北方冬麦区小麦慢白粉病品种的筛选与鉴定
摘要
本研究选用我国北方冬麦区的主栽品种、高代品系和国外抗源共计88份，于
1999-00和2000-01年度研究了小麦白粉病的苗期抗性和成株期抗性。苗期选用20个
白粉菌株，21个鉴别寄主，根据基因对基因学说推导已知抗白粉病基因。成株期用0～9
级法和倒二叶严重度法调查植株叶片发病情况，以病程曲线下面积（AUDPC）、流行
速率、倒二叶严重度作为叶片成株期抗性的指标。植株开花10天左右调查穗严重度。
根据苗期鉴定和成株期调查结果，了解了我国北方冬麦区的抗白粉病基因，研究了慢
病性特征，分析了苗期抗性和成株期抗性的关系，筛选了一批慢白粉病材料。主要结
果如下：
1.88份参试品种基因推导结果表明，我国北方冬麦区高代品系主要含Pm2、Pm4a和
Pm4b，系谱分析表明，这些基因来源单一。多数主栽品种不含抗白粉病基因，个
别主栽品种含已丧失抗病性的Pm3d、Pm8。
2.国外慢白粉病参照品种在本试验中表现晚熟，其田间发病规律与感病品种差异很
大，调查倒二叶严重度比“0～9”级法更能反应慢病性特征。慢白粉病参照品种的
AUDPC＜0.94、R_2＜0.014、倒二叶严重度＜13％。慢白粉病参照品种叶片上病斑菌
丝层薄，对叶片损害小。
3.成株期表现不同程度感病的79份参试品种按AUDPC做聚类分析，距离在0.55水
平上，可以明显将这些品种分为4类。第1类品种的AUDPC介于0.21到1.66之
间，包括所有慢白粉病参照品种，因此将慢白粉病指标定为AUDPC＜1.66。
4.21个品种符合上述指标，其中13个品种的AUDPC、R_2、和倒二叶严重度值与慢
白粉病参照品种各相应参数很接近，8个品种的各参数值略大，表明发病程度略重。
国内慢病性品种比慢病性参照品种叶片上的菌丝层略厚，但与感病品种仍有显著差
别。另外，小分蘖比主蘖发病重，为避免调查误差，对分蘖少的品种应主要调查主
蘖的严重度。小分蘖发病重也从另一个侧面说明植株营养期长短可能影响抗病性强
弱。兴麦99、CA9550、CA9641含Pm2，可能类似于Bennett提出的背景抗性品种，
另外这些品种叶片上的菌丝层非常薄，而且有轻微的坏死斑。
5.感病品种间在AUDPC、R_1、R_2、倒二叶严重度等参数上有很大差别。用倒二叶严
重度调查值计算的AUDPC和用“0～9”级调查值计算的流行速率R1显著相关，
相关系数R=0.499（P＜0.01），因此在筛选慢病性抗源时，对病情上升快的品种，
可以用操作简单的“0～9”级法淘汰感病品种。穗严重度和叶片严重度无相关关系，
应单独调查。
6．比较‘慢白粉病品种和感病品种田间发病情况可以看出，慢病性品种在成株期表现抗
性，与感病品种有明显差别。但以济南门为代表的第2类品种与慢病性品种的差
别较小。系谱分析表明，如果慢病性是由数量性状控制的，两类之间个别品种可能
有一定的遗传关系。
7．比较茁期抗性和成株沏抗性可以看出，苗期鉴定含有厂抗谱基因的品种，成株期被
毒性菌株侵染时，可能表现高感。慢白粉病品种多数不含己知抗白粉病基因，或在
苗期仅对个别菌株表现抗性，但在田间成株期表现发病程度很轻的抗性反应。
Eighty-eight wheat varieties and advanced lines from northern China winter wheat region
and foreign winter wheat varieties conferring resistant to powdery mildew resistance were
used to investigate seedling and adult resistance in 1999-00 and 2000-01. Seedling test was
performed with 20 isolates and 21 tester lines carrying known genes. Resistance genes were
postulated based on the application of gene-for-gene concept. Adult resistance was
recorded with 0? scale method and severity on penultimate leaf method. Adult resistance
of leaves were evaluated by area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), apparent rate,
severity on penultimate leaf Spike severity was also collected at about ten days after
flowering. The major results are presented below:
1. Gene postulation results indicate that advanced lines in northern winter wheat region
mostly carry Pm2, Pm4a and Pm4b. Pedigree analysis shows that these genes have
narrow origin. Most cultivars in northern winter wheat region carry no gene or only
carry Pm3d and Pm8 which have already lost their resistance.
2. Nine foreign slow-mildewing varieties and advanced lines with very late maturity serve
as slow-mildewing checks. Its disease progress pattern is better observed by severity on
penultimate leaf method than by ???scale method. Characteristic of such
slow-mildewing checks are severity on penultimate leaf less than 13%, apparent rate
(R2) less than 0.014, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) less than 0.94.
Spore density on the leaves of slow-mildewing checks is thin so that the damage to
leaves is slight.
3. Seventy-nine varieties and advanced lines apprearing susceptible to E20 isolate on
different levels were classified by AUDPC. They can be distinctly classified into four
groups. AUDPC for the first group including all the slow-mildewing checks ranged
from 0.21 to 1.66. AUDPC<1.66 was therefor used as a criterion for slow-mildewing.
4. Twenty-one variaties conform to that criterion. Thirteen were more or less the same as
slow-mildewing checks for such parameters as AUDPC, R2 and severity on penultimate
leaves, while the other eight were relatively high. Spore density of native
slow-mildewing varieties is slightly thicker than slow-mildewing checks. Small tillers
of slow-mildewing varieties are more susceptible than the main tillers so that severity
should be collected mainly from the main tillers for those varieties with few small ones.
Xingmai 99, CA9550, CA9641 may be backgound resistant varieties proposed by
Bennett because they carry Pm2. Spore density on the leaves of these three varieties
were very thin with slight necrosis spots.
5. Significant difference was observed among susceptible lines regarding parameters such
as AUDPC, R1 and R2. AUDPC calculated from the data by the severity on penultimate
leaf method is positively correlated with the apparent rate (R1) calculated from the data
obtained by scale method, with the correlation coefficient R=0.499 (P<0.0]).
This indicated that susceptible varieties can be discarded if they appear rapid disease
developmental progress by the relatively easy scale method. Spike severity and
leaf severity do not show significant correlation and they must be investigated
separately.
6. Comparison of the disease progress of slow-mildewing varieties and susceptible ones
indicate that slow-mildewing varieties were significantly different from susceptible
ones because they perform high resistance at adult st
1999-00和2000-01年度研究了小麦白粉病的苗期抗性和成株期抗性。苗期选用20个
白粉菌株，21个鉴别寄主，根据基因对基因学说推导已知抗白粉病基因。成株期用0～9
级法和倒二叶严重度法调查植株叶片发病情况，以病程曲线下面积（AUDPC）、流行
速率、倒二叶严重度作为叶片成株期抗性的指标。植株开花10天左右调查穗严重度。
根据苗期鉴定和成株期调查结果，了解了我国北方冬麦区的抗白粉病基因，研究了慢
病性特征，分析了苗期抗性和成株期抗性的关系，筛选了一批慢白粉病材料。主要结
果如下：
1.88份参试品种基因推导结果表明，我国北方冬麦区高代品系主要含Pm2、Pm4a和
Pm4b，系谱分析表明，这些基因来源单一。多数主栽品种不含抗白粉病基因，个
别主栽品种含已丧失抗病性的Pm3d、Pm8。
2.国外慢白粉病参照品种在本试验中表现晚熟，其田间发病规律与感病品种差异很
大，调查倒二叶严重度比“0～9”级法更能反应慢病性特征。慢白粉病参照品种的
AUDPC＜0.94、R_2＜0.014、倒二叶严重度＜13％。慢白粉病参照品种叶片上病斑菌
丝层薄，对叶片损害小。
3.成株期表现不同程度感病的79份参试品种按AUDPC做聚类分析，距离在0.55水
平上，可以明显将这些品种分为4类。第1类品种的AUDPC介于0.21到1.66之
间，包括所有慢白粉病参照品种，因此将慢白粉病指标定为AUDPC＜1.66。
4.21个品种符合上述指标，其中13个品种的AUDPC、R_2、和倒二叶严重度值与慢
白粉病参照品种各相应参数很接近，8个品种的各参数值略大，表明发病程度略重。
国内慢病性品种比慢病性参照品种叶片上的菌丝层略厚，但与感病品种仍有显著差
别。另外，小分蘖比主蘖发病重，为避免调查误差，对分蘖少的品种应主要调查主
蘖的严重度。小分蘖发病重也从另一个侧面说明植株营养期长短可能影响抗病性强
弱。兴麦99、CA9550、CA9641含Pm2，可能类似于Bennett提出的背景抗性品种，
另外这些品种叶片上的菌丝层非常薄，而且有轻微的坏死斑。
5.感病品种间在AUDPC、R_1、R_2、倒二叶严重度等参数上有很大差别。用倒二叶严
重度调查值计算的AUDPC和用“0～9”级调查值计算的流行速率R1显著相关，
相关系数R=0.499（P＜0.01），因此在筛选慢病性抗源时，对病情上升快的品种，
可以用操作简单的“0～9”级法淘汰感病品种。穗严重度和叶片严重度无相关关系，
应单独调查。
6．比较‘慢白粉病品种和感病品种田间发病情况可以看出，慢病性品种在成株期表现抗
性，与感病品种有明显差别。但以济南门为代表的第2类品种与慢病性品种的差
别较小。系谱分析表明，如果慢病性是由数量性状控制的，两类之间个别品种可能
有一定的遗传关系。
7．比较茁期抗性和成株沏抗性可以看出，苗期鉴定含有厂抗谱基因的品种，成株期被
毒性菌株侵染时，可能表现高感。慢白粉病品种多数不含己知抗白粉病基因，或在
苗期仅对个别菌株表现抗性，但在田间成株期表现发病程度很轻的抗性反应。
Eighty-eight wheat varieties and advanced lines from northern China winter wheat region
and foreign winter wheat varieties conferring resistant to powdery mildew resistance were
used to investigate seedling and adult resistance in 1999-00 and 2000-01. Seedling test was
performed with 20 isolates and 21 tester lines carrying known genes. Resistance genes were
postulated based on the application of gene-for-gene concept. Adult resistance was
recorded with 0? scale method and severity on penultimate leaf method. Adult resistance
of leaves were evaluated by area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), apparent rate,
severity on penultimate leaf Spike severity was also collected at about ten days after
flowering. The major results are presented below:
1. Gene postulation results indicate that advanced lines in northern winter wheat region
mostly carry Pm2, Pm4a and Pm4b. Pedigree analysis shows that these genes have
narrow origin. Most cultivars in northern winter wheat region carry no gene or only
carry Pm3d and Pm8 which have already lost their resistance.
2. Nine foreign slow-mildewing varieties and advanced lines with very late maturity serve
as slow-mildewing checks. Its disease progress pattern is better observed by severity on
penultimate leaf method than by ???scale method. Characteristic of such
slow-mildewing checks are severity on penultimate leaf less than 13%, apparent rate
(R2) less than 0.014, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) less than 0.94.
Spore density on the leaves of slow-mildewing checks is thin so that the damage to
leaves is slight.
3. Seventy-nine varieties and advanced lines apprearing susceptible to E20 isolate on
different levels were classified by AUDPC. They can be distinctly classified into four
groups. AUDPC for the first group including all the slow-mildewing checks ranged
from 0.21 to 1.66. AUDPC<1.66 was therefor used as a criterion for slow-mildewing.
4. Twenty-one variaties conform to that criterion. Thirteen were more or less the same as
slow-mildewing checks for such parameters as AUDPC, R2 and severity on penultimate
leaves, while the other eight were relatively high. Spore density of native
slow-mildewing varieties is slightly thicker than slow-mildewing checks. Small tillers
of slow-mildewing varieties are more susceptible than the main tillers so that severity
should be collected mainly from the main tillers for those varieties with few small ones.
Xingmai 99, CA9550, CA9641 may be backgound resistant varieties proposed by
Bennett because they carry Pm2. Spore density on the leaves of these three varieties
were very thin with slight necrosis spots.
5. Significant difference was observed among susceptible lines regarding parameters such
as AUDPC, R1 and R2. AUDPC calculated from the data by the severity on penultimate
leaf method is positively correlated with the apparent rate (R1) calculated from the data
obtained by scale method, with the correlation coefficient R=0.499 (P<0.0]).
This indicated that susceptible varieties can be discarded if they appear rapid disease
developmental progress by the relatively easy scale method. Spike severity and
leaf severity do not show significant correlation and they must be investigated
separately.
6. Comparison of the disease progress of slow-mildewing varieties and susceptible ones
indicate that slow-mildewing varieties were significantly different from susceptible
ones because they perform high resistance at adult st
引文
1． 赤国彤、张雪松等，1994，小麦慢发性抗白粉病品种的筛选，华北农学报 3：63-66。
2． 郭爱国、程玉河等，1991，小麦白粉病抗性基因在河北省的有效性研究，河北农 业大学学报，14：72-75。
3． 马奇详、刘红彦、张忠山、伺家泌，1992，小麦耐、感病品种产量损失当量比较 研究，河南农业科学．第1期：26-29。
4． 庞家智，1992，小麦抗白粉病种质资源的筛选与评价，作物品种资源，第3期： 21-23。
5． 盛宝钦,1994，预测未来…小麦白粉病潜伏着更大威胁 中国科协病虫害预测讨 论会论文。
6． 盛宝钦、段霞瑜．1991， 小麦白粉病成株抗性鉴定“0-9级”法修改意见，北 京农业科学，1：38-39。
7． 盛宝钦、段霞瑜、周益林，1995，小麦白粉病抗源的现状与建议，作物杂志，第 6期：20～26。
8． 齐丽丽，陈佩度，刘大钧。周波，张守中，盛宝钦、向齐君、段霞瑜、周益林， 1995，小麦白粉病新抗源-Pm21，作物学报，21：257-262。
9． 盛宝钦，1990，小麦慢发性抗白粉病品种鉴定，北京农业科学，8(3) ：43-45。
10． 盛宝钦、卓跃楠，我国小麦白粉病发生分布规律及防治对策，第三次全国农作物 病虫害综合防治学术讨论会，科技出版社。
11． 孙智开，王石惠，1992，普通小麦抗白粉病性遗传研究。种子，第1期 19-23。
12． 唐伯让，沈克全，夏先春，杨作民，1993，白粉病抗源的鉴定与利用研究，中国 小麦育种研究进展，中国农业出版社pp240-253。
13． 王锡锋、何文兰、何家泌．1991，小麦品种的慢白粉性田间鉴定，植物保护学报， 18： 23-30。
14． 向齐君，盛宝钦，段霞瑜，周益林，1995，小麦抗白粉病基因抗性的有效性评价, 植物保护研究进展，中国科学技术出版社 pp349-355。
15． 向齐君，盛宝钦，段霞瑜，周益林，1996，若干小麦抗白粉病品系的有效抗病基 因的测定，作物学报，22(6) ：741-744。
16． 熊恩惠，曹阳，朱伟，蔡士宾，方先文，1994，十年来小麦抗白粉病基因资源的 抗性变化及抗源的利用策略，作物品种资源，第2期 1-4。
17． 杨家书，董金琢，吴畏，吴友三，1987，小麦品种慢叶锈抗病性的研究植物保护 学报，14：73-79。
18． 杨家书、吴畏、吴友三1985，小麦品种对白粉病慢发性抗病性的因素分析。植物 保护学报 12(1) ：37-43。
19． 杨作民，曾士迈，1996,抗病性的持久性(译)，中国农业大学出版社。
20． 曾士迈，张树榛，1998，植物抗病育种的流行学研究， 科学出版社。
21． 张志德，胡忠，1989，以低位功能叶鉴定成株小麦对白粉病的抗性，植物保护，15： 44-45。
22． 张忠山，王锡锋，刘红彦，何家泌，1991，小麦耐、感白粉病品种产量损失当量 比较研究，中国农业科学，24(6) ：39-44。
23． Allen P．Bonjean，William J．Angus(eds)，2001，The world wheat book-A history of wheat breeding，Lavoisier Publishing Inc．．
24． Autrique E．，Singh R．P．，Tanksley S．D．and Sorrells M．E．，1995，Molecular marker for four leaf rust resistance genes introgressed into wheat from wild species，Genome，38： 75-83．
25． Bennett F．G．A．and Westcot B．，1982，Field assessment of resistance to powdery mildew in mature wheat plants，Plant Pathology,31：261-268．
26． Bennett F. G．A．，1981，The expression of powdery mildew infection in winter wheat cultivars．I．Seedling resistance，Ann．appl．Biol，98：295-303．
27． Bennett F．G．A．，1981，The expression of powdery mildew infection in winter wheat cultivars．Ⅱ．Adult plant resistance，Ann．appl．Biol，98：295-303．
28． Bennett F．G．A．，1984，Resistance to powdery mildew in wheat：a review of its use in agriculture and breeding programmes，Plant Pathology，33：279-300．
29． Briggle L．W. and Sears E．R．，1966，Linkage of resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp．tritici(Pm3) and hairy glume(Hg)on chromosome IA of wheat．Crop Science，6： 559-561．
30． Chung Y．S．，Griffey C．A．，1995，Powdery Mildew Resistance in Winter Wheat：I．Gene Number and Mode of Inhertance，Crop Sci．，35：378-382．
31． Chung Y．S．，Griffey C．A．,1995，Powdery Mildew Resistance in Winter Wheat：Ⅱ Identity of Resistance Genes，Crop Sci．，35：383-388．
32． Das M．K．，Griffey C．A．，1994，Heritability and Number of Genes Governing Adult-Plant Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Houser and Redcoat Winter Wheats， Phytopathology，84：406-409．
33． Drijepondt S．C．and Pretorius Z．A．，1989，Greenhouse evaluation of adult-plant resistance conferred by the gene Lr34 to leaf rust of wheat，73：669-671．
34． Dyck P．L．，1991，Genetics of adult-plant leaf rust resistance in“Chinese Spring”and “Sturdy”wheats．Crop Science，31：309-311．
35． Dyck P．L．，1987，The association of a gene for leaf rust resistance with the chromosome 7D suppressor of stem rust resistance in common wheat，Genome，29： 467-469．
36． Ellingboe A．H．，1975，Genetics of host-parasite interactions．In：Physiological Plant Pathology,p．761-778．
37． Friebe B．，Heun M．，Tuleen N．，Zeller F．J．and Gill B．S．，1994，Cytogenetically monitored transfer of powdery mildew resistance from rye into wheat，Crop Sci．， 34：621-625．
38． Griffey C．A．，Das M．K，1993，Effectiveness of Adult-Plant Resistance in Reducing Grain Yield Loss to powdery Mildew in Winter Wheat，Plant Disease，77(6) ：618-622．
39． Griffey C．A．，Das M．K．，1996，Inheritance of Adult-Plant Resistant to Powdery
Mildew in Knox 62 and Massey Winter Wheats, Plant Disease, 83(5) : 424-428．
40． Gustafson G.D. and Shaner Gregory, 1982, Influence of plant age on the expression of slow-mildewing resistance in wheat, Phytopathology, 72: 746-749．
41． Haitl L, Weiss H, Zeller FJ and Jahoor A, 1993, Use of RFLP markers for the identification of alleles at the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 86:959-963．
42． Heun M. and Friebe B. and Bushuk W., 1990, Chromosomal location of powdery mildew resistance gene of Amigo wheat. Phytopathology, 80: 1129-1133．
43． Heun M. and Friebe B., 1990, Introgression of powdery mildew resistance from rye into wheat, Phytopathology, 80: 242-245．
44． Hu X.Y., Ohm H.W. and Dweikat I., 1997, Identification of RAPD markers linked to the gene Pm1 for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 94:832-840．
45． Huang X.Q., Hsam S.L.K. and Zeller F.J., 1997, Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.em.Thell.), 4． Gene Pm24 in Chinese landrace Chiyacao. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 95: 950-953．
46． Ismail Dweikat, Sally Mackenzie, Morris Levy, and Herbert Ohm, 1993, Pedigree assessment using RAPD-DGGE in cereal crop species, Theor. Appl. Genet, 85:497-505．
47． Jia J., Devos K.M., Chao S., Miller T.E., Reader S.M., Gale M.D., 1996, RFLP based maps of the homoelogous group-6 chromosome of wheat and their application in the tagging of Pm12, a powdery resistance gene transferred from Aegilops speltoides to wheat, Theor. Appl. Genetics, 92: 559-565．
48． John G.K.Williams, Anne R.Kubelik, Kenneth J.Livak, J.Antoni Rafalski and Scott V.tinge, DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers, Nucleic Acids Research, 18:6531-6535．
49． Johnson R., 1979, The concept of durable resistance, Phytopathology, 63: 524-528．
50． Johnson R., 1984, A critical analysis of durable resistance, Ann. Rev. Phytopathology, 22: 309-330．
51． Johnson R., 1988, Durable resistance to Yellow(Stripe)Rust in wheat and its implications in plant breeding, IN: Simmonds N,W. and Rajaram S.(eds), Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat. CIMMYT.
52． Jorgensen J.H. and Jensen C.J., 1972, Genes for resistance to wheat powdery mildew in derivatives of Triticum timopheevi and T.carthicum. Euphytica, 21: 121-128．
53． Kerber E.R. and Green G.J., 1980, Suppression of stem rust resistance in the hexaploid wheat cv.Canthatch by chromosome 7DL, Can. J. Bot., 58: 1347-1350．
54． Knott D.R., 1968, The inheritence of stem rust resistance in wheat, Crop Science, 22: 393-99．
55． Knott D.R., 1982, Multigenic inheritance of stem rust resistance in wheat, Crop
Science, 22:393-99．
56． Knott D.R., 1988, Using polygenic resistance to breed for stem rust resistance in wheat, In: Simmonds N.W. and Rajaram S.(eds), Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat, CIMMYT.
57． Lebscock KL and Briggle LW, 1974, Gene Pm5 for resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici in Hope wheat. Crop Sci., 14: 561-563．
58． Liu J.Q. and Kolmer J.A., 1997, Genetics of leaf rust resistance in Canadian spring wheats AC Domain and AC Taber, Plant disease, 81: 757-760．
59． Liu J.Q. and Kolmer J.A., 1998, Genetics of stem rust resistance in wheat Cvs. Pasqua and AC Taber, Phytopathology, 88: 171-176．
60． Ma Z.Q., Sorrells M.E. and Tanksley S.D., 1994, RFLP marker linked to powdery mildew resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3, and Pm4 in wheat. Genome, 37: 871-875．
61． McIntosh R.A., 1988, The role of specific genes in breeding for durable stem rust resistance in wheat and triticale, In: Simmonds N.W. and Rajaram S.(eds), Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat, CIMMYT.
62． Mclntosh R.A. and Baker E.P., 1970, Cytogenetic studies in wheat IV. Chromosome location and linkage studies involving the Pm2 locus for powdery mildew resistance. Euphytica, 19:71-77．
63． Mclntosh R.A., Hart G.E. and Gale M.D., 1993, Catalogue of symbols for wheat, In: Proc. 8th Intl. Wheat Genet. Symp., p. 1333-1500．
64． Mclntosh R.A., Hart G.E., Devos K.M., Gale M.D. and Rogers W.J., 1998, Catalogue of gene Symbols for wheat, Proceedings of the 9th International Wheat Genetics Symposium (volume 5) . Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
65． Mettin D., Bluthner W.D. and Schlegel G., 1973, Additional evidence of spontaneous 1B/1R wheat-rye substitutions and translocations, p.179-184, In: Sears E.R. and Sears L.M.S., Proc. 4th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. Univ. of Missourri, Columbia, USA.
66． Miller T.E., Reader S.M., Ainsworth C.C. and Summers R.W., 1987, The introduction of a major gene for resistance to powdery mildew of wheat, Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici from Aegilops speltoides into wheat, Triticum aestivum, p. 179-183, In: Joma M.L. and Slootmaker L.A.J. (eds), Cereal breeding Related to Integrated Cereal Production: Proc. Of the Eucarpia Conference, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
67． Nelson J.C., Singh R.P., Autrique J.E., and Sorrells M.E., 1997, Mapping Genes Conferring and Suppressing Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat Crop Sci.37:1928-1935．
68． Nyquist W.E., 1963, Inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in hybrids involving a common wheat strain derived from Triticum aestivum. Crop Science, 3: 1-43．
69． Parlevliet J.E., 1984, Strategies for the utilization of partial resistance for the control of cereal rusts, In: Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat.
70． Peusha H., Hsam S.L.K. and Zeller F.J., 1996, Chromosomal location of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum em. Thell.). Gene Pm22 in Cultivar Virest, Euphytica, 91: 149-152．
71． Poulsen D.M.E., Henry R.J., Johnston R.P., Irwin J.A.G., Rees R.G., 1995, The use of bulk segregant analysis to identify a RAPD marker linked to leaf rust resistance in barley, Theor Appl Genet, 91:270-273．
72． Qi L.L., Cao M.S., Chen P.D., Li E.L. and Liu D.J., 1996, Identification, mapping, and application of ploymorphic DNA associated with resistance gene Pm21 of wheat. Genome, 39: 191-197．
73． Riley R., Chapman V. and Johnson R., 1968, The incorporation of alien disease resistance in wheat by genetic interference with the regulation of meiotic chromosome synapsis, Genet. Res. Camb., 12: 198-219．
74． Rouse D.I., Nelson R.R., Mackenzie D.R. and Armitage C.R. (1980) , Components of rate-reducing resistance in seedlings of four wheat cultivars and parasitic fitness in six isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici., Phytopathology, 70: 1097-1100．
75． Sayre K.D., Singh R.P., Huerta-Espino J., and Rajaram S., 1998, Genetic Progress in Reducing Losses to Leaf Rust in CIMMYT-Derived Mexican Sping Wheat Cultivars Crop Sci., 38:654-659．
76． Sears E.R. and Briggle L.W., 1969, Mapping the gene Pm1 for resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici on chromosome 7A of wheat. Crop Science, 9: 96-97．
77． Sears E.R., 1983, In: Gene Structure & Function in High Plants, Reddy G.M. et al (eds), New Delhi, p 149-155．
78． Shaner G., 1973, Evaluation of Slow-Mildewing Resistance of Knox Wheat in the Field, Phytopathology, 63:867-872．
79． Shaner G., 1973, Evaluation of slow-mildewing resistance of Knox wheat in the field, Phytopathology, 63: 867-872．
80． Shaner Gregory and Finney R.E., 1978, The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Expression of Slow-Mildewing Resistance in Knox Wheat, Phytopathology 67: 1051-1056．
81． Shi A.N., Lesth S., and Murphy J.P., 1998, A Major Gene for Powdery Mildew Resistance Transferred to Common Wheat from Wild Einkorn Wheat, Phytopathology, 88:144-147．
82． Simmonds N.W. and Rajaram S., Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rust of Wheat, CIMMYT, 1988．
83． Singh R.P. and Rajaram S., 1991, Genetics of adult-plant resistance of leaf rust in "Frontana" and three CIMMYT wheat Genome, 35: 24-31．
84． Singh R.P. and Rajaram S., 1991, Resistance to puccinia recondite f. sp. tritici in 50 Mexican bread wheat cultivars, Crop Sci, 31:1472-1479．
85． Singh R.P. and Rajaram S., 1994, Genetics of adult plant resistance to stripe rust in ten spring bread wheats, Euphtica, 72: 1-7．
86． Singh R.P., 1993, Genetic association of gene Bdvl for tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus with gene Lr34 and Yr18 for adult plant resistance to rusts in bread wheat, Plant Disease, 77: 1103-1106．
87． Singh R.P., and Gupta A.K., 1992, Expression of wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 in seedling and adult plants, Plant Disease, 76: 489-491．
88． Singh R.P., Chen W.Q., He Z.H., 1999, Leaf rust resistance of spring facultative and winter wheat cultivars from China, Plant Disease, 83(7) : 644-651．
89． Singh R.P., Mujeen-Kazi A., and Huerta-Espino J., 1998, Lr46: A gene conferring slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat, Phytopathology, 890-894．
90． Smle M., Singh R.P., Sayre K., Pingali P., Rajaram S., and Dubin H.J., 1998, Estimating the Economic Impact of Breeding Nonspecific Resistance to Leaf Rust in Modern Bread Wheats, Plant Disease, 82:1055-1061．
91． Steven D. Tanksley, 1993, Mapping pologenes, Annu. Rew. Genet, 27: 205-233．
92． The T.T., McIntosh R.A. and Bennett F.G.A., 1979, Cytogenetical studies in wheat IX. Monosomic analyses, telocentric mapping and linkage relationship of gene Sr21, Pm4, and Mle. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 32: 115-125．
93． Tosa Y, Tokunaga H. and Ogura H., 1989, Identification of a gene for resistance to wheatgrass powdery mildew fungus in common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring, Genome, 30:612-614．
94． Tosa Y., Tsujimoto H. and Ogura H., 1987, A gene involved in the resistance of wheat to wheatgrass powdery mildew fungus, Genome, 29: 850-852．
95． Wolfe M.S. and Barrett J. A. (1981) The agricultural value of variety mixtures, IN: Barley Genetics IV, Proceedings of the 4th International Barley Genetics Symposium, p.435-440
96． Wolfe M.S. and Barrett J.A., 1977, Population genetics of powdery mildew epidemics in Agriculture, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 287: 151-163．
97． Young N.D., 1996, QTL mapping and quantitative disease resistence in plants Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 34:479-501．
98． Zeller F.J. and Hsam S.L.K. , 1998, Progress in breeding for resistance in wheat. Proceedings of the ninth International Wheat Genetics Symposium. 1: 178-180．
99． Zeller F.J. Lutz J. and Stephan U., 1993, Chromosome location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Mlk and other alleles at the Pm3 locus, Euphytica, 68: 223-229．
100． Zeller F.J., Stephan U., and Lutz J., 1993, Present Status of Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance Genetics, Proceedings of the Eighth International Wheat Genetics Symposium. 2: 929-934．
2． 郭爱国、程玉河等，1991，小麦白粉病抗性基因在河北省的有效性研究，河北农 业大学学报，14：72-75。
3． 马奇详、刘红彦、张忠山、伺家泌，1992，小麦耐、感病品种产量损失当量比较 研究，河南农业科学．第1期：26-29。
4． 庞家智，1992，小麦抗白粉病种质资源的筛选与评价，作物品种资源，第3期： 21-23。
5． 盛宝钦,1994，预测未来…小麦白粉病潜伏着更大威胁 中国科协病虫害预测讨 论会论文。
6． 盛宝钦、段霞瑜．1991， 小麦白粉病成株抗性鉴定“0-9级”法修改意见，北 京农业科学，1：38-39。
7． 盛宝钦、段霞瑜、周益林，1995，小麦白粉病抗源的现状与建议，作物杂志，第 6期：20～26。
8． 齐丽丽，陈佩度，刘大钧。周波，张守中，盛宝钦、向齐君、段霞瑜、周益林， 1995，小麦白粉病新抗源-Pm21，作物学报，21：257-262。
9． 盛宝钦，1990，小麦慢发性抗白粉病品种鉴定，北京农业科学，8(3) ：43-45。
10． 盛宝钦、卓跃楠，我国小麦白粉病发生分布规律及防治对策，第三次全国农作物 病虫害综合防治学术讨论会，科技出版社。
11． 孙智开，王石惠，1992，普通小麦抗白粉病性遗传研究。种子，第1期 19-23。
12． 唐伯让，沈克全，夏先春，杨作民，1993，白粉病抗源的鉴定与利用研究，中国 小麦育种研究进展，中国农业出版社pp240-253。
13． 王锡锋、何文兰、何家泌．1991，小麦品种的慢白粉性田间鉴定，植物保护学报， 18： 23-30。
14． 向齐君，盛宝钦，段霞瑜，周益林，1995，小麦抗白粉病基因抗性的有效性评价, 植物保护研究进展，中国科学技术出版社 pp349-355。
15． 向齐君，盛宝钦，段霞瑜，周益林，1996，若干小麦抗白粉病品系的有效抗病基 因的测定，作物学报，22(6) ：741-744。
16． 熊恩惠，曹阳，朱伟，蔡士宾，方先文，1994，十年来小麦抗白粉病基因资源的 抗性变化及抗源的利用策略，作物品种资源，第2期 1-4。
17． 杨家书，董金琢，吴畏，吴友三，1987，小麦品种慢叶锈抗病性的研究植物保护 学报，14：73-79。
18． 杨家书、吴畏、吴友三1985，小麦品种对白粉病慢发性抗病性的因素分析。植物 保护学报 12(1) ：37-43。
19． 杨作民，曾士迈，1996,抗病性的持久性(译)，中国农业大学出版社。
20． 曾士迈，张树榛，1998，植物抗病育种的流行学研究， 科学出版社。
21． 张志德，胡忠，1989，以低位功能叶鉴定成株小麦对白粉病的抗性，植物保护，15： 44-45。
22． 张忠山，王锡锋，刘红彦，何家泌，1991，小麦耐、感白粉病品种产量损失当量 比较研究，中国农业科学，24(6) ：39-44。
23． Allen P．Bonjean，William J．Angus(eds)，2001，The world wheat book-A history of wheat breeding，Lavoisier Publishing Inc．．
24． Autrique E．，Singh R．P．，Tanksley S．D．and Sorrells M．E．，1995，Molecular marker for four leaf rust resistance genes introgressed into wheat from wild species，Genome，38： 75-83．
25． Bennett F．G．A．and Westcot B．，1982，Field assessment of resistance to powdery mildew in mature wheat plants，Plant Pathology,31：261-268．
26． Bennett F. G．A．，1981，The expression of powdery mildew infection in winter wheat cultivars．I．Seedling resistance，Ann．appl．Biol，98：295-303．
27． Bennett F．G．A．，1981，The expression of powdery mildew infection in winter wheat cultivars．Ⅱ．Adult plant resistance，Ann．appl．Biol，98：295-303．
28． Bennett F．G．A．，1984，Resistance to powdery mildew in wheat：a review of its use in agriculture and breeding programmes，Plant Pathology，33：279-300．
29． Briggle L．W. and Sears E．R．，1966，Linkage of resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp．tritici(Pm3) and hairy glume(Hg)on chromosome IA of wheat．Crop Science，6： 559-561．
30． Chung Y．S．，Griffey C．A．，1995，Powdery Mildew Resistance in Winter Wheat：I．Gene Number and Mode of Inhertance，Crop Sci．，35：378-382．
31． Chung Y．S．，Griffey C．A．,1995，Powdery Mildew Resistance in Winter Wheat：Ⅱ Identity of Resistance Genes，Crop Sci．，35：383-388．
32． Das M．K．，Griffey C．A．，1994，Heritability and Number of Genes Governing Adult-Plant Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Houser and Redcoat Winter Wheats， Phytopathology，84：406-409．
33． Drijepondt S．C．and Pretorius Z．A．，1989，Greenhouse evaluation of adult-plant resistance conferred by the gene Lr34 to leaf rust of wheat，73：669-671．
34． Dyck P．L．，1991，Genetics of adult-plant leaf rust resistance in“Chinese Spring”and “Sturdy”wheats．Crop Science，31：309-311．
35． Dyck P．L．，1987，The association of a gene for leaf rust resistance with the chromosome 7D suppressor of stem rust resistance in common wheat，Genome，29： 467-469．
36． Ellingboe A．H．，1975，Genetics of host-parasite interactions．In：Physiological Plant Pathology,p．761-778．
37． Friebe B．，Heun M．，Tuleen N．，Zeller F．J．and Gill B．S．，1994，Cytogenetically monitored transfer of powdery mildew resistance from rye into wheat，Crop Sci．， 34：621-625．
38． Griffey C．A．，Das M．K，1993，Effectiveness of Adult-Plant Resistance in Reducing Grain Yield Loss to powdery Mildew in Winter Wheat，Plant Disease，77(6) ：618-622．
39． Griffey C．A．，Das M．K．，1996，Inheritance of Adult-Plant Resistant to Powdery
Mildew in Knox 62 and Massey Winter Wheats, Plant Disease, 83(5) : 424-428．
40． Gustafson G.D. and Shaner Gregory, 1982, Influence of plant age on the expression of slow-mildewing resistance in wheat, Phytopathology, 72: 746-749．
41． Haitl L, Weiss H, Zeller FJ and Jahoor A, 1993, Use of RFLP markers for the identification of alleles at the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 86:959-963．
42． Heun M. and Friebe B. and Bushuk W., 1990, Chromosomal location of powdery mildew resistance gene of Amigo wheat. Phytopathology, 80: 1129-1133．
43． Heun M. and Friebe B., 1990, Introgression of powdery mildew resistance from rye into wheat, Phytopathology, 80: 242-245．
44． Hu X.Y., Ohm H.W. and Dweikat I., 1997, Identification of RAPD markers linked to the gene Pm1 for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 94:832-840．
45． Huang X.Q., Hsam S.L.K. and Zeller F.J., 1997, Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.em.Thell.), 4． Gene Pm24 in Chinese landrace Chiyacao. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 95: 950-953．
46． Ismail Dweikat, Sally Mackenzie, Morris Levy, and Herbert Ohm, 1993, Pedigree assessment using RAPD-DGGE in cereal crop species, Theor. Appl. Genet, 85:497-505．
47． Jia J., Devos K.M., Chao S., Miller T.E., Reader S.M., Gale M.D., 1996, RFLP based maps of the homoelogous group-6 chromosome of wheat and their application in the tagging of Pm12, a powdery resistance gene transferred from Aegilops speltoides to wheat, Theor. Appl. Genetics, 92: 559-565．
48． John G.K.Williams, Anne R.Kubelik, Kenneth J.Livak, J.Antoni Rafalski and Scott V.tinge, DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers, Nucleic Acids Research, 18:6531-6535．
49． Johnson R., 1979, The concept of durable resistance, Phytopathology, 63: 524-528．
50． Johnson R., 1984, A critical analysis of durable resistance, Ann. Rev. Phytopathology, 22: 309-330．
51． Johnson R., 1988, Durable resistance to Yellow(Stripe)Rust in wheat and its implications in plant breeding, IN: Simmonds N,W. and Rajaram S.(eds), Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat. CIMMYT.
52． Jorgensen J.H. and Jensen C.J., 1972, Genes for resistance to wheat powdery mildew in derivatives of Triticum timopheevi and T.carthicum. Euphytica, 21: 121-128．
53． Kerber E.R. and Green G.J., 1980, Suppression of stem rust resistance in the hexaploid wheat cv.Canthatch by chromosome 7DL, Can. J. Bot., 58: 1347-1350．
54． Knott D.R., 1968, The inheritence of stem rust resistance in wheat, Crop Science, 22: 393-99．
55． Knott D.R., 1982, Multigenic inheritance of stem rust resistance in wheat, Crop
Science, 22:393-99．
56． Knott D.R., 1988, Using polygenic resistance to breed for stem rust resistance in wheat, In: Simmonds N.W. and Rajaram S.(eds), Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat, CIMMYT.
57． Lebscock KL and Briggle LW, 1974, Gene Pm5 for resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici in Hope wheat. Crop Sci., 14: 561-563．
58． Liu J.Q. and Kolmer J.A., 1997, Genetics of leaf rust resistance in Canadian spring wheats AC Domain and AC Taber, Plant disease, 81: 757-760．
59． Liu J.Q. and Kolmer J.A., 1998, Genetics of stem rust resistance in wheat Cvs. Pasqua and AC Taber, Phytopathology, 88: 171-176．
60． Ma Z.Q., Sorrells M.E. and Tanksley S.D., 1994, RFLP marker linked to powdery mildew resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3, and Pm4 in wheat. Genome, 37: 871-875．
61． McIntosh R.A., 1988, The role of specific genes in breeding for durable stem rust resistance in wheat and triticale, In: Simmonds N.W. and Rajaram S.(eds), Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat, CIMMYT.
62． Mclntosh R.A. and Baker E.P., 1970, Cytogenetic studies in wheat IV. Chromosome location and linkage studies involving the Pm2 locus for powdery mildew resistance. Euphytica, 19:71-77．
63． Mclntosh R.A., Hart G.E. and Gale M.D., 1993, Catalogue of symbols for wheat, In: Proc. 8th Intl. Wheat Genet. Symp., p. 1333-1500．
64． Mclntosh R.A., Hart G.E., Devos K.M., Gale M.D. and Rogers W.J., 1998, Catalogue of gene Symbols for wheat, Proceedings of the 9th International Wheat Genetics Symposium (volume 5) . Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
65． Mettin D., Bluthner W.D. and Schlegel G., 1973, Additional evidence of spontaneous 1B/1R wheat-rye substitutions and translocations, p.179-184, In: Sears E.R. and Sears L.M.S., Proc. 4th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. Univ. of Missourri, Columbia, USA.
66． Miller T.E., Reader S.M., Ainsworth C.C. and Summers R.W., 1987, The introduction of a major gene for resistance to powdery mildew of wheat, Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici from Aegilops speltoides into wheat, Triticum aestivum, p. 179-183, In: Joma M.L. and Slootmaker L.A.J. (eds), Cereal breeding Related to Integrated Cereal Production: Proc. Of the Eucarpia Conference, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
67． Nelson J.C., Singh R.P., Autrique J.E., and Sorrells M.E., 1997, Mapping Genes Conferring and Suppressing Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat Crop Sci.37:1928-1935．
68． Nyquist W.E., 1963, Inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in hybrids involving a common wheat strain derived from Triticum aestivum. Crop Science, 3: 1-43．
69． Parlevliet J.E., 1984, Strategies for the utilization of partial resistance for the control of cereal rusts, In: Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat.
70． Peusha H., Hsam S.L.K. and Zeller F.J., 1996, Chromosomal location of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum em. Thell.). Gene Pm22 in Cultivar Virest, Euphytica, 91: 149-152．
71． Poulsen D.M.E., Henry R.J., Johnston R.P., Irwin J.A.G., Rees R.G., 1995, The use of bulk segregant analysis to identify a RAPD marker linked to leaf rust resistance in barley, Theor Appl Genet, 91:270-273．
72． Qi L.L., Cao M.S., Chen P.D., Li E.L. and Liu D.J., 1996, Identification, mapping, and application of ploymorphic DNA associated with resistance gene Pm21 of wheat. Genome, 39: 191-197．
73． Riley R., Chapman V. and Johnson R., 1968, The incorporation of alien disease resistance in wheat by genetic interference with the regulation of meiotic chromosome synapsis, Genet. Res. Camb., 12: 198-219．
74． Rouse D.I., Nelson R.R., Mackenzie D.R. and Armitage C.R. (1980) , Components of rate-reducing resistance in seedlings of four wheat cultivars and parasitic fitness in six isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici., Phytopathology, 70: 1097-1100．
75． Sayre K.D., Singh R.P., Huerta-Espino J., and Rajaram S., 1998, Genetic Progress in Reducing Losses to Leaf Rust in CIMMYT-Derived Mexican Sping Wheat Cultivars Crop Sci., 38:654-659．
76． Sears E.R. and Briggle L.W., 1969, Mapping the gene Pm1 for resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici on chromosome 7A of wheat. Crop Science, 9: 96-97．
77． Sears E.R., 1983, In: Gene Structure & Function in High Plants, Reddy G.M. et al (eds), New Delhi, p 149-155．
78． Shaner G., 1973, Evaluation of Slow-Mildewing Resistance of Knox Wheat in the Field, Phytopathology, 63:867-872．
79． Shaner G., 1973, Evaluation of slow-mildewing resistance of Knox wheat in the field, Phytopathology, 63: 867-872．
80． Shaner Gregory and Finney R.E., 1978, The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Expression of Slow-Mildewing Resistance in Knox Wheat, Phytopathology 67: 1051-1056．
81． Shi A.N., Lesth S., and Murphy J.P., 1998, A Major Gene for Powdery Mildew Resistance Transferred to Common Wheat from Wild Einkorn Wheat, Phytopathology, 88:144-147．
82． Simmonds N.W. and Rajaram S., Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rust of Wheat, CIMMYT, 1988．
83． Singh R.P. and Rajaram S., 1991, Genetics of adult-plant resistance of leaf rust in "Frontana" and three CIMMYT wheat Genome, 35: 24-31．
84． Singh R.P. and Rajaram S., 1991, Resistance to puccinia recondite f. sp. tritici in 50 Mexican bread wheat cultivars, Crop Sci, 31:1472-1479．
85． Singh R.P. and Rajaram S., 1994, Genetics of adult plant resistance to stripe rust in ten spring bread wheats, Euphtica, 72: 1-7．
86． Singh R.P., 1993, Genetic association of gene Bdvl for tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus with gene Lr34 and Yr18 for adult plant resistance to rusts in bread wheat, Plant Disease, 77: 1103-1106．
87． Singh R.P., and Gupta A.K., 1992, Expression of wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 in seedling and adult plants, Plant Disease, 76: 489-491．
88． Singh R.P., Chen W.Q., He Z.H., 1999, Leaf rust resistance of spring facultative and winter wheat cultivars from China, Plant Disease, 83(7) : 644-651．
89． Singh R.P., Mujeen-Kazi A., and Huerta-Espino J., 1998, Lr46: A gene conferring slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat, Phytopathology, 890-894．
90． Smle M., Singh R.P., Sayre K., Pingali P., Rajaram S., and Dubin H.J., 1998, Estimating the Economic Impact of Breeding Nonspecific Resistance to Leaf Rust in Modern Bread Wheats, Plant Disease, 82:1055-1061．
91． Steven D. Tanksley, 1993, Mapping pologenes, Annu. Rew. Genet, 27: 205-233．
92． The T.T., McIntosh R.A. and Bennett F.G.A., 1979, Cytogenetical studies in wheat IX. Monosomic analyses, telocentric mapping and linkage relationship of gene Sr21, Pm4, and Mle. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 32: 115-125．
93． Tosa Y, Tokunaga H. and Ogura H., 1989, Identification of a gene for resistance to wheatgrass powdery mildew fungus in common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring, Genome, 30:612-614．
94． Tosa Y., Tsujimoto H. and Ogura H., 1987, A gene involved in the resistance of wheat to wheatgrass powdery mildew fungus, Genome, 29: 850-852．
95． Wolfe M.S. and Barrett J. A. (1981) The agricultural value of variety mixtures, IN: Barley Genetics IV, Proceedings of the 4th International Barley Genetics Symposium, p.435-440
96． Wolfe M.S. and Barrett J.A., 1977, Population genetics of powdery mildew epidemics in Agriculture, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 287: 151-163．
97． Young N.D., 1996, QTL mapping and quantitative disease resistence in plants Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 34:479-501．
98． Zeller F.J. and Hsam S.L.K. , 1998, Progress in breeding for resistance in wheat. Proceedings of the ninth International Wheat Genetics Symposium. 1: 178-180．
99． Zeller F.J. Lutz J. and Stephan U., 1993, Chromosome location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Mlk and other alleles at the Pm3 locus, Euphytica, 68: 223-229．
100． Zeller F.J., Stephan U., and Lutz J., 1993, Present Status of Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance Genetics, Proceedings of the Eighth International Wheat Genetics Symposium. 2: 929-934．