面向康拜因收获过程的谷物流量在线实时测量方法的研究
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摘要
随着信息技术在农业领域的深入应用，作为农业科技革命的“精细农业”技术体系越来越受到人们的关注。“精细农业”技术思想的核心是根据农田小区的实际需求实施定位调控的“处方农作”。因此获取农田小区产量信息，建立小区产量空间分布图，是实施“精细农作”的起点。
目前我国“精细农业”的研究尚处于起步阶段，尤其是在基础理论和方法研究方面。因此，谷物流量实时在线测量方法作为当前“精细农业”体系中的基础环节及亟待解决的关键技术之一，在我国尝试性地在实验室中进行多种方案的并行探索是十分必要的。
关于谷物流量在线测量的研究方法，有光电、冲量法、核辐射及电容传感器等。这些测量方法虽各具特色，但至今在应用上仍还有各自的缺陷需要解决。本文借助于国外的研究经验，根据“精细农业”研究体系的实际需要深入研究了两种具有潜在应用前景的谷物流量在线测量方法，即基于γ射线衰减原理的测量方法和基于冲量原理的压电晶体传感器谷物流量在线测量方法。针对两种方法设计研制了两套实用的面向康拜因的谷物流量在线测量试验系统，并在此基础上对两种测量方法进行了动态试验与精度分析比较，找出了影响测量精度的多种相关因素，给出了确定性结论。试验结果显示，γ射线测量系统精度可达到2％以内，压电晶体传感器测量精度约为5％，表明系统是有效可行的。本文软件系统的设计采用虚拟仪器开发环境，具有良好的可操作性和直观性。
本文在国内率先进行了谷物流量动态在线测量方法的试验研究，并尝试性地将压电晶体传感器用于冲量式谷物流量测量方法中，这在国内外均未见报道。这些研究工作为研制我国自己的带产量传感器的谷物联合收割机奠定了理论基础。
The research of Precision Agriculture that is an agricultural science revolution has made more and more people s attention along with information technology applying in agriculture. It is the bas of PA that using the spatial variable information of field to bear on decisions associated with agricultural production. This needs the support of technology of obtaining field yield information and making yield map.
In our country,the research of Precision Agriculture is in beginning stage now,especially in basic theory and method studying. Yield-measurement is a key technology of desiderating resolution in Precision Agriculture system. It is necessary in our country that studying the methods of grain-flow-measurement in lab.
Many methods of measuring grain flow on combines are presented in the literature,such as volumetric method,impact sensor,radiometric method and capacitor sensor,etc. There are some disadvantages needing resolution in application about these methods,although they have some feature. In this paper,two kinds of grain-flow-measurement-systems for combine harvesters are developed in laboratory,radiometric sensor using the principle of the absorption of y-rays by grains and piezoelectric crystal sensor using the principle of impact. The static experience about the absorption of y-rays by different grains has been made. Furthermore we made the dynamic calibrating and testing experience for two kinds of systems,analyzed and compared the precisions of two methods,and found some correlation factor of affecting measurement precision. The test results show that the measurement errors of y-ray measurement system are within 2%,and the errors of piezoelectric crystal measurement system are about 5%. It indicates that the sy
stems are feasible. In the design of software,we adopted virtual instrument,and selected PCI-1200 as the DAQ card.
This paper firstly makes experience study of grain flow dynamic measurement for combines in China. Piezoelectric crystal sensor used in impulse measurement method is a try and has not been presented in any reports. These study work establish theory basis for developing homemade combine harvesters with vield monitor.
目前我国“精细农业”的研究尚处于起步阶段，尤其是在基础理论和方法研究方面。因此，谷物流量实时在线测量方法作为当前“精细农业”体系中的基础环节及亟待解决的关键技术之一，在我国尝试性地在实验室中进行多种方案的并行探索是十分必要的。
关于谷物流量在线测量的研究方法，有光电、冲量法、核辐射及电容传感器等。这些测量方法虽各具特色，但至今在应用上仍还有各自的缺陷需要解决。本文借助于国外的研究经验，根据“精细农业”研究体系的实际需要深入研究了两种具有潜在应用前景的谷物流量在线测量方法，即基于γ射线衰减原理的测量方法和基于冲量原理的压电晶体传感器谷物流量在线测量方法。针对两种方法设计研制了两套实用的面向康拜因的谷物流量在线测量试验系统，并在此基础上对两种测量方法进行了动态试验与精度分析比较，找出了影响测量精度的多种相关因素，给出了确定性结论。试验结果显示，γ射线测量系统精度可达到2％以内，压电晶体传感器测量精度约为5％，表明系统是有效可行的。本文软件系统的设计采用虚拟仪器开发环境，具有良好的可操作性和直观性。
本文在国内率先进行了谷物流量动态在线测量方法的试验研究，并尝试性地将压电晶体传感器用于冲量式谷物流量测量方法中，这在国内外均未见报道。这些研究工作为研制我国自己的带产量传感器的谷物联合收割机奠定了理论基础。
The research of Precision Agriculture that is an agricultural science revolution has made more and more people s attention along with information technology applying in agriculture. It is the bas of PA that using the spatial variable information of field to bear on decisions associated with agricultural production. This needs the support of technology of obtaining field yield information and making yield map.
In our country,the research of Precision Agriculture is in beginning stage now,especially in basic theory and method studying. Yield-measurement is a key technology of desiderating resolution in Precision Agriculture system. It is necessary in our country that studying the methods of grain-flow-measurement in lab.
Many methods of measuring grain flow on combines are presented in the literature,such as volumetric method,impact sensor,radiometric method and capacitor sensor,etc. There are some disadvantages needing resolution in application about these methods,although they have some feature. In this paper,two kinds of grain-flow-measurement-systems for combine harvesters are developed in laboratory,radiometric sensor using the principle of the absorption of y-rays by grains and piezoelectric crystal sensor using the principle of impact. The static experience about the absorption of y-rays by different grains has been made. Furthermore we made the dynamic calibrating and testing experience for two kinds of systems,analyzed and compared the precisions of two methods,and found some correlation factor of affecting measurement precision. The test results show that the measurement errors of y-ray measurement system are within 2%,and the errors of piezoelectric crystal measurement system are about 5%. It indicates that the sy
stems are feasible. In the design of software,we adopted virtual instrument,and selected PCI-1200 as the DAQ card.
This paper firstly makes experience study of grain flow dynamic measurement for combines in China. Piezoelectric crystal sensor used in impulse measurement method is a try and has not been presented in any reports. These study work establish theory basis for developing homemade combine harvesters with vield monitor.
引文
1．汪懋华．“精细农业”发展与工程技术创新．农业工程学报，PP．1-8,Vol．15．No．1，1999．3．
2．孙宇瑞．冲量法谷物流量测量系统的试验研究．农业机械学报，2001，32(4)：48～50．
3. Tian GuoZheng, Wang MaoHua. The Development of Grain Yield Monitoring Technology. Proceedings of International Conference of Agricultural Engineering, December 14-17, 1999, Beijing, P.R. China.
4．田国正．博士后研究工作报告．
5．汪懋华．农业信息技术与精细农业发展研究论文选集．中国农业大学精细农业研究中心．2001，1．
6．强锡富主编．传感器(第二版)．机械工业出版社．
7．孙宝元，张贻恭．压电石英力传感器及动态切削测力仪．计量出版社．
8．王化祥，张淑英编著．传感器原理及应用．天津大学出版社．
9．蔡仁刚主编．电磁兼容原理、设计和预测技术．北京航空航天大学出版社．
10. Wang Maohua,Possible Adoption of Precision Agriculture for Developing Countries, Proceedings of Workshop N.8, IFAC on Intelligence & Automation for Agriculture Industry, Beijing, July 14th. 1999.
11. Simon Blockmore. A yield map primer. Cranfield university. U.K. 2000.
12. Naiqian Zhang, Randy Taylor, Shane Runquist. A Field-level Geographic Information System(FIS) and Precision Agriculture. Kansas State University.
13. Rorbert D. Grisso, Paul J. Jasa, Mark A. Schroeder, and JOAnn C. Wilox. Yield monitor accuracy: successful farming magazine case study. 1999ASAE/CSAE-SCGR Annual International Meeting, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
14. Selcuk Arslan. Feyzi Inanc, Joseph N. Gray, Thomas S.Colvin. Grain flow measurements with X-ray techniques. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 26 (2000) 65-80.
15. Liu Gang, Kuang Jishuang. Study on Spatial Variability of Soil Nutrient within Field, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11-14, 2000, Beijing. P. R. China.
16. Pierre C. Robert, Precision Agriculture: An Information Revolution in Agricultural Management, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001. Beijing China
17．Simon Blackmore. Developing the Principles of Precision Farming. 2000年国际工程科技大会会议论文．
18．田磊．Sensor_Based Precision Hericide Application system.2000年国际工程科技大会会议论文．
19. Massey Ferguson. Yield mapping system. Manufacture's catalog. MF30/40 Series Combines
20. Kormann G., Demmel M., Auernhammer H. Testing Stand for Yield Measurement Systems in Combine Harvesters,2000.
21. Reitz. P. Investigations on a particular yield mapping system for combine harvesters, Computers and Electrics in Agriculture, 1996, 14: 137～-150.
22. Naiqian Zhang , Randy Taylor , Mark Schrock. Use of a Field-Level Geographic Information System(FIS) in Spatial-data Analysis for Precision Agriculture. Biological And Agriculture Engineering Department, Kansas State University.
23. Liu Chengliang, Cao Qixin, Yin Yuehong, Yield Monitor System of Combine Harvester Using Differential Global Position System, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
24. Axel Munack and Hermann Speckmann, Communication System as Backbone for Precision Agriculture, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
25. Simon Blackmore,Henrik Harve, Spyridon Fountas, Autonomous Machinery in Horticulture: A Specification of Requirements, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China
26. Kuang Jishuang,Zhang Man, etl. Yield Mapping Using CASE Combine with AFS, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol. 6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
27. Liu Gang, Kuangjishuang, Study on Interpolation Methods, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
28．潘滢玉．虚拟仪器及其应用．电力自动化设备，1999，19，1．
29. W. Hooper, Ambler. A Combine Harvester Discharge Meter. J.agric. Engng Res. (1979) 24,1-10.
30．虚拟仪器的现状与展望．电子世界，2000，8．
31．牛德芳主编．半导体传感器原理及其应用．大连理工大学出版社．
32．刘于玉，陈明编著．新型传感器技术及应用．北京航天航空大学出版社．
33．何晓燕，张雪申．黄丽华．Labwindows/CVI在PC与μXL集散系统通信中的应用．自动化仪表．2000．Vol．21，No．1，P．19-21．
34．王江主编．现代计量测试技术．中国计量出版社．
35．李哲英，余文龙编著．实用电子电路设计．电子工业出版社．1997．
36．Sidney Cox. griculture and Sustainability.2000年国际工程科技大会会议论文．
37．余瑞芬 主编．传感器原理(第二版)．航空工业出版社．
38．侯国章 编著．测试与传感技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社．
39．苏文平．新型电子电路应用实例精选．航天航空大学出版社．
40．田胜元．萧日嵘．实验设计与数据处理．中国建筑出版社．
41．袁津生等编．C语言使用技巧及实用程序．机械工业出版社．
42．谭浩强编著．C程字设计．清华大学出版社．
43．徐科军．传感器动态特性的实用研究方法．中国科学技术大学出版社．
44．张国忠，赵家贵．检测技术．中国计量出版社．
45．刘迎春，叶湘滨．传感器原理、设计与应用．国防科技大学出版社．
46．任利惠，赵青平．基于虚拟仪器技术的铁道车辆平稳性测量仪．仪表技术，2000，6．
47．胡韬睿，蒋烨．变频机对测量仪表的干扰及现场解决措施．仪表技术，2001，2．
48．刘丽娟．自动补偿式压力测量仪．电子测量技术，2000，1．
49．韦公远．FCL—3型γ射线料位计的应用．仪表技术，2001，2．
50．王学龙，彭喜元．利用Lab Windows／CVI开发基于网络测试软件．电子测量技术，2001，3
51．李玉柏，彭启琮．VXI虚拟仪器关键技术分析．电子测量与仪器学报，2001，3．
52．陈国荣．一种智能化压力测量仪器的设计．仪表技术，2001，2．
53．白凤山，铁勇．多功能虚拟示波器的研究与实现．电测与仪表，2001，4．
2．孙宇瑞．冲量法谷物流量测量系统的试验研究．农业机械学报，2001，32(4)：48～50．
3. Tian GuoZheng, Wang MaoHua. The Development of Grain Yield Monitoring Technology. Proceedings of International Conference of Agricultural Engineering, December 14-17, 1999, Beijing, P.R. China.
4．田国正．博士后研究工作报告．
5．汪懋华．农业信息技术与精细农业发展研究论文选集．中国农业大学精细农业研究中心．2001，1．
6．强锡富主编．传感器(第二版)．机械工业出版社．
7．孙宝元，张贻恭．压电石英力传感器及动态切削测力仪．计量出版社．
8．王化祥，张淑英编著．传感器原理及应用．天津大学出版社．
9．蔡仁刚主编．电磁兼容原理、设计和预测技术．北京航空航天大学出版社．
10. Wang Maohua,Possible Adoption of Precision Agriculture for Developing Countries, Proceedings of Workshop N.8, IFAC on Intelligence & Automation for Agriculture Industry, Beijing, July 14th. 1999.
11. Simon Blockmore. A yield map primer. Cranfield university. U.K. 2000.
12. Naiqian Zhang, Randy Taylor, Shane Runquist. A Field-level Geographic Information System(FIS) and Precision Agriculture. Kansas State University.
13. Rorbert D. Grisso, Paul J. Jasa, Mark A. Schroeder, and JOAnn C. Wilox. Yield monitor accuracy: successful farming magazine case study. 1999ASAE/CSAE-SCGR Annual International Meeting, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
14. Selcuk Arslan. Feyzi Inanc, Joseph N. Gray, Thomas S.Colvin. Grain flow measurements with X-ray techniques. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 26 (2000) 65-80.
15. Liu Gang, Kuang Jishuang. Study on Spatial Variability of Soil Nutrient within Field, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11-14, 2000, Beijing. P. R. China.
16. Pierre C. Robert, Precision Agriculture: An Information Revolution in Agricultural Management, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001. Beijing China
17．Simon Blackmore. Developing the Principles of Precision Farming. 2000年国际工程科技大会会议论文．
18．田磊．Sensor_Based Precision Hericide Application system.2000年国际工程科技大会会议论文．
19. Massey Ferguson. Yield mapping system. Manufacture's catalog. MF30/40 Series Combines
20. Kormann G., Demmel M., Auernhammer H. Testing Stand for Yield Measurement Systems in Combine Harvesters,2000.
21. Reitz. P. Investigations on a particular yield mapping system for combine harvesters, Computers and Electrics in Agriculture, 1996, 14: 137～-150.
22. Naiqian Zhang , Randy Taylor , Mark Schrock. Use of a Field-Level Geographic Information System(FIS) in Spatial-data Analysis for Precision Agriculture. Biological And Agriculture Engineering Department, Kansas State University.
23. Liu Chengliang, Cao Qixin, Yin Yuehong, Yield Monitor System of Combine Harvester Using Differential Global Position System, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
24. Axel Munack and Hermann Speckmann, Communication System as Backbone for Precision Agriculture, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
25. Simon Blackmore,Henrik Harve, Spyridon Fountas, Autonomous Machinery in Horticulture: A Specification of Requirements, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China
26. Kuang Jishuang,Zhang Man, etl. Yield Mapping Using CASE Combine with AFS, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol. 6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
27. Liu Gang, Kuangjishuang, Study on Interpolation Methods, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Agriculture Science and Technology, vol.6, Nov. 7-9, 2001, Beijing China.
28．潘滢玉．虚拟仪器及其应用．电力自动化设备，1999，19，1．
29. W. Hooper, Ambler. A Combine Harvester Discharge Meter. J.agric. Engng Res. (1979) 24,1-10.
30．虚拟仪器的现状与展望．电子世界，2000，8．
31．牛德芳主编．半导体传感器原理及其应用．大连理工大学出版社．
32．刘于玉，陈明编著．新型传感器技术及应用．北京航天航空大学出版社．
33．何晓燕，张雪申．黄丽华．Labwindows/CVI在PC与μXL集散系统通信中的应用．自动化仪表．2000．Vol．21，No．1，P．19-21．
34．王江主编．现代计量测试技术．中国计量出版社．
35．李哲英，余文龙编著．实用电子电路设计．电子工业出版社．1997．
36．Sidney Cox. griculture and Sustainability.2000年国际工程科技大会会议论文．
37．余瑞芬 主编．传感器原理(第二版)．航空工业出版社．
38．侯国章 编著．测试与传感技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社．
39．苏文平．新型电子电路应用实例精选．航天航空大学出版社．
40．田胜元．萧日嵘．实验设计与数据处理．中国建筑出版社．
41．袁津生等编．C语言使用技巧及实用程序．机械工业出版社．
42．谭浩强编著．C程字设计．清华大学出版社．
43．徐科军．传感器动态特性的实用研究方法．中国科学技术大学出版社．
44．张国忠，赵家贵．检测技术．中国计量出版社．
45．刘迎春，叶湘滨．传感器原理、设计与应用．国防科技大学出版社．
46．任利惠，赵青平．基于虚拟仪器技术的铁道车辆平稳性测量仪．仪表技术，2000，6．
47．胡韬睿，蒋烨．变频机对测量仪表的干扰及现场解决措施．仪表技术，2001，2．
48．刘丽娟．自动补偿式压力测量仪．电子测量技术，2000，1．
49．韦公远．FCL—3型γ射线料位计的应用．仪表技术，2001，2．
50．王学龙，彭喜元．利用Lab Windows／CVI开发基于网络测试软件．电子测量技术，2001，3
51．李玉柏，彭启琮．VXI虚拟仪器关键技术分析．电子测量与仪器学报，2001，3．
52．陈国荣．一种智能化压力测量仪器的设计．仪表技术，2001，2．
53．白凤山，铁勇．多功能虚拟示波器的研究与实现．电测与仪表，2001，4．