柠条营养价值及对荷斯坦育成母牛饲喂效果的研究
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摘要
为了评价柠条的营养价值和饲用效果,在大同地区采集开花期、结实期和往年生老枝,分别进行切碎、揉碎和粉碎加工处理。选用8月龄荷斯坦育成母牛54头,参考年龄和体重,采用随机区组设计分为9组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂花期切碎柠条、揉碎柠条、粉碎柠条,试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组分别饲喂结实期当年生切碎柠条、揉碎柠条、粉碎柠条,试验Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ组分别饲喂往年生老枝切碎柠条、揉碎柠条、粉碎柠条,研究柠条对牛的饲喂效果。选用3头体况良好,年龄2岁左右,体重420kg±5kg,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的改良西门答尔牛,采用常规全收粪法测定柠条消化率,采用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定柠条瘤胃动态降解情况。
试验结果表明:(1)从开花期到结实期,NDF和ADF含量呈下降趋势,而CP、EE、OM和NFE呈上升趋势。往年生柠条养分含量与结实期柠条相比,NDF和ADF上升明显,CP、EE和NFE下降。从养分变化来看,结实期柠条粗蛋白高达16.16%,较老枝高93.76%(P<0.01),较开花期高14.29%;NDF含量46.08%,较开花期低38.30%(P<0.05),较老枝低55.88%(P<0.01)。(2)DM、OM、CP瘤胃降解率开花期显著高于结实期和老枝(P<0.05),结实期显著高于老枝(P<0.05)。NDF、ADF瘤胃降解率,开花期与结实期差异不显著(P>0.05),显著高于老枝(P<0.05)。(3)柠条OM消化率花期揉碎处理显著高于其它处理,结实期揉碎和花期切碎差异不显著,但显著高于其它处理。CP、NDF和ADF消化率均以花期揉碎最高,花期揉碎与结实期揉碎差异不显著,但显著高于其它处理。(4)每千克代谢体重柠条和日粮干物质采食量均以结实期较高;三种加工方式中,以粉碎采食量高。柠条采食率以结实期和揉碎处理最高。(5)平均日增重开花期平均为0.844kg、结实期平均为0.879 kg、往年生老枝平均为0.764 kg,以结实期为最好。切碎柠条日增重平均为0.838 kg、揉碎平均为0.863 kg、粉碎平均为0.786 kg,以揉碎处理日增重最高。(6)每千克日增重消耗精料,开花期平均为3.65 kg、结实期平均为3.51 kg、往年生老枝平均为4.05 kg,饲料转化效率以结实期较好。每千克增重消耗精料,切碎处理平均为3.69 kg、揉碎平均为3.58 kg、粉碎平均为3.94 kg,以揉碎处理消耗精料少,饲料转化效率高。(7)平均每千克日增重成本以结实期揉碎处理较低。平均每天每头牛利润,以结实期柠条揉碎处理利润最高,为1.496元。(8)开发利用柠条具有很好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。
Fifty-four rearing Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight and in good healthy were chosen and randomly allocated into nine treatments groups with six cows of each according to a completed randomized block design to examine the effect of Caragana korshinskii on DM intake, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of cattle. Treatment one were fed blooming and rubbing Caragana korshinskii, treatment two were fed blooming and shattering Caragana korshinskii, treatment three were fed blooming and cutting Caragana korshinskii, treatment four were fed seedpod and rubbing Caragana korshinskii, treatment five were fed seedpod and shattering Caragana korshinskii, treatment six were fed seedpod and cutting Caragana korshinskii, treatment seven were fed old branch and rubbing Caragana korshinskii, treatment eight were fed old branch and shattering Caragana korshinskii, treatment ten were fed old branch and cutting Caragana korshinskii. Three oxen with similar age and weight with permanent rumen fistula were chosen and randomly allocated into ten treatments to examine the effects of Caragana korshinskii on nutrients digestibility, nutrients conversion efficiency and rumen degradable rate.The results showed that:Firstly, the content of NDF and ADF were declined, the content of CP、EE、OM and NFE were raised from blooming to seedpod. Old branch were lower than blooming or seedpod Caragana korshinskii.Secondly, the degradability of DM, OM and CP in blooming were higher than seedpod and old branch significantly, seedpod was higher than old branch significantly. The degradability of NDF and ADF in blooming were not significantly higher than seedpod, but higher than old branch significantly.Thirdly, apparent digestibility of OM, CP, NDF and ADF of Caragana korshinskii in blooming were higher than seedpod, but not significantly, were higher than others significantly.Fourth, the DMI of Caragana korshinskii and diet per kilogram metabolic weight of seedpod was the highest, and cutting was highest. The rate of intake of Caragana korshinskii of seedpod and shattering was the highest.Fifth, ADG of cattle fed blooming Caragana korshinskii was 0.844kg, seedpod was
0.879 kg, old branch was 0.838kg. ADG of cattle fed rubbing Caragana korshinskii was 0.838kg, shattering was 0.863 kg, cutting was 0.786kg.Sixth, the ratio of concentrate and ADG in blooming was 3.65, seedpod was 3.58, and old branch was 3.94. The ratio of concentrate and ADG by rubbing was 3.69, shattering was 3.58, and cutting was 3.97.Seventh, the cost of per kg daily gain of Caragana korshinskii in seedpod was the lowest. The profit per cattle per day of Caragana korshinskii in seedpod was the highest(l .496 Y).The results suggest that the best reapping period of Caragana korshinskii was in seedpod, the best processing method was shattering, and the development and utilization of Caragana korshinskii will be product better economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits.
试验结果表明:(1)从开花期到结实期,NDF和ADF含量呈下降趋势,而CP、EE、OM和NFE呈上升趋势。往年生柠条养分含量与结实期柠条相比,NDF和ADF上升明显,CP、EE和NFE下降。从养分变化来看,结实期柠条粗蛋白高达16.16%,较老枝高93.76%(P<0.01),较开花期高14.29%;NDF含量46.08%,较开花期低38.30%(P<0.05),较老枝低55.88%(P<0.01)。(2)DM、OM、CP瘤胃降解率开花期显著高于结实期和老枝(P<0.05),结实期显著高于老枝(P<0.05)。NDF、ADF瘤胃降解率,开花期与结实期差异不显著(P>0.05),显著高于老枝(P<0.05)。(3)柠条OM消化率花期揉碎处理显著高于其它处理,结实期揉碎和花期切碎差异不显著,但显著高于其它处理。CP、NDF和ADF消化率均以花期揉碎最高,花期揉碎与结实期揉碎差异不显著,但显著高于其它处理。(4)每千克代谢体重柠条和日粮干物质采食量均以结实期较高;三种加工方式中,以粉碎采食量高。柠条采食率以结实期和揉碎处理最高。(5)平均日增重开花期平均为0.844kg、结实期平均为0.879 kg、往年生老枝平均为0.764 kg,以结实期为最好。切碎柠条日增重平均为0.838 kg、揉碎平均为0.863 kg、粉碎平均为0.786 kg,以揉碎处理日增重最高。(6)每千克日增重消耗精料,开花期平均为3.65 kg、结实期平均为3.51 kg、往年生老枝平均为4.05 kg,饲料转化效率以结实期较好。每千克增重消耗精料,切碎处理平均为3.69 kg、揉碎平均为3.58 kg、粉碎平均为3.94 kg,以揉碎处理消耗精料少,饲料转化效率高。(7)平均每千克日增重成本以结实期揉碎处理较低。平均每天每头牛利润,以结实期柠条揉碎处理利润最高,为1.496元。(8)开发利用柠条具有很好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。
Fifty-four rearing Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight and in good healthy were chosen and randomly allocated into nine treatments groups with six cows of each according to a completed randomized block design to examine the effect of Caragana korshinskii on DM intake, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of cattle. Treatment one were fed blooming and rubbing Caragana korshinskii, treatment two were fed blooming and shattering Caragana korshinskii, treatment three were fed blooming and cutting Caragana korshinskii, treatment four were fed seedpod and rubbing Caragana korshinskii, treatment five were fed seedpod and shattering Caragana korshinskii, treatment six were fed seedpod and cutting Caragana korshinskii, treatment seven were fed old branch and rubbing Caragana korshinskii, treatment eight were fed old branch and shattering Caragana korshinskii, treatment ten were fed old branch and cutting Caragana korshinskii. Three oxen with similar age and weight with permanent rumen fistula were chosen and randomly allocated into ten treatments to examine the effects of Caragana korshinskii on nutrients digestibility, nutrients conversion efficiency and rumen degradable rate.The results showed that:Firstly, the content of NDF and ADF were declined, the content of CP、EE、OM and NFE were raised from blooming to seedpod. Old branch were lower than blooming or seedpod Caragana korshinskii.Secondly, the degradability of DM, OM and CP in blooming were higher than seedpod and old branch significantly, seedpod was higher than old branch significantly. The degradability of NDF and ADF in blooming were not significantly higher than seedpod, but higher than old branch significantly.Thirdly, apparent digestibility of OM, CP, NDF and ADF of Caragana korshinskii in blooming were higher than seedpod, but not significantly, were higher than others significantly.Fourth, the DMI of Caragana korshinskii and diet per kilogram metabolic weight of seedpod was the highest, and cutting was highest. The rate of intake of Caragana korshinskii of seedpod and shattering was the highest.Fifth, ADG of cattle fed blooming Caragana korshinskii was 0.844kg, seedpod was
0.879 kg, old branch was 0.838kg. ADG of cattle fed rubbing Caragana korshinskii was 0.838kg, shattering was 0.863 kg, cutting was 0.786kg.Sixth, the ratio of concentrate and ADG in blooming was 3.65, seedpod was 3.58, and old branch was 3.94. The ratio of concentrate and ADG by rubbing was 3.69, shattering was 3.58, and cutting was 3.97.Seventh, the cost of per kg daily gain of Caragana korshinskii in seedpod was the lowest. The profit per cattle per day of Caragana korshinskii in seedpod was the highest(l .496 Y).The results suggest that the best reapping period of Caragana korshinskii was in seedpod, the best processing method was shattering, and the development and utilization of Caragana korshinskii will be product better economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits.
引文
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[2] 保平.柠条的开发与利用[J].农村牧区机械化,2002(3):18-19.
[3] 鲍士旦等.土壤农化分析[M].中国农业出版社(第3版),2000.
[4] 北京林学院.树木学[M].中国林业出版社,1980.
[5] 蔡继琨、朱纯广、黄云善等.EM对柠条生长及天然草场改良的应用研究[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,2001(5):9-11.
[6] 蔡继琨、蔡文礼、姚俊芳等.建设人工柠条草场的试验研究[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,2002.(1):13-15.
[7] 蔡继琨.柠条平茬复壮及枝条发酵饲用的试验观察[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,2000.(3):31-32.
[8] 陈景陵等.植物营养学[M].中国农业大学出版社,1994.
[9] 东北农学院.家畜饲养学[M].农业出版社,1979.
[10] 董宽虎.山西草地饲用植物资源[M].中国农业科技出版社,1998.
[11] 郭秀林.柠条造林技术[J].伊克昭科技,1985.(27):15-16.
[12] 华北树木志编写组.华北树木志[M].中国林业出版社,1984.
[13] 侯宽昭.中国种子植物科属词典[M](修订版).北京:科学出版社,1982.
[14] 科学出版社.拉汉种子植物名称[M](第二版).科学出版社,1974.
[15] 李爱华、李月华.柠条草粉补饲滩羊的试验研究[J].中国草食动物,2001.(4):27-29.
[16] 刘家琼.1982.柠条和花棒叶的解剖学特征[J].西北植物研究,2001.(2):112-115.
[17] 李连友、杨效民、李军等.柠条的饲用价值及喂奶牛试验研究[J].中国乳业,2002.(2):31-34.
[18] 刘国谦等.柠条的开发利用及草粉加工饲喂技术[J].草业科学,2003.(7):26-32.
[19] 李庆逵、张俊宝、刘东庆等.土壤理化分析[M].科学出版社,1985.
[20] 李懋学、陈瑞阳.关于植物核型分析的标准化问题[J].武汉植物研究,1985.(4):287-302.
[21] 刘增文、李雅素.黄土丘陵区柠条林地养分状况及其循环规律[J].生态学杂志,1985.(6):27-29.
[22] 毛杨毅.农户舍饲养羊配套技术[M].金盾出版社,2002.
[23] 马增旺.柠条生长量与生物量调查研究[M].河北林业科技,1998.
[24] 牛西午.柠条的栽培与利用[M].山西科学教育出版社,1998.
[25] 牛西午.中国锦鸡儿属植物资源研究分布及分种描述[J].西北植物学报,1999.(5):107-133.
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