转子—轴承—密封系统动力学特性研究
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摘要
随着旋转机械在实际应用中日益向高性能、大容量方向发展,促使流体与旋转转子之间的流固耦合作用不断增加,从而对转子系统的动力特性和稳定性产生影响。目前大量的研究表明,转子系统的非线性因素对系统的动力学特性影响很大,其中尤以非线性油膜力和非线性密封力的影响最为显著。本文即是针对这一问题,采用了理论建模、数值仿真及试验验证相结合的研究路线,围绕着密封力数学模型的建立和转子—轴承—密封耦合系统的动力学特性分析两个主题展开。较为深入的探讨了转子—轴承—密封耦合系统的动力学特性,相应的研究工作得到了国家863项目(编号:2002AA52613-8)和国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号:10572087)的资助。主要内容如下:
从理论分析与工程应用的角度出发,简要介绍了本文的选题背景与研究意义。并对非线性转子动力学及密封力在国内外的研究现状、研究进展与发展趋势进行了较为全面的阐述。
在国家863项目“超超临界汽轮机关键技术研究”的资助下,建造了转子—轴承—密封系统动力学试验台。本试验台只是缩小了转子的尺寸,密封件模型仍保持与实际汽轮机完全相同的结构形式,且转子支承形式、转子工作转速与临界转速的比值等重要参数都接近于汽轮机的真实情况,保证了试验台转子系统与实际大型汽轮机组转子系统有较好的相似度,可用于汽轮机组转子系统振动特性的试验研究。
详细介绍了用双控体模型计算平齿密封动特性系数的方法,并在原有的模型中引入了密封齿高,使得改进后的双控体模型计算密封的动特性系数与实测结果更为接近,这说明用该模型来预测密封的动特性系数是可行的。通过应用该模型,进一步研究了密封中的入口预旋速度对等效动力特性系数、密封力对系统一阶临界转速和一阶对数衰减率的影响,得到以下几点结论:随着密封入口预旋速度的增加,交叉刚度系数也要增加;与未考虑密封力的转子—轴承系统相比,在考虑了密封力与转子相互作用后,转子—轴承—密封系统的临界转速有所下降,这是因为主阻尼的影响效果大于交叉刚度的影响,而且随着密封入口压力的增大,下降幅度也会进一步增加;密封入口预旋对转子—轴承—密封系统稳定性的影响较为复杂:正向预旋越大,一阶对数衰减率越小,则系统稳定性越差,当正、反向入口预旋速度的绝对值相等时,反向预旋速度的情况下计算的一阶对数衰减率大于正向预旋速度时的一阶对数衰减率,从而使系统稳定性提高,但反向预旋速度也并非越大越好,如果太大,反而使系统的一阶对数衰减率降低。将数值仿真结果和试验结果进行对比,结论较一致,验证了改进后的双控制体模型的有效性。
将试验台的复杂转子系统简化为Jeffcott转子系统,并引用短轴承理论和Muszynska密封力模型分别建立了油膜力和密封力的非线性模型,从而进一步建立了转子—轴承—密封系统非线性振动方程。首先依据试验台参数对转子系统进行数值仿真,其结果与试验结果在趋势上较为一致,证明建立的非线性转子—轴承—密封模型的有效性,为进一步的理论研究提供了可行性技术。接着应用数值分析方法对转子转速、转子质量偏心、密封间隙和密封入口压力这些关系转子系统动力学特性的重要因素进行研究,采用分叉图,Poincare映射、轴心轨迹、频谱图以及最大Lyapunov指数从不同的侧面描述并揭示了耦合系统的单周期运动、倍周期运动、多周期运动和拟周期运动,以及这些运动形式的转化与演变过程。
应用有限元方法建立转子—轴承—密封系统的动力学模型。首先依据转子—轴承—密封试验台的参数进行数值仿真,其结果与实测数据相符,验证了建立的复杂转子系统动力学分析模型的正确性。接着通过对转子—轴承系统与转子—轴承—密封系统的非线性动力学分析,配合转子轴心轨迹图、频谱图、瀑布图,以及随着转子转速变化的分叉图,揭示了综合考虑非线性油膜力与非线性密封力后,转子系统动力学特性的变化。最后将结果与采用简单的Jeffcott模型分析的结果相比,得出使用有限元法构造转子—轴承—密封系统的模型进行数值仿真的结果与实测数据更接近的结论。
As rotating machinery become large-capacity, the stabilization and dynamics of rotating rotor were influenced by the increasing in coupled interaction between the fluid and the rotor. Therefore in the present study the dynamic characteristics of the rotor-bearing-seal system. And the present study is involved in the mathematical modeling of seal force and dynamics analysis of a rotor-bearing-seal system, which combines the theoretical modeling, the numerical simulation with experimental investation. The project is supported in part by National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (approved No. 2002AA52613-8), by National Natural Science Foundation of China (approved No.10572087). The research content is given in detail as follows:
From the viewpoint of theoretical analysis and engineering application, the background and significance of the present study are elucidated. Status and development of research on the nonlinear dynamics of a rotor and seal force are introduced.
Supported by National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China, the laboratory setup of the rotor-bearing-seal experimental device, which scale the seal structure and journal bearings. The experimental device can simulate the pressure ratio, ratating speed and unsteady and steady pressure. Furthermore, the signals of staic pressure, fluctuating pressure, rotating speed and rotor displacements can be acquired simultaneously. As a result the experimental device provides the experimental basis for investigating the coupled interaction between the seal and the rotor.
Tow-control-volume model has been detailedly expounded in computing dynamic characteristics for the see-through labyrinth seal. In this paper, the height of the seal is introduced in the improved two-control-volume method. And the result of the present method is in good agreement with the experimental data, which had been conducted by Childs, so it is feasible using this method to predict the dynamic characteristics of see-through labyrinth seal. In addition, the influences of the system first-order critical speed and its logarithmic decrement have also been probed into. With increase in inlet preswirl velocity, the cross-coupled stiffness increases. It also shows that the first critical speed of the rotor decreases by the seal force. And the first critical speed decreases rapidly in inlet pressure. Moreover, the research shows that the inlet preswirl velocity has a greate effect on the stability of the rotor with seals. The stability of rotor obtained from the positive inlet preswirl velocity is more unsafe than that from the opposite directions with same absolute values. This implies that neglecting the coupled fluid-solid effect will result in unsafe prediction of the stability of the rotor. The results of current method are in agreement with the one from the experimental. Accordingly, the improved two-control-volume model was validated
The complex experimental rotor system is simplified as the Jeffcot rotor. Based on the short bearing theory, the nonlinear oil-film force mode is given. And a simply model of nonlinear seal force based on the results of a series of experiments was proposed by Muszynska. Then the dynamic model of the nonlinear rotor-bearing-seal system was set up. The simulated result tends to agree with the experimental data. As a result, the study may contribute to a further understanding of the non-linear dynamics of such a rotor-bearing-seal coupled system. It is indicated that the dynamic behavior of the rotor-bearing-seal system depends on the rotation speed, rotor eccentricity, seal clearance and seal pressure of the rotor-bearing-seal system. Therefore, by changing the values of these factors, the bifurcation of the coupled system is analyzed. Then the dynamic behavior of the rotor center are analyzed by the system state trajectory, Poincare maps, frequency spectra, bifurcation diagrams and the curves of maximal Lyapunov exponent. From the results of the numerical simulation, it is found that there are periodic motion, doubling-periodic motion, multi-periodic motion and approximate-periodic motion in the coupled system.
Finite element method is proposed to estabilish a dynamic mode of rotor-bearing-seal system. And the results of the present method are in good agreement with the experimental. Then study on nonlinear dynamics of a rotor-bearing-seal system by the bifurcation diagram, state trajectories, frequency spectra and waterfall. From the numerical simulation, it is found that the simulated results of the current calculation are more accurate according to the experimental result than that of the Jeffcott rotor.
从理论分析与工程应用的角度出发,简要介绍了本文的选题背景与研究意义。并对非线性转子动力学及密封力在国内外的研究现状、研究进展与发展趋势进行了较为全面的阐述。
在国家863项目“超超临界汽轮机关键技术研究”的资助下,建造了转子—轴承—密封系统动力学试验台。本试验台只是缩小了转子的尺寸,密封件模型仍保持与实际汽轮机完全相同的结构形式,且转子支承形式、转子工作转速与临界转速的比值等重要参数都接近于汽轮机的真实情况,保证了试验台转子系统与实际大型汽轮机组转子系统有较好的相似度,可用于汽轮机组转子系统振动特性的试验研究。
详细介绍了用双控体模型计算平齿密封动特性系数的方法,并在原有的模型中引入了密封齿高,使得改进后的双控体模型计算密封的动特性系数与实测结果更为接近,这说明用该模型来预测密封的动特性系数是可行的。通过应用该模型,进一步研究了密封中的入口预旋速度对等效动力特性系数、密封力对系统一阶临界转速和一阶对数衰减率的影响,得到以下几点结论:随着密封入口预旋速度的增加,交叉刚度系数也要增加;与未考虑密封力的转子—轴承系统相比,在考虑了密封力与转子相互作用后,转子—轴承—密封系统的临界转速有所下降,这是因为主阻尼的影响效果大于交叉刚度的影响,而且随着密封入口压力的增大,下降幅度也会进一步增加;密封入口预旋对转子—轴承—密封系统稳定性的影响较为复杂:正向预旋越大,一阶对数衰减率越小,则系统稳定性越差,当正、反向入口预旋速度的绝对值相等时,反向预旋速度的情况下计算的一阶对数衰减率大于正向预旋速度时的一阶对数衰减率,从而使系统稳定性提高,但反向预旋速度也并非越大越好,如果太大,反而使系统的一阶对数衰减率降低。将数值仿真结果和试验结果进行对比,结论较一致,验证了改进后的双控制体模型的有效性。
将试验台的复杂转子系统简化为Jeffcott转子系统,并引用短轴承理论和Muszynska密封力模型分别建立了油膜力和密封力的非线性模型,从而进一步建立了转子—轴承—密封系统非线性振动方程。首先依据试验台参数对转子系统进行数值仿真,其结果与试验结果在趋势上较为一致,证明建立的非线性转子—轴承—密封模型的有效性,为进一步的理论研究提供了可行性技术。接着应用数值分析方法对转子转速、转子质量偏心、密封间隙和密封入口压力这些关系转子系统动力学特性的重要因素进行研究,采用分叉图,Poincare映射、轴心轨迹、频谱图以及最大Lyapunov指数从不同的侧面描述并揭示了耦合系统的单周期运动、倍周期运动、多周期运动和拟周期运动,以及这些运动形式的转化与演变过程。
应用有限元方法建立转子—轴承—密封系统的动力学模型。首先依据转子—轴承—密封试验台的参数进行数值仿真,其结果与实测数据相符,验证了建立的复杂转子系统动力学分析模型的正确性。接着通过对转子—轴承系统与转子—轴承—密封系统的非线性动力学分析,配合转子轴心轨迹图、频谱图、瀑布图,以及随着转子转速变化的分叉图,揭示了综合考虑非线性油膜力与非线性密封力后,转子系统动力学特性的变化。最后将结果与采用简单的Jeffcott模型分析的结果相比,得出使用有限元法构造转子—轴承—密封系统的模型进行数值仿真的结果与实测数据更接近的结论。
As rotating machinery become large-capacity, the stabilization and dynamics of rotating rotor were influenced by the increasing in coupled interaction between the fluid and the rotor. Therefore in the present study the dynamic characteristics of the rotor-bearing-seal system. And the present study is involved in the mathematical modeling of seal force and dynamics analysis of a rotor-bearing-seal system, which combines the theoretical modeling, the numerical simulation with experimental investation. The project is supported in part by National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (approved No. 2002AA52613-8), by National Natural Science Foundation of China (approved No.10572087). The research content is given in detail as follows:
From the viewpoint of theoretical analysis and engineering application, the background and significance of the present study are elucidated. Status and development of research on the nonlinear dynamics of a rotor and seal force are introduced.
Supported by National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China, the laboratory setup of the rotor-bearing-seal experimental device, which scale the seal structure and journal bearings. The experimental device can simulate the pressure ratio, ratating speed and unsteady and steady pressure. Furthermore, the signals of staic pressure, fluctuating pressure, rotating speed and rotor displacements can be acquired simultaneously. As a result the experimental device provides the experimental basis for investigating the coupled interaction between the seal and the rotor.
Tow-control-volume model has been detailedly expounded in computing dynamic characteristics for the see-through labyrinth seal. In this paper, the height of the seal is introduced in the improved two-control-volume method. And the result of the present method is in good agreement with the experimental data, which had been conducted by Childs, so it is feasible using this method to predict the dynamic characteristics of see-through labyrinth seal. In addition, the influences of the system first-order critical speed and its logarithmic decrement have also been probed into. With increase in inlet preswirl velocity, the cross-coupled stiffness increases. It also shows that the first critical speed of the rotor decreases by the seal force. And the first critical speed decreases rapidly in inlet pressure. Moreover, the research shows that the inlet preswirl velocity has a greate effect on the stability of the rotor with seals. The stability of rotor obtained from the positive inlet preswirl velocity is more unsafe than that from the opposite directions with same absolute values. This implies that neglecting the coupled fluid-solid effect will result in unsafe prediction of the stability of the rotor. The results of current method are in agreement with the one from the experimental. Accordingly, the improved two-control-volume model was validated
The complex experimental rotor system is simplified as the Jeffcot rotor. Based on the short bearing theory, the nonlinear oil-film force mode is given. And a simply model of nonlinear seal force based on the results of a series of experiments was proposed by Muszynska. Then the dynamic model of the nonlinear rotor-bearing-seal system was set up. The simulated result tends to agree with the experimental data. As a result, the study may contribute to a further understanding of the non-linear dynamics of such a rotor-bearing-seal coupled system. It is indicated that the dynamic behavior of the rotor-bearing-seal system depends on the rotation speed, rotor eccentricity, seal clearance and seal pressure of the rotor-bearing-seal system. Therefore, by changing the values of these factors, the bifurcation of the coupled system is analyzed. Then the dynamic behavior of the rotor center are analyzed by the system state trajectory, Poincare maps, frequency spectra, bifurcation diagrams and the curves of maximal Lyapunov exponent. From the results of the numerical simulation, it is found that there are periodic motion, doubling-periodic motion, multi-periodic motion and approximate-periodic motion in the coupled system.
Finite element method is proposed to estabilish a dynamic mode of rotor-bearing-seal system. And the results of the present method are in good agreement with the experimental. Then study on nonlinear dynamics of a rotor-bearing-seal system by the bifurcation diagram, state trajectories, frequency spectra and waterfall. From the numerical simulation, it is found that the simulated results of the current calculation are more accurate according to the experimental result than that of the Jeffcott rotor.
引文
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