淮北平原农田地表径流氮磷流失规律及其模拟研究
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摘要
农田氮磷随地表径流流失是引起日益突出的农业面源污染的主要因素。系统地开展农田氮磷径流流失的田间试验与模拟研究,有助于提高对土壤氮磷随径流迁移机制及其定量描述的认识,对减轻农业面源污染具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本论文基于自然降雨条件下的野外田间观测试验,分析了不同作物种植模式和施肥模式对农田不同形态氮磷随径流流失的影响。评价和应用EPIC模型讨论农田耕作和施肥管理措施对土壤侵蚀和硝态氮与可溶性磷流失的影响,开发降雨产流预报方法。建立能代表前期降雨在数量和时间上对产流影响的改进SCS模型和构建基于幂函数的土壤侵蚀和氮磷流失预测方法。
本研究取得的主要结论和创新点如下：
1.作物种植模式显著影响田面水土和氮磷流失量。与小麦-裸地相比,小麦-玉米、小麦-棉花和小麦-大豆分别减少了24%、26%和58%的年均径流量及15%、48%和58%的年均土壤侵蚀量。尽管硝态氮、可溶性氮和总氮浓度最小的处理为小麦-玉米,但氮磷年流失量最小的小麦-大豆处理比小麦-玉米减少了6%的硝态氮流失量、31%的可溶性氮流失量、44%的总氮流失量、60%的可溶性磷流失量和63%的总磷流失量。铵态氮、硝态氮和可溶性氮峰值的流失量分别占3年总流失量的64%、58%和41%以上,而不同形态磷素浓度和流失量随时间变化最小的处理为小麦-大豆。颗粒态氮和可溶性磷是农田地表径流氮磷流失的主要形态。故在淮北平原的气候和作物种植条件下汛期适当增加大豆种植面积有利于减少由水土和氮磷流失引起的面源污染。
2.施肥模式影响农田径流氮磷流失量。当季不施肥对玉米的产量影响不明显,却分别减少了20%与30%的玉米总氮浓度与流失量及20%和18%的可溶性磷和总磷流失量。对于棉花,当季不施肥提高了13%的径流量,降低了23%的产量,减少了径流硝态氮、可溶性氮与总氮的浓度和硝态氮流失量及总磷与可溶性磷的浓度和流失量。追肥对玉米和棉花的产量影响不明显,却减少了两者的径流和土壤侵蚀量,提高了两者的硝态氮、可溶性氮与总氮的浓度。故在淮北平原的土壤和气候条件下,玉米和棉花施用底肥或追肥过程中适当减少施肥量可作为减少农田氮磷流失的管理措施。
3.通过假设前期影响日雨量存在阈值且日雨量影响系数以指数函数递减,重新概化了前期降雨对产流的影响,提出了改进的SCS地表径流计算方法。与原SCS模型相比,改进SCS模型的模拟精度明显提高,能够模拟出不同作物种植模式下的次径流变化。与原SCS模型相比,改进后模型的模拟效率从小于0.4变为0.4-0.8且R2值也提高了24%以上。
4.基于降雨雨量分级和径流模型模拟,并结合天气预报建立了降雨产流的预报方法。利用EPIC模型模拟出了试验站25年的日降雨产流数据,按照天气预报的雨量等级划分标准进行产流发生概率统计,结合前1日的降雨条件建立了不同量级降雨的产流几率表。结果表明这种方法能够有效地预测出当地是否产流。
5.对比分析发现,与SCS改进方法和幂函数方法相比,EPIC模型的模拟精度较高。基于幂函数的方法能由径流量拟合出不同作物种植模式下的土壤侵蚀量及总氮、可溶性氮和颗粒态氮的流失量；不同形态磷素流失量与径流量的拟合效果较差。而EPIC模型能较为准确地模拟地表径流、土壤侵蚀量、硝态氮和可溶性磷流失量在不同作物种植模式和次径流间的变化。应用EPIC模型模拟表明,免耕和地表秸秆覆盖可大量减少小麦-裸地的土壤侵蚀量,小麦-玉米和小麦-大豆的硝态氮和可溶性磷流失量随着施肥量的增加而增加。
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses by surface runoff from croplands have been one of the major sources of the agricultural non-point source pollution. Experimental and modeling research on N and P losses by surface runoff have important theoretical significance and application value for understanding the transport mechanism of N and P as well as reducing agricultural non-point source pollution.
N and P losses by surface runoff under different cropping systems and fertilization modes were evaluated based on the field experiment under natural rainfall. Then, the EPIC model was assessed with the field experimental data for evaluating the effect of tillage and fertilization practices on sendiment and nitrate and dissolved P (DP) losses. The SCS model was modified by incorporating the variations of amount and time of antecedent rainfall, and the power function was investigated to predict N and P losses and sediment with runoff.
The conclusions and innovations obtained in this study are as follows:
1. Cropping systems significantly influenced surface runoff, sediment, and N and P losses. Wheat-corn, wheat-cotton, and wheat-soybean reduced surface runoff of24%,26%, and58%, and sediment of15%,48%, and58%, respectively, compared with wheat-fallow. The lowest concentrations of nitrate, dissolved N (DN) and total N (TN) were from the wheat-corn; however, the lowest N and P losses were from the wheat-soybean reducing nitrate loss by6%, DN loss by31%, TN loss by44%, DP loss by60%, and total P (TP) loss by63%, compared with wheat-corn. The losses in peak events accounted for>64%for ammonium,58%for nitrate, and41%for DN of the total losses occurring during the3-year experimental period, and the least temporal variations of the P concentrations and losses were observed from wheat-soybean. Particular N and DP are the dominant forms of N and P in runoff from croplands, respectively. Therefore, selecting wheat-soybean as the main double cropping system appears to be a practical method for controlling runoff, sediment, and N and P losses from croplands in Huaibei Plain.
2. Fertilization modes affected N and P losses by surface runoff. No-fertilizer reduced TN concentration by20%, TN loss by30%, DP loss by20%, and TP loss by18%, for corn. For soybean, No-fertilizer increased runoff of13%, and decreased yield of23%, losses of nitrate, DP, and TP, and concentrations of nitrate, DN, TN, DP, and TP. Side-dressing decreased runoff and sediment, and increased concentrations of nitrate, DN, and TN. Therefore, to reduce corn fertilization rate for corn and cotton appears to be a practices for reducing N and P losses in Huaibei Plain.
3. Assuming the influencing extent of antecedent precipitation on runoff decreases daily following exponential function as antecedent precipitation is below the threshold, the antecedent moisture condition was updated and the SCS method was modified. The modified SCS method increased the computational accuracy, and successfully predicted surface runoff on a daily basis for all cropping systems. For example, the the modeling efficiency was<0.4for the original SCS method and0.4-0.8for the modified SCS method, and the modified SCS method increased the R2by24%, compared with the original SCS method.
4. Runoff forecast method was developed with rainfall classification, weather forecast, and runoff simulation. The daily runoff was predicted by EPIC model with daily precipitation data during the25years, and then the frequency of runoff occurrence was calculated according to daily rainfall intensity range and1-day antecedent rainfall. The runoff forecast method was approved to forecast effectively the occurrence of runoff in Huaibei Plain.
5. Runoff, sediment, nitrate loss, and DP loss were predicted more accurately with EPIC model than the modified SCS method and the power function method. However, power functions were proved to be used for the estimation of sediment, DN loss, PN loss, and TN loss. The simulation result of EPIC model showed that no tillage and residue cover reduced sediment from wheat-fallow, and losses of nitrate and DP increased with fertilization rates for wheat-corn and wheat-soybean.
本论文基于自然降雨条件下的野外田间观测试验,分析了不同作物种植模式和施肥模式对农田不同形态氮磷随径流流失的影响。评价和应用EPIC模型讨论农田耕作和施肥管理措施对土壤侵蚀和硝态氮与可溶性磷流失的影响,开发降雨产流预报方法。建立能代表前期降雨在数量和时间上对产流影响的改进SCS模型和构建基于幂函数的土壤侵蚀和氮磷流失预测方法。
本研究取得的主要结论和创新点如下：
1.作物种植模式显著影响田面水土和氮磷流失量。与小麦-裸地相比,小麦-玉米、小麦-棉花和小麦-大豆分别减少了24%、26%和58%的年均径流量及15%、48%和58%的年均土壤侵蚀量。尽管硝态氮、可溶性氮和总氮浓度最小的处理为小麦-玉米,但氮磷年流失量最小的小麦-大豆处理比小麦-玉米减少了6%的硝态氮流失量、31%的可溶性氮流失量、44%的总氮流失量、60%的可溶性磷流失量和63%的总磷流失量。铵态氮、硝态氮和可溶性氮峰值的流失量分别占3年总流失量的64%、58%和41%以上,而不同形态磷素浓度和流失量随时间变化最小的处理为小麦-大豆。颗粒态氮和可溶性磷是农田地表径流氮磷流失的主要形态。故在淮北平原的气候和作物种植条件下汛期适当增加大豆种植面积有利于减少由水土和氮磷流失引起的面源污染。
2.施肥模式影响农田径流氮磷流失量。当季不施肥对玉米的产量影响不明显,却分别减少了20%与30%的玉米总氮浓度与流失量及20%和18%的可溶性磷和总磷流失量。对于棉花,当季不施肥提高了13%的径流量,降低了23%的产量,减少了径流硝态氮、可溶性氮与总氮的浓度和硝态氮流失量及总磷与可溶性磷的浓度和流失量。追肥对玉米和棉花的产量影响不明显,却减少了两者的径流和土壤侵蚀量,提高了两者的硝态氮、可溶性氮与总氮的浓度。故在淮北平原的土壤和气候条件下,玉米和棉花施用底肥或追肥过程中适当减少施肥量可作为减少农田氮磷流失的管理措施。
3.通过假设前期影响日雨量存在阈值且日雨量影响系数以指数函数递减,重新概化了前期降雨对产流的影响,提出了改进的SCS地表径流计算方法。与原SCS模型相比,改进SCS模型的模拟精度明显提高,能够模拟出不同作物种植模式下的次径流变化。与原SCS模型相比,改进后模型的模拟效率从小于0.4变为0.4-0.8且R2值也提高了24%以上。
4.基于降雨雨量分级和径流模型模拟,并结合天气预报建立了降雨产流的预报方法。利用EPIC模型模拟出了试验站25年的日降雨产流数据,按照天气预报的雨量等级划分标准进行产流发生概率统计,结合前1日的降雨条件建立了不同量级降雨的产流几率表。结果表明这种方法能够有效地预测出当地是否产流。
5.对比分析发现,与SCS改进方法和幂函数方法相比,EPIC模型的模拟精度较高。基于幂函数的方法能由径流量拟合出不同作物种植模式下的土壤侵蚀量及总氮、可溶性氮和颗粒态氮的流失量；不同形态磷素流失量与径流量的拟合效果较差。而EPIC模型能较为准确地模拟地表径流、土壤侵蚀量、硝态氮和可溶性磷流失量在不同作物种植模式和次径流间的变化。应用EPIC模型模拟表明,免耕和地表秸秆覆盖可大量减少小麦-裸地的土壤侵蚀量,小麦-玉米和小麦-大豆的硝态氮和可溶性磷流失量随着施肥量的增加而增加。
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses by surface runoff from croplands have been one of the major sources of the agricultural non-point source pollution. Experimental and modeling research on N and P losses by surface runoff have important theoretical significance and application value for understanding the transport mechanism of N and P as well as reducing agricultural non-point source pollution.
N and P losses by surface runoff under different cropping systems and fertilization modes were evaluated based on the field experiment under natural rainfall. Then, the EPIC model was assessed with the field experimental data for evaluating the effect of tillage and fertilization practices on sendiment and nitrate and dissolved P (DP) losses. The SCS model was modified by incorporating the variations of amount and time of antecedent rainfall, and the power function was investigated to predict N and P losses and sediment with runoff.
The conclusions and innovations obtained in this study are as follows:
1. Cropping systems significantly influenced surface runoff, sediment, and N and P losses. Wheat-corn, wheat-cotton, and wheat-soybean reduced surface runoff of24%,26%, and58%, and sediment of15%,48%, and58%, respectively, compared with wheat-fallow. The lowest concentrations of nitrate, dissolved N (DN) and total N (TN) were from the wheat-corn; however, the lowest N and P losses were from the wheat-soybean reducing nitrate loss by6%, DN loss by31%, TN loss by44%, DP loss by60%, and total P (TP) loss by63%, compared with wheat-corn. The losses in peak events accounted for>64%for ammonium,58%for nitrate, and41%for DN of the total losses occurring during the3-year experimental period, and the least temporal variations of the P concentrations and losses were observed from wheat-soybean. Particular N and DP are the dominant forms of N and P in runoff from croplands, respectively. Therefore, selecting wheat-soybean as the main double cropping system appears to be a practical method for controlling runoff, sediment, and N and P losses from croplands in Huaibei Plain.
2. Fertilization modes affected N and P losses by surface runoff. No-fertilizer reduced TN concentration by20%, TN loss by30%, DP loss by20%, and TP loss by18%, for corn. For soybean, No-fertilizer increased runoff of13%, and decreased yield of23%, losses of nitrate, DP, and TP, and concentrations of nitrate, DN, TN, DP, and TP. Side-dressing decreased runoff and sediment, and increased concentrations of nitrate, DN, and TN. Therefore, to reduce corn fertilization rate for corn and cotton appears to be a practices for reducing N and P losses in Huaibei Plain.
3. Assuming the influencing extent of antecedent precipitation on runoff decreases daily following exponential function as antecedent precipitation is below the threshold, the antecedent moisture condition was updated and the SCS method was modified. The modified SCS method increased the computational accuracy, and successfully predicted surface runoff on a daily basis for all cropping systems. For example, the the modeling efficiency was<0.4for the original SCS method and0.4-0.8for the modified SCS method, and the modified SCS method increased the R2by24%, compared with the original SCS method.
4. Runoff forecast method was developed with rainfall classification, weather forecast, and runoff simulation. The daily runoff was predicted by EPIC model with daily precipitation data during the25years, and then the frequency of runoff occurrence was calculated according to daily rainfall intensity range and1-day antecedent rainfall. The runoff forecast method was approved to forecast effectively the occurrence of runoff in Huaibei Plain.
5. Runoff, sediment, nitrate loss, and DP loss were predicted more accurately with EPIC model than the modified SCS method and the power function method. However, power functions were proved to be used for the estimation of sediment, DN loss, PN loss, and TN loss. The simulation result of EPIC model showed that no tillage and residue cover reduced sediment from wheat-fallow, and losses of nitrate and DP increased with fertilization rates for wheat-corn and wheat-soybean.
引文
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