球形气泡载荷作用下船体结构的动态响应研究
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摘要
水下爆炸对军用舰船的毁伤在国防上一直是极为关注的问题,也是我国海军急需解决的问题。水下爆炸载荷对军用舰船构成最主要威胁,是在战争中造成舰船失效和毁伤的主要原因。舰船结构在水下爆炸载荷作用下的动态响应则是一个非常复杂的问题,需要涉及水下爆炸载荷的模拟,爆炸载荷的动力学特性,流体-结构耦合分析及水中结构的动态响应等多项研究内容。
水下爆炸载荷主要有水中冲击波和气泡脉动载荷两种。近年来,各国进行的实船试验和实验室模型实验均表明,和水中冲击波相比,非接触水下爆炸中的气泡载荷有时会对舰船结构造成更为严重的总体毁伤,严重威胁舰船的生命力。目前,对于气泡载荷作用下舰船结构的动态响应问题尽管进行了许多研究,但是关于这一问题的许多破坏机理与本质仍未被揭示。
本文主要针对中场非接触球形气泡脉动载荷作用下的船体结构的动态响应问题进行了研究。着重从气泡作用下船体结构的水弹性响应、刚体运动、水弹塑性响应和三维全船结构的动态响应等几个方面进行了研究,旨在揭示舰船结构在气泡脉动载荷作用下的一些响应机理和特征。
首先,基于势流理论,介绍了一个考虑了气泡迁移效应,自由表面效应和气泡阻力的球形气泡数值模型,对气泡的运动特征和主要参数的影响进行了分析,并对数值结果进行了验证。
其次,对球形气泡载荷作用下船体梁的刚体运动及其对弹性振动的影响进行了研究。船体梁的响应通常由两部分组成：刚体运动和弹性变形。然而,目前的研究中,学者们通常只考虑弹性变形而忽略刚体运动。本文给出了气泡载荷与船体梁之间的流体-结构耦合理论和数值算法,建立了弹性船体梁与气泡之间的包含刚体运动的流体-结构耦合模型。以不同船型的两条实船作为算例,分别计算了两船在气泡载荷作用下包含刚体运动和不包含刚体运动的动态响应,讨论了气泡作用下船体梁的水弹性响应特征,详细分析了船体梁在气泡脉动载荷作用下产生的共振破坏的机理。通过比较不同情况下的船体梁位移和弯矩时程变化,详细分析了刚体运动对于船体梁弹性响应的影响,得到了刚体运动会减弱船体总纵弯矩的幅值和振动周期的结论；刚体运动对船长较大的船体的影响可以忽略,但对船长较小的船体的总纵强度影响很大,必须加以考虑。
然后,进一步将船体梁的水弹性响应扩展到水弹塑性,建立了球形气泡载荷作用下船体梁的水弹塑性响应模型。将船体梁的水弹塑性响应分为三个阶段：1.刚体运动与弹性变形,直到梁内的某一点处的弯矩增加到极限弯矩。2.塑性变形,并不断积累,直到破坏点的塑性变形率为0时,塑性变形停止。3.梁的塑性变形形成,船体梁重新开始进行弹性变形和刚体运动。推导了各阶段的流体-结构耦合理论和计算算法。并通过实船算例,分析了船体梁的弹塑性变形的机理和特征。通过研究发现船体梁的最大弯矩并不是由气泡压力峰值直接产生,而是由船体梁自身的鞭状振动所诱导产生；船体梁的塑性变形具有变形突增,持续时间短的特点。
接着,基于双渐近(DAA)理论,将有限元方法与边界元方法相结合,研究了球形气泡载荷作用下三维全船结构的动态响应。分别探究了三维全船结构的总体响应和局部响应的特点。细节地推导和阐述了气泡作用下三维船体结构动态响应的流体-结构耦合理论。从结构响应方程,流体表面方程和流体-结构耦合方法三个方面介绍了相关的理论和数值计算方法。应用DAA方法,建立了一套有限元与边界元相结合的计算程序,以一艘三维船体模型作为算例,计算了气泡载荷作用下全船结构在垂向、横向和纵向的三个方向的位移、速度和加速度时程响应。详细分析和讨论了气泡载荷作用下船体结构的总体响应和局部响应的一些特征与机理。
最后,基于本文所述的流体-结构耦合理论与数值算法,开发了“气泡作用下全船结构动响应计算”软件。从软件的功能模块,内嵌程序及使用流程等方面,对开发的“气泡作用下全船结构动响应计算”软件进行了介绍。
The damage of warships when subjected to underwater explosion has always been a concerned topic for national defense, on which a great many researchers have done extensive studies for years. Analyzing the underwater explosion problems requires understanding many different areas, including the simulation of underwater explosion loads, explosion gas bubble behavior, fluid-structure interaction phenomena and structure dynamic response.
A ship hull structure immersed in the vicinity of an underwater explosion is affected by two types of time-dependent loads:the transient shock wave and pulsating bubble. Compare with the shock wave, the bubble pulsation load in the underwater explosion can cause more severe damage on the warships. It is a serious threat to the vitality of the warship. At present, the dynamic response of the ship structure subjected to the underwater explosion bubble load is an international research focus. However, a lot of failure mechanism and essence on this problem remain open today, due to their difficulties.
The present thesis is mainly to describe the dynamic responses of the ship hull structure subjected to a mid-field underwater bubble. Our focus is on the study of the hydroelastic responses, rigid-body motions, hydro-elastic-plastic responses and3-D structure dynamic responses of the ship hull. Our study aims to reveal the mechanism and characteristics of the ship hull's dynamic responses to the underwater bubble pulsation loading.
Firstly, based on the potential flow theory, we introduce a spherical underwater bubble model with the bubble migration, free surface effect and drag force taken into account. The motion characteristics of the bubble and important parameters'effects are analyzed. And the numerical results of the bubble loads are verified.
Secondly, the effect of rigid-body motions on the whipping response of a ship hull subjected to a spherical underwater bubble is studied. The dynamic elastic response of a floating ship hull girder to an underwater bubble is normally composed of two parts: rigid-body motion and elastic deformation. However, the effects of rigid body motion have consistently been neglected in the current literature based on the assumption that they are small. Next, our focus is on the study of rigid-body motion effects on the hull girder's elastic deformation, also known as the'whipping response'. A theory of interaction between a gas bubble and a hull girder is presented. The model of a ship hull girder floating on water subjected to the underwater bubble load is established. The rigid-body and elastic responses of the hull that are induced by the impulsive pressure of a bubble are calculated using the methods presented herein. Two different examples of real ships are given to demonstrate the effect of rigid-body motion on whipping responses. The hydroelastic response characteristics of the hull girder are analysed. And the resonance mechanism in hull girder's whipping response to an underwater bubble is discussed in detail. The time histories of the bending moments and displacements of the two different hull girders are presented. The numerical results show that rigid-body motions reduce the amplitudes and vibration natural periods of the bending moments of the hull girder. These effects can be ignored for slender hulls, but must be taken into account for shorter/wider hulls so as not to underestimate the longitudinal strength.
Then, the dynamic hydro-elastic-plastic response of a floating ship hull girder subjected to a spherical underwater bubble is studied. We divide the hull girder's response into three phases:The first phase, the hull girder experiences elastic deformation and rigid-body motion. Up to the point when the bending moment somewhere in the hull girder reaches the critical bending moment, a plastic'hinge'forms at the failure point. The second phase, plastic deformation accumulates until the point when the plastic deformation rate becomes zero. And the third phase, the bending moment is smaller than the limiting moment, the hull girder is plastically deformed experiences elastic deformation and rigid-body motion as an elastic hull girder. We analyse each phase of the hull girder's response separately and then obtain the whole motions of the hull girder. The theories and numerical methods of the responses in the three phases are derived and presented. The formation of the plastic hinge when the hull girder's longitudinal bending moment exceeds its ultimate bending moment is investigated. Real-scale ship examples are given to discuss the features of the dynamic elastic and plastic response. The numerical results show that the bending moment's peak value is not directly caused by the bubble pressure. It is induced by the hull girder's whipping motion. And the plastic deformation of the hull girder features a sharp rise and a short duration.
Furthermore, based on the doubly asymptotic approximation (DAA) theory, using the finite element method with the boundary element method, the transient dynamic responses of a3-D surface ship structure subjected to a spherical underwater bubble are studied. We develop a procedure which couples the finite element method with boundry element method to study this problem. The theories and numerical methods of the structure response equation, the fluid surface equation and fluid-structure interaction are derived and presented. The global and local responses of the ship model in vertical, transverse and longitudinal directions are performed. The acceleration, velocity and displacement time histories are presented. The mechanism and characteristics of both the global and local responses of the ship hull structure are discussed in detail.
At last, based on the theories and numerical methods described in this study, we develop the software of "The calculation of dynamic responses of the ship structure subjected to the bubble load". The software is introduced in detail from the functional modules, embedded procedures and the operation flow.
水下爆炸载荷主要有水中冲击波和气泡脉动载荷两种。近年来,各国进行的实船试验和实验室模型实验均表明,和水中冲击波相比,非接触水下爆炸中的气泡载荷有时会对舰船结构造成更为严重的总体毁伤,严重威胁舰船的生命力。目前,对于气泡载荷作用下舰船结构的动态响应问题尽管进行了许多研究,但是关于这一问题的许多破坏机理与本质仍未被揭示。
本文主要针对中场非接触球形气泡脉动载荷作用下的船体结构的动态响应问题进行了研究。着重从气泡作用下船体结构的水弹性响应、刚体运动、水弹塑性响应和三维全船结构的动态响应等几个方面进行了研究,旨在揭示舰船结构在气泡脉动载荷作用下的一些响应机理和特征。
首先,基于势流理论,介绍了一个考虑了气泡迁移效应,自由表面效应和气泡阻力的球形气泡数值模型,对气泡的运动特征和主要参数的影响进行了分析,并对数值结果进行了验证。
其次,对球形气泡载荷作用下船体梁的刚体运动及其对弹性振动的影响进行了研究。船体梁的响应通常由两部分组成：刚体运动和弹性变形。然而,目前的研究中,学者们通常只考虑弹性变形而忽略刚体运动。本文给出了气泡载荷与船体梁之间的流体-结构耦合理论和数值算法,建立了弹性船体梁与气泡之间的包含刚体运动的流体-结构耦合模型。以不同船型的两条实船作为算例,分别计算了两船在气泡载荷作用下包含刚体运动和不包含刚体运动的动态响应,讨论了气泡作用下船体梁的水弹性响应特征,详细分析了船体梁在气泡脉动载荷作用下产生的共振破坏的机理。通过比较不同情况下的船体梁位移和弯矩时程变化,详细分析了刚体运动对于船体梁弹性响应的影响,得到了刚体运动会减弱船体总纵弯矩的幅值和振动周期的结论；刚体运动对船长较大的船体的影响可以忽略,但对船长较小的船体的总纵强度影响很大,必须加以考虑。
然后,进一步将船体梁的水弹性响应扩展到水弹塑性,建立了球形气泡载荷作用下船体梁的水弹塑性响应模型。将船体梁的水弹塑性响应分为三个阶段：1.刚体运动与弹性变形,直到梁内的某一点处的弯矩增加到极限弯矩。2.塑性变形,并不断积累,直到破坏点的塑性变形率为0时,塑性变形停止。3.梁的塑性变形形成,船体梁重新开始进行弹性变形和刚体运动。推导了各阶段的流体-结构耦合理论和计算算法。并通过实船算例,分析了船体梁的弹塑性变形的机理和特征。通过研究发现船体梁的最大弯矩并不是由气泡压力峰值直接产生,而是由船体梁自身的鞭状振动所诱导产生；船体梁的塑性变形具有变形突增,持续时间短的特点。
接着,基于双渐近(DAA)理论,将有限元方法与边界元方法相结合,研究了球形气泡载荷作用下三维全船结构的动态响应。分别探究了三维全船结构的总体响应和局部响应的特点。细节地推导和阐述了气泡作用下三维船体结构动态响应的流体-结构耦合理论。从结构响应方程,流体表面方程和流体-结构耦合方法三个方面介绍了相关的理论和数值计算方法。应用DAA方法,建立了一套有限元与边界元相结合的计算程序,以一艘三维船体模型作为算例,计算了气泡载荷作用下全船结构在垂向、横向和纵向的三个方向的位移、速度和加速度时程响应。详细分析和讨论了气泡载荷作用下船体结构的总体响应和局部响应的一些特征与机理。
最后,基于本文所述的流体-结构耦合理论与数值算法,开发了“气泡作用下全船结构动响应计算”软件。从软件的功能模块,内嵌程序及使用流程等方面,对开发的“气泡作用下全船结构动响应计算”软件进行了介绍。
The damage of warships when subjected to underwater explosion has always been a concerned topic for national defense, on which a great many researchers have done extensive studies for years. Analyzing the underwater explosion problems requires understanding many different areas, including the simulation of underwater explosion loads, explosion gas bubble behavior, fluid-structure interaction phenomena and structure dynamic response.
A ship hull structure immersed in the vicinity of an underwater explosion is affected by two types of time-dependent loads:the transient shock wave and pulsating bubble. Compare with the shock wave, the bubble pulsation load in the underwater explosion can cause more severe damage on the warships. It is a serious threat to the vitality of the warship. At present, the dynamic response of the ship structure subjected to the underwater explosion bubble load is an international research focus. However, a lot of failure mechanism and essence on this problem remain open today, due to their difficulties.
The present thesis is mainly to describe the dynamic responses of the ship hull structure subjected to a mid-field underwater bubble. Our focus is on the study of the hydroelastic responses, rigid-body motions, hydro-elastic-plastic responses and3-D structure dynamic responses of the ship hull. Our study aims to reveal the mechanism and characteristics of the ship hull's dynamic responses to the underwater bubble pulsation loading.
Firstly, based on the potential flow theory, we introduce a spherical underwater bubble model with the bubble migration, free surface effect and drag force taken into account. The motion characteristics of the bubble and important parameters'effects are analyzed. And the numerical results of the bubble loads are verified.
Secondly, the effect of rigid-body motions on the whipping response of a ship hull subjected to a spherical underwater bubble is studied. The dynamic elastic response of a floating ship hull girder to an underwater bubble is normally composed of two parts: rigid-body motion and elastic deformation. However, the effects of rigid body motion have consistently been neglected in the current literature based on the assumption that they are small. Next, our focus is on the study of rigid-body motion effects on the hull girder's elastic deformation, also known as the'whipping response'. A theory of interaction between a gas bubble and a hull girder is presented. The model of a ship hull girder floating on water subjected to the underwater bubble load is established. The rigid-body and elastic responses of the hull that are induced by the impulsive pressure of a bubble are calculated using the methods presented herein. Two different examples of real ships are given to demonstrate the effect of rigid-body motion on whipping responses. The hydroelastic response characteristics of the hull girder are analysed. And the resonance mechanism in hull girder's whipping response to an underwater bubble is discussed in detail. The time histories of the bending moments and displacements of the two different hull girders are presented. The numerical results show that rigid-body motions reduce the amplitudes and vibration natural periods of the bending moments of the hull girder. These effects can be ignored for slender hulls, but must be taken into account for shorter/wider hulls so as not to underestimate the longitudinal strength.
Then, the dynamic hydro-elastic-plastic response of a floating ship hull girder subjected to a spherical underwater bubble is studied. We divide the hull girder's response into three phases:The first phase, the hull girder experiences elastic deformation and rigid-body motion. Up to the point when the bending moment somewhere in the hull girder reaches the critical bending moment, a plastic'hinge'forms at the failure point. The second phase, plastic deformation accumulates until the point when the plastic deformation rate becomes zero. And the third phase, the bending moment is smaller than the limiting moment, the hull girder is plastically deformed experiences elastic deformation and rigid-body motion as an elastic hull girder. We analyse each phase of the hull girder's response separately and then obtain the whole motions of the hull girder. The theories and numerical methods of the responses in the three phases are derived and presented. The formation of the plastic hinge when the hull girder's longitudinal bending moment exceeds its ultimate bending moment is investigated. Real-scale ship examples are given to discuss the features of the dynamic elastic and plastic response. The numerical results show that the bending moment's peak value is not directly caused by the bubble pressure. It is induced by the hull girder's whipping motion. And the plastic deformation of the hull girder features a sharp rise and a short duration.
Furthermore, based on the doubly asymptotic approximation (DAA) theory, using the finite element method with the boundary element method, the transient dynamic responses of a3-D surface ship structure subjected to a spherical underwater bubble are studied. We develop a procedure which couples the finite element method with boundry element method to study this problem. The theories and numerical methods of the structure response equation, the fluid surface equation and fluid-structure interaction are derived and presented. The global and local responses of the ship model in vertical, transverse and longitudinal directions are performed. The acceleration, velocity and displacement time histories are presented. The mechanism and characteristics of both the global and local responses of the ship hull structure are discussed in detail.
At last, based on the theories and numerical methods described in this study, we develop the software of "The calculation of dynamic responses of the ship structure subjected to the bubble load". The software is introduced in detail from the functional modules, embedded procedures and the operation flow.
引文
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