屯.我国植被数量分类和排序研究进展[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2000,23(3)：278-282.
[38]阳含熙,卢泽愚.植物生态学数量分类方法[M].北京：科学出版社,1981
[39]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2001.
[40]Whittaker R H.-Ordination and classification of communities. Handbook of Vegetation Science, Vol.5 The Hague, Junk.1973
[41]吴征镒.中国植被[M].北京：科学出版社,1995：514-519.
[42]高英志,韩兴国,汪诗平.放牧对草原土壤的影响[J].生态学报.2004.24(4)：790-797.
[2]山西植物志编辑委员会.山西植物志[M].第1-5卷.北京：中国科学技术出版社,1992.
[3]余世孝.数学生态学导论[M].北京：科技文献出版社,1995.
[4]张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1994.
[5]张金屯.历山自然保护区森林群落的典范主分量分析[J].生物数学学报,2005,20(2)：213-218
[6]王琳,张金屯,欧阳华.历山山地草甸的生态关系[J].山地学报,2004,22(6)：669-674
[7]米湘成,张金屯,张峰等.山西高原植被与土壤分和格局关系的研究[J]植物生态学报,1999,23(04)：336-344
[8]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.旅游干扰对历山舜王坪亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响[J]生态学报,2008(01)：407-415
[9]Kremen C.2005.Managing ecosystem services:what do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters,8:468-479
[10]任海,刘庆,李凌浩等.《恢复生态学导论》[M].北京：科学出版社,2008,72-94
[11]REN H,PENG S L.2003.The practice of ecological restoration in china:A brief history and conference report. Ecological Restoration.21(2):122-125
[12]彭少麟.《恢复生态学》[M].北京,气象出版社,2007,10-32
[10]王琳,张金屯.历山山地草甸优势种的种间关联和相关分析[J].西北植物学报,2004,(08)：1435-1440
[11]王琳,张金屯,欧阳华.历山山地草甸的生态关系[J].山地学报,2004,(06)：669-674
[12]王琳,张金屯,上官铁梁,樊龙锁.历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系[J]应用与环境生物学报,2004,(01)：018-022
[13]陈姣,廉凯敏,张峰等.山西历山保护区野生种子植物区系研究[J].山西大学学报.2012.35(1)：151-157.
[14]张金屯.数量生态学方法[M].北京.科学出版社,2004
[15]阳含熙,卢泽愚.植物生态学的数量分类方法[M].北京：科学出版社,1981.
[16]Gauch H C群落生态学中的多元分析[M].李博,等译.北京：科学出版社,1988
[17]马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法1α多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,(03)162-168
[18]马克平,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法(下)[J].生物多样性,1994,(04)231-239.
[19]马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅱβ多样性的测度方法[J].生物多样性,1995,(01)38-43.
[20]马克平,黄建辉,于顺利等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ：丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,1995,15(3)：268-277.
[21]Alatalo R V. Problems in the measurement of evenness in ecology [J].Oikos,1981, 37:199-204
[22]Sheldon A L. Equitability indices dependence on the species count [J]. Ecology, 1969,50:466-467
[23]Heip C. A new index measuring evenness [J].Mar Biol Assoc,1974,54:555-557
[24]Hurlbert S H. The non-concept of species diversity:a critique and alternative parameters [J]. Ecology,1971,52:577-586
[25]贺金生,陈伟烈.陆地植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化特征[J].生态学报,1997,17(1)：91-99
[26]张峰译.生物多样性测度[M].北京.科学出版社,2011
[27]HANDEL S N,ROBINSON G R,BEATTIE A J. Biodiversity resources for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology.1994.2(4)230-241
[28]Magurran A E,Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. New Jersey:Princeton University,1988
[29]Dolezal,Srutek.Altitudinal changes in composition and structure of mountain-temperate vegetation:a case study from the Western Carpathians. Plant Ecology.158:201-221
[30]郝占庆,于德勇,吴刚等.长白山北坡植物群落p多样性分析[J].生态学报,2001,21(12)：2018-2022.
[31]张建彪,闫美芳,上官铁梁.五台山亚高山草甸的p多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(2)：0389-0392
[32]陈廷贵,张金屯.山西关帝山神尾沟植物群落多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2000,20(4)：638-646
[33]赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华,王效科,苗鸿.草地生态系统服务功能分析及其评价指标体系[J].生态学杂志,2004,(06).
[34]黄晓霞,江源,刘全儒,等.五台山高山、亚高山草甸植物种分布的环境梯度分析和种组划分[J].草业科学,2009,26(11)：12-18
[35]李素清,张金屯,上官铁梁.芦芽山亚高山草甸的数量分类与排序研究[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(10)：2062-206
[36]张金屯.,植物种群空间分布的点格局分析[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4)：344-349
[37]张峰,张金屯.我国植被数量分类和排序研究进展[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2000,23(3)：278-282.
[38]阳含熙,卢泽愚.植物生态学数量分类方法[M].北京：科学出版社,1981
[39]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2001.
[40]Whittaker R H.-Ordination and classification of communities. Handbook of Vegetation Science, Vol.5 The Hague, Junk.1973
[41]吴征镒.中国植被[M].北京：科学出版社,1995：514-519.
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