女性创业胜任力的阶段特征及其与成长绩效的关系研究
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摘要
社会对女性的社会化过程非常“成功”,不仅把男性社会对女性身份、角色、地位和作用的要求和期望公开地或者潜移默化地灌输给女性,而且得到女性群体的集体认同,内化为女性自觉的理想和追求,成为女性自我认知和自我塑造的基准和标杆。社会对男性群体和女性群体的普遍期望和角色要求被称为性别刻板印象。这是创业长期成为男性专属领域的重要原因。因为,果断、竞争、自信和有经验的企业家肖像几乎等同于男性刻板印象,靠不住、依赖、不自信、过分谨慎、缺乏商业敏锐的女性刻板印象则与企业家肖像背道而驰。但是,上世纪六、七十年代开始,女性不再让男性在创业这个舞台上独领风骚；女性企业家的骄人表现动摇了“在创业这个传统的男性职业领域里‘女子天生不如男’”的世俗偏见。女性创业随之成为创业研究的一个重要领域。但女性创业研究还处于起步阶段：一是研究数量不足；二是基于人口统计特征的定性研究多、定量研究不足;三是基本上是横截面研究,鲜见有纵向研究;四是女性的创业成长过程研究不足；五是创业性别差异的深层次原因研究不足；六是女性创业胜任力几乎还是未开垦的处女地。因此,女性创业胜任力的研究本身就具有很强的理论价值。基于这样的背景,本研究将研究问题聚焦于女性在创业成长过程中会遇到哪些与男性创业者不同的问题和障碍,从而除了一般的、共性的创业胜任力,她们还需要具备哪些与阶段创业任务相匹配的关键胜任力特征,以及女性创业胜任力如何影响创业成长绩效。这些任务主要通过以下几个子研究来达成：
子研究一：研究方法的探索和问题的聚焦。本研究最初确定了三个主要任务：一是开发女性创业能力的结构要素,二是构建女性创业的阶段能力模型,三是探讨女性创业能力的作用机制。因为在研究的过程中发现原来的假设和研究方法、研究构思和研究设计都有问题,我们为此进行了方法上的探索,直至找到最适合的方法和最核心的问题。
子研究二：基于文献研究和子研究一开发访谈提纲,分别对22位女性创业者和10位男性创业者进行了深度访谈,采取扎根理论方法进行编码。编码结果显示,女性被排斥在创业领域之外的原因并不是体制上、制度上的排挤,而是根植于社会文化传统和人们的社会心理的性别的刻板印象和社会角色分工,而且女性在社会化过程中已经“接受”了这种社会角色的“分工”和性别角色的定位,在她们的职业选择上要么没有创业这一选项,要么在职业选择的排序上把创业排在最后。与男性创业者相比,最终选择创业的女性要比男性面临更多、更大、更艰巨的困难和障碍。成功创业和创业成功的女性在创业的不同阶段都表现出较高的创业任务与创业胜任力的匹配性。
子研究三：通过案例研究,探讨了女性创业成长的动态匹配机制研究,包括女性创业过程中任务与个性的动态匹配过程、任务与学习的动态匹配过程以及任务与激励的动态匹配过程,勾勒出基于创业阶段的女性创业成长的一般路径。
子研究四：基于文献和前3个子研究,开发测量工具,开展问卷调查,利用统计学相关软件和方法,检验和验证发女创业阶段任务与个性特质要素的构思。
子研究5：基于前文的研究,通过结构方程建模构建女性创业胜任力影响创业成长绩效的作用机制模型,提出相关假设并进行了实证检验。
我们的研究取得了一些理论上的新进展,包括创业能力研究方法和性别差异问题上的新发现、创业胜任力性别差异深层次原因的新探索、与阶段创业任务匹配的女性创业胜任力阶段特征的开发、基于阶段的女性创业胜任力作用机制模型的构建等。本研究的结论能够为提高女性创业意愿、激发女性创业动机、提升女性创业胜任力和扶持女性创业行为提供有力的理论支持。
Female socialization in China has been "successful." in that requirements and expectations of male-oriented society has been imposed on women in terms of their identity, roles, status and function both in society and family, either explicitly or implicitly. Women as a group, in turn have also acknowledged these expectations, which has become their ultimate goals as well as the standard and benchmark of self-cognition and self-development. The expectation and role requirement of society on both female and male group is called gender stereotype, which immensely contributes to men's perpetual domination in the entrepreneurship field. The profile of an entrepreneur, which is decisive, competitive, confident and experienced, are usually regarded as symbols of men, while the image of women is unreliable, dependent, unconfident, prudent, and lack of keenness in business, which is far removed from an entrepreneur's image. However women have begun to show their disobedience to men in this field since last60s and70s. The remarkable performance of female entrepreneur has completely thrown away the bias that "in the men dominated entrepreneurship field 'women are inferior to men"
Female entrepreneurship research has not been sufficient. Firstly, the amount of the research is not sufficient; secondly, qualitative research based on demographic characteristics tremendously outnumbers quantitative research; thirdly, nearly all studies are cross sectional with a huge shortage of longitudinal ones; fourthly, research on female entrepreneur's growth is not sufficient; fifthly, lack of research on the underlying reasons of gender differences; Finally, female competence is still a virgin ground. Therefore, research on female entrepreneurial competence has its theoretical significance.
Based on the above-mentioned background, the present study focuses on woman entrepreneurial competence and its relations with growth performance based on stage. In other words, what difficulties and barriers women will encounter in the entrepreneurship process, and what entrepreneurial competence they need to accomplish their entrepreneurial tasks apart from generic and universal entrepreneurial competence; also, how female entrepreneurial competence influences entrepreneurial growth performance. These tasks are achieved by the following sub-researches.
Sub-research1:explore research methods and focus on research questions. The present paper identifies three tasks; first, to develop the structural elements of female entrepreneurial abilities; second, to construct models of female phase entrepreneurial ability; third, to explore function mechanism of female entrepreneurial abilities. During the research, we found problems in the previous research hypothesis, research methods and research design. Therefore, we made revision and methodology exploring until we come to the most appropriate methodology and the key problem.
Sub-research2:develop interview outline on the basis of literature review and sub-researches1. The participants of the study were22female and10male entrepreneurs. Grounded theory approach was adopted to encode. The result shows that the reason that women are rejected by the entrepreneurial field is not because of the system, but rather the stereotype and social role deep-rooted in social cultural tradition and psychology. At the same time, women have accepted this "division" of social role and the position of gender role in the process of socialization, due to the fact that entrepreneurship is not included in their career planning or is placed at the bottom on the list. Compared to male entrepreneurs, women would encounter more serious and larger numbers of difficulties and obstacles. Those who successfully start their business or who strive to success in the entrepreneurial field match positively in both entrepreneurial task and their entrepreneurial competence.
Sub-research3:Through case studies, the present research explores dynamic matching mechanism in female entrepreneurial development, which includes the matching mechanism process between tasks and personality, tasks and learning, tasks and encouragement. The study depicts a female entrepreneurial development path based on different phases.
Sub-research4:On the basis of related literature and previous sub-research, we developed questionnaires to survey phase female entrepreneurial competence and its relations with growth performance. We tested and verified the conception of female entrepreneurial task-competence-fit based on different phases by using statistical software and method.
Sub-research5:using structure equation modeling, we constructing and validating the function mechanism mode of female entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial growth performance.
We made some further progress in theory, including the new finding of the research method and gender difference of entrepreneurial ability; the new exploration of deep-rooted reasons of gender difference in entrepreneurial ability; the development of the characteristics of phase female entrepreneurial competence; the function mode of female entrepreneurial competence based on stages. Conclusions of the present study have important significance in providing powerful theoretical support for improving women's entrepreneurial intention, stimulating female entrepreneurial motivation, enhancing female entrepreneurial competence and supporting female Entrepreneurship.
子研究一：研究方法的探索和问题的聚焦。本研究最初确定了三个主要任务：一是开发女性创业能力的结构要素,二是构建女性创业的阶段能力模型,三是探讨女性创业能力的作用机制。因为在研究的过程中发现原来的假设和研究方法、研究构思和研究设计都有问题,我们为此进行了方法上的探索,直至找到最适合的方法和最核心的问题。
子研究二：基于文献研究和子研究一开发访谈提纲,分别对22位女性创业者和10位男性创业者进行了深度访谈,采取扎根理论方法进行编码。编码结果显示,女性被排斥在创业领域之外的原因并不是体制上、制度上的排挤,而是根植于社会文化传统和人们的社会心理的性别的刻板印象和社会角色分工,而且女性在社会化过程中已经“接受”了这种社会角色的“分工”和性别角色的定位,在她们的职业选择上要么没有创业这一选项,要么在职业选择的排序上把创业排在最后。与男性创业者相比,最终选择创业的女性要比男性面临更多、更大、更艰巨的困难和障碍。成功创业和创业成功的女性在创业的不同阶段都表现出较高的创业任务与创业胜任力的匹配性。
子研究三：通过案例研究,探讨了女性创业成长的动态匹配机制研究,包括女性创业过程中任务与个性的动态匹配过程、任务与学习的动态匹配过程以及任务与激励的动态匹配过程,勾勒出基于创业阶段的女性创业成长的一般路径。
子研究四：基于文献和前3个子研究,开发测量工具,开展问卷调查,利用统计学相关软件和方法,检验和验证发女创业阶段任务与个性特质要素的构思。
子研究5：基于前文的研究,通过结构方程建模构建女性创业胜任力影响创业成长绩效的作用机制模型,提出相关假设并进行了实证检验。
我们的研究取得了一些理论上的新进展,包括创业能力研究方法和性别差异问题上的新发现、创业胜任力性别差异深层次原因的新探索、与阶段创业任务匹配的女性创业胜任力阶段特征的开发、基于阶段的女性创业胜任力作用机制模型的构建等。本研究的结论能够为提高女性创业意愿、激发女性创业动机、提升女性创业胜任力和扶持女性创业行为提供有力的理论支持。
Female socialization in China has been "successful." in that requirements and expectations of male-oriented society has been imposed on women in terms of their identity, roles, status and function both in society and family, either explicitly or implicitly. Women as a group, in turn have also acknowledged these expectations, which has become their ultimate goals as well as the standard and benchmark of self-cognition and self-development. The expectation and role requirement of society on both female and male group is called gender stereotype, which immensely contributes to men's perpetual domination in the entrepreneurship field. The profile of an entrepreneur, which is decisive, competitive, confident and experienced, are usually regarded as symbols of men, while the image of women is unreliable, dependent, unconfident, prudent, and lack of keenness in business, which is far removed from an entrepreneur's image. However women have begun to show their disobedience to men in this field since last60s and70s. The remarkable performance of female entrepreneur has completely thrown away the bias that "in the men dominated entrepreneurship field 'women are inferior to men"
Female entrepreneurship research has not been sufficient. Firstly, the amount of the research is not sufficient; secondly, qualitative research based on demographic characteristics tremendously outnumbers quantitative research; thirdly, nearly all studies are cross sectional with a huge shortage of longitudinal ones; fourthly, research on female entrepreneur's growth is not sufficient; fifthly, lack of research on the underlying reasons of gender differences; Finally, female competence is still a virgin ground. Therefore, research on female entrepreneurial competence has its theoretical significance.
Based on the above-mentioned background, the present study focuses on woman entrepreneurial competence and its relations with growth performance based on stage. In other words, what difficulties and barriers women will encounter in the entrepreneurship process, and what entrepreneurial competence they need to accomplish their entrepreneurial tasks apart from generic and universal entrepreneurial competence; also, how female entrepreneurial competence influences entrepreneurial growth performance. These tasks are achieved by the following sub-researches.
Sub-research1:explore research methods and focus on research questions. The present paper identifies three tasks; first, to develop the structural elements of female entrepreneurial abilities; second, to construct models of female phase entrepreneurial ability; third, to explore function mechanism of female entrepreneurial abilities. During the research, we found problems in the previous research hypothesis, research methods and research design. Therefore, we made revision and methodology exploring until we come to the most appropriate methodology and the key problem.
Sub-research2:develop interview outline on the basis of literature review and sub-researches1. The participants of the study were22female and10male entrepreneurs. Grounded theory approach was adopted to encode. The result shows that the reason that women are rejected by the entrepreneurial field is not because of the system, but rather the stereotype and social role deep-rooted in social cultural tradition and psychology. At the same time, women have accepted this "division" of social role and the position of gender role in the process of socialization, due to the fact that entrepreneurship is not included in their career planning or is placed at the bottom on the list. Compared to male entrepreneurs, women would encounter more serious and larger numbers of difficulties and obstacles. Those who successfully start their business or who strive to success in the entrepreneurial field match positively in both entrepreneurial task and their entrepreneurial competence.
Sub-research3:Through case studies, the present research explores dynamic matching mechanism in female entrepreneurial development, which includes the matching mechanism process between tasks and personality, tasks and learning, tasks and encouragement. The study depicts a female entrepreneurial development path based on different phases.
Sub-research4:On the basis of related literature and previous sub-research, we developed questionnaires to survey phase female entrepreneurial competence and its relations with growth performance. We tested and verified the conception of female entrepreneurial task-competence-fit based on different phases by using statistical software and method.
Sub-research5:using structure equation modeling, we constructing and validating the function mechanism mode of female entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial growth performance.
We made some further progress in theory, including the new finding of the research method and gender difference of entrepreneurial ability; the new exploration of deep-rooted reasons of gender difference in entrepreneurial ability; the development of the characteristics of phase female entrepreneurial competence; the function mode of female entrepreneurial competence based on stages. Conclusions of the present study have important significance in providing powerful theoretical support for improving women's entrepreneurial intention, stimulating female entrepreneurial motivation, enhancing female entrepreneurial competence and supporting female Entrepreneurship.
引文
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