开敞空间可燃气云爆炸的压力场研究
|
摘要
在可燃气体的输送、贮存、加工和使用过程中，如果由于向大气泄漏而形
成的可燃气体与空气混合物被意外地点燃，就发生气云爆炸。气云爆炸已造成
了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。据统计，在石油化工、塑料、橡胶合成及天然气
等行业，可燃气云爆炸在事故总数中所占的比例分别高达46％、42％和60％，而
且单次事故所造成的危害大大高于其它事故。
弱点火气云爆炸的实验研究基本上是针对某些特定工况的试验结果，未能
通过归纳总结得出某种规律。工程中主要应用TNT当量法，然而它属于经验型
模型，仅适用于对远场的粗略估计；在理论上，自相似方法是过度简化了的稳
态燃烧模型；TNO多能模型虽然比较合理，但应用时还带有很强的主观性；数值模
拟方法主要对流体力学方程进行求解，化学反应动力学和障碍物附近的湍流方
程仍是学术界的热点问题。这方面的研究工作还远未完善。
本文的研究思路是，在理论上，把气云爆燃过程分成两个过程进行考虑：
一个是可燃气体混合物在燃烧过程中体积膨胀，从而推动外侧空气运动，即燃
烧过程是空气中压力波传播的推动力，这个过程可以通过对能量方程采用几何
微元法和能量均匀加入法进行求解；另一个是火焰外侧的压力波传播过程，这
个过程是一个纯粹的气体动力学问题，可以通过气体动力学方程求解。在实验
上，利用乙炔-空气为介质进行气云爆炸实验，对无约束开敞空间气云爆炸的压
力场、气云外平板型障碍物上的压力分布进行较为系统的研究，探讨气云内障
碍物对爆炸压力的加强作用。实验的目的，其一是通过对实验结果进行整理与
分析，得到基本规律；其二是对理论计算结果进行验证。论文的主要工作和结
论如下。
以半球形气云为研究对象，建立了无约束气云爆炸的物理模型，通过气体
动力学、热力学和燃烧物理学分析，得到计算气云爆炸压力的数学模型，通过
对动量方程和质量方程积分的方法，得到了爆炸场的基本计算式为
建立气云爆炸实验系统，进行了乙炔-空气气云的爆炸实验。在这个过程中，
主要解决了两个难题。第一，由于气云爆炸实验具有较大的危险性，所以首先
要解决安全问题。为此建立了一个四千余平方米的野外气云爆炸实验基地，基
地内有各种安全防护措施。第二，气云爆炸是个极快的过程，通常在几十毫秒
内完成，所以对压力测试的要求较高。为此，本文设计了山压力变送器、＊D转
换卡、数据采集卡、计算机和电火花点火装置组成的同步实时测试系统。系统
的动态响应时间小于千分之一秒，测试精度为0．5级。
（1）对无约束半球形气云爆炸过程进行了较系统的实验研究。通过对实验
数掘进行回归处理和方差分析，得到了无约束气云爆炸压力的基本规律
＾。。丛
p＝A“
厂
即爆炸压力与气云半径的平方成正比，与离开半球形气云球心的距离成反比。
N）迎过几何微元法，利用能量均匀加入模型求解了爆燃过程的能量方程，
再根据压力波传播过程的质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程的积分结果，编制了无
约束气云爆炸过程的计算程序．根据计算结果，分析了可燃气云爆炸产生的压
力场。结果表明，气云直径越大，相同无量纲距离或对比距离处，气云爆炸压
力越大，影响范围也越广。经实验检验，在本文实验范围内计算结果与实验结
果的偏差不大于20％。本文计算模型可用于进行更大规模的无约柬气云爆炸压
力的预测。
（5）在上述基础上，利用压力波的反射原理，研究气云边界外有平板形隙
碍物时的爆炸压力分布场，获得平板上压力分布与无约柬气云爆炸压力之间的
关系
6邮［＿2。
纫。＝（l＋cos＃；汹尸，＋——cos“4，
八尸＋7凡
讨论了平板形障碍物上的压力分布以及平板布置对爆炸场的影响。
（6）对气云外界的平板形障碍物与可燃气云爆炸压力的相互作用进行了较
为系统的实验研究，通过曲线拟合和方差分析获得了平板上的压力分布与气云
半径、平板距气云中心的距离以及平板上点的坐标之问的关系
＿2
k—。。JIt．—＿．H ＼““0
凸D“＝All＋ COS O．）“
厂
（7）气云内部障碍物对气云爆炸强度的影响很复杂，它涉及到障碍物的形
互且
状、尺寸、位置以及多个障碍物之间的nl互作用等。本文在这方面也做了探讨
性研究，力求对进一步研究提供基础和思路。利用气体动力学方程组，爿。引入
障碍物扰动因子，建立了内部有障碍物的气云爆炸压?
During the transportation, storage, processing and using of nammable gases, the
cloud explosion may hapPen if the mixture of flammable gases and air caused by
their leakage towards air is accidentally ignited. The cloud explosion has made great
damage to people and proPerty loss. Statistic data show that the portion of numbers
of accidents caused by cloud explosion to those of total ones reached as far as 46%,
42% and 60% in petfoleum, plastics, rubber synthetization and natural gas industry
respectively. Moreovef, the damage and property loss from such an accident is much
higher than other industrial accidentS.
The experimental research on weak ignition cloud explosion fOcused on some
experimental results under particular circumstances, which is not enough to draw a
conclusion. On one hand of engineering, mT Equivalency Method, a kind of
empirical mode1, is limited to make a rough estimation for far field of explosions. On
the other hand, theoretical research is far from completed. For instances,
Self Resemblance Method oversimplified the static combustion model. ThO
Multi-energy Model needs too much subjective judgment during application despite
its some reasonability Numerical simulation works for solving the equations of fluid
mechanics, and there are still other problems unanswered such as chemical reaction
dynaxnics, turbulencc equation near barriers.
This paPer in theory considered the cloud explosion as two coupling processes.
One is the flammable gas combustion that causes gas temperature rise and gas
volume increase, which pushes the air around it fOrward and can be solved by means
of finite geometrical cell method and even-energy adding method. The other is tl1e
propagation of pressure wave, which is only a gas dynamics problem and can be
solved through gas dynamics equations. In exPeriment, a systematical exPerimental
research on the pressure field of cloud explosion in open space and the pressure
distribution on plate bAners outSide cloud was conducted. The paper also tried to
find out the strengthening of barriers to cloud could explosion pressure. The purpose
of experiment is to gain somo fundamental rules by test data-analysis and rectify the
theoretical results. The major work and conclusions of present paper are as
l. The semi-sphere cloud was aimed to build physical model of unrestricted gas
cloud explosion. The mathematical model was established through the analysis of
gas dynamics, thermodynamics and combustion physics. After integrating the
momentum conservative equation and mass conservative equation the explosion field
can be calculated as
n = Icy(E -- I)[2E rs,.= + nn-- 1(E -- I) n.: ] + l: =
/).,,I - r r (h 2 r
2. TWo difficulties were overcome during building the gas explosion experimental
system. Firstly, safety was the prior consideration because of the great danger of
explosion experiment. Therefore, a new open gas cloud explosion experimental base
with safety protection equipment was deve1oped. Secondly, concerning that the
whole explosion process was so rapid that it would complete within dozens of
milliseconds the explosion pressure synchronically high speed data-collection system
was specially designed which is consisted of pressure sensors, A/D transformef,
data-collection tinit, computer and automaticaIly electric-ignition equipment. The
dynamic responding time of this system was less than 0.00l second and
measurement precision was in level 0.5.
3. A systematical experimental research on unrestricted flammab1e gas cloud
explosion was conducted. The relationship between explosion pressure and the cloud
radius, the distance from ignition point is gained by regressing the experimentaI data
and deviation analysis. that is
AP = A Ai
r
4. A new computer progop describing the unrestricted cloud explosion process
through combining the finite geometry cell method and even-energy adding method
and integration of mass and momentum conservative equations. The deviation
between com
成的可燃气体与空气混合物被意外地点燃，就发生气云爆炸。气云爆炸已造成
了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。据统计，在石油化工、塑料、橡胶合成及天然气
等行业，可燃气云爆炸在事故总数中所占的比例分别高达46％、42％和60％，而
且单次事故所造成的危害大大高于其它事故。
弱点火气云爆炸的实验研究基本上是针对某些特定工况的试验结果，未能
通过归纳总结得出某种规律。工程中主要应用TNT当量法，然而它属于经验型
模型，仅适用于对远场的粗略估计；在理论上，自相似方法是过度简化了的稳
态燃烧模型；TNO多能模型虽然比较合理，但应用时还带有很强的主观性；数值模
拟方法主要对流体力学方程进行求解，化学反应动力学和障碍物附近的湍流方
程仍是学术界的热点问题。这方面的研究工作还远未完善。
本文的研究思路是，在理论上，把气云爆燃过程分成两个过程进行考虑：
一个是可燃气体混合物在燃烧过程中体积膨胀，从而推动外侧空气运动，即燃
烧过程是空气中压力波传播的推动力，这个过程可以通过对能量方程采用几何
微元法和能量均匀加入法进行求解；另一个是火焰外侧的压力波传播过程，这
个过程是一个纯粹的气体动力学问题，可以通过气体动力学方程求解。在实验
上，利用乙炔-空气为介质进行气云爆炸实验，对无约束开敞空间气云爆炸的压
力场、气云外平板型障碍物上的压力分布进行较为系统的研究，探讨气云内障
碍物对爆炸压力的加强作用。实验的目的，其一是通过对实验结果进行整理与
分析，得到基本规律；其二是对理论计算结果进行验证。论文的主要工作和结
论如下。
以半球形气云为研究对象，建立了无约束气云爆炸的物理模型，通过气体
动力学、热力学和燃烧物理学分析，得到计算气云爆炸压力的数学模型，通过
对动量方程和质量方程积分的方法，得到了爆炸场的基本计算式为
建立气云爆炸实验系统，进行了乙炔-空气气云的爆炸实验。在这个过程中，
主要解决了两个难题。第一，由于气云爆炸实验具有较大的危险性，所以首先
要解决安全问题。为此建立了一个四千余平方米的野外气云爆炸实验基地，基
地内有各种安全防护措施。第二，气云爆炸是个极快的过程，通常在几十毫秒
内完成，所以对压力测试的要求较高。为此，本文设计了山压力变送器、＊D转
换卡、数据采集卡、计算机和电火花点火装置组成的同步实时测试系统。系统
的动态响应时间小于千分之一秒，测试精度为0．5级。
（1）对无约束半球形气云爆炸过程进行了较系统的实验研究。通过对实验
数掘进行回归处理和方差分析，得到了无约束气云爆炸压力的基本规律
＾。。丛
p＝A“
厂
即爆炸压力与气云半径的平方成正比，与离开半球形气云球心的距离成反比。
N）迎过几何微元法，利用能量均匀加入模型求解了爆燃过程的能量方程，
再根据压力波传播过程的质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程的积分结果，编制了无
约束气云爆炸过程的计算程序．根据计算结果，分析了可燃气云爆炸产生的压
力场。结果表明，气云直径越大，相同无量纲距离或对比距离处，气云爆炸压
力越大，影响范围也越广。经实验检验，在本文实验范围内计算结果与实验结
果的偏差不大于20％。本文计算模型可用于进行更大规模的无约柬气云爆炸压
力的预测。
（5）在上述基础上，利用压力波的反射原理，研究气云边界外有平板形隙
碍物时的爆炸压力分布场，获得平板上压力分布与无约柬气云爆炸压力之间的
关系
6邮［＿2。
纫。＝（l＋cos＃；汹尸，＋——cos“4，
八尸＋7凡
讨论了平板形障碍物上的压力分布以及平板布置对爆炸场的影响。
（6）对气云外界的平板形障碍物与可燃气云爆炸压力的相互作用进行了较
为系统的实验研究，通过曲线拟合和方差分析获得了平板上的压力分布与气云
半径、平板距气云中心的距离以及平板上点的坐标之问的关系
＿2
k—。。JIt．—＿．H ＼““0
凸D“＝All＋ COS O．）“
厂
（7）气云内部障碍物对气云爆炸强度的影响很复杂，它涉及到障碍物的形
互且
状、尺寸、位置以及多个障碍物之间的nl互作用等。本文在这方面也做了探讨
性研究，力求对进一步研究提供基础和思路。利用气体动力学方程组，爿。引入
障碍物扰动因子，建立了内部有障碍物的气云爆炸压?
During the transportation, storage, processing and using of nammable gases, the
cloud explosion may hapPen if the mixture of flammable gases and air caused by
their leakage towards air is accidentally ignited. The cloud explosion has made great
damage to people and proPerty loss. Statistic data show that the portion of numbers
of accidents caused by cloud explosion to those of total ones reached as far as 46%,
42% and 60% in petfoleum, plastics, rubber synthetization and natural gas industry
respectively. Moreovef, the damage and property loss from such an accident is much
higher than other industrial accidentS.
The experimental research on weak ignition cloud explosion fOcused on some
experimental results under particular circumstances, which is not enough to draw a
conclusion. On one hand of engineering, mT Equivalency Method, a kind of
empirical mode1, is limited to make a rough estimation for far field of explosions. On
the other hand, theoretical research is far from completed. For instances,
Self Resemblance Method oversimplified the static combustion model. ThO
Multi-energy Model needs too much subjective judgment during application despite
its some reasonability Numerical simulation works for solving the equations of fluid
mechanics, and there are still other problems unanswered such as chemical reaction
dynaxnics, turbulencc equation near barriers.
This paPer in theory considered the cloud explosion as two coupling processes.
One is the flammable gas combustion that causes gas temperature rise and gas
volume increase, which pushes the air around it fOrward and can be solved by means
of finite geometrical cell method and even-energy adding method. The other is tl1e
propagation of pressure wave, which is only a gas dynamics problem and can be
solved through gas dynamics equations. In exPeriment, a systematical exPerimental
research on the pressure field of cloud explosion in open space and the pressure
distribution on plate bAners outSide cloud was conducted. The paper also tried to
find out the strengthening of barriers to cloud could explosion pressure. The purpose
of experiment is to gain somo fundamental rules by test data-analysis and rectify the
theoretical results. The major work and conclusions of present paper are as
l. The semi-sphere cloud was aimed to build physical model of unrestricted gas
cloud explosion. The mathematical model was established through the analysis of
gas dynamics, thermodynamics and combustion physics. After integrating the
momentum conservative equation and mass conservative equation the explosion field
can be calculated as
n = Icy(E -- I)[2E rs,.= + nn-- 1(E -- I) n.: ] + l: =
/).,,I - r r (h 2 r
2. TWo difficulties were overcome during building the gas explosion experimental
system. Firstly, safety was the prior consideration because of the great danger of
explosion experiment. Therefore, a new open gas cloud explosion experimental base
with safety protection equipment was deve1oped. Secondly, concerning that the
whole explosion process was so rapid that it would complete within dozens of
milliseconds the explosion pressure synchronically high speed data-collection system
was specially designed which is consisted of pressure sensors, A/D transformef,
data-collection tinit, computer and automaticaIly electric-ignition equipment. The
dynamic responding time of this system was less than 0.00l second and
measurement precision was in level 0.5.
3. A systematical experimental research on unrestricted flammab1e gas cloud
explosion was conducted. The relationship between explosion pressure and the cloud
radius, the distance from ignition point is gained by regressing the experimentaI data
and deviation analysis. that is
AP = A Ai
r
4. A new computer progop describing the unrestricted cloud explosion process
through combining the finite geometry cell method and even-energy adding method
and integration of mass and momentum conservative equations. The deviation
between com
引文
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