丙烯酸系高吸水性树脂的高性能化研究
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摘要
本文根据丙烯酸系高吸水树脂原料来源广泛、价格低廉、合成工艺简单、但容易老化、防潮性能较差等特点,提出丙烯酸系高吸水树脂的高性能化研究,研究了丙烯酸系高吸水树脂的成分与结构设计原则,并研究了丙烯酸系高吸水树脂的耐候性以及腐植酸对丙烯酸系高吸水树脂的改性作用和丙烯酸系高吸水树脂的核壳结构设计。
     采用柔性大分子链理论探索吸水过程中高吸水树脂三维交联网络的变化及其与高吸水树脂相关性能之间的内在联系。高吸水树脂的吸水能力和凝胶强度取决于大分子链的柔性。高吸水树脂的交联密度越低,大分子链的柔性越强,其构象变化越容易,有效链长相应较大,吸水能力越强,但克服大分子链构象变化所需要的外部能量也越小,高吸水树脂的凝胶强度越低。高吸水树脂的颗粒形状对其吸水速度存在重要影响,溶液聚合法合成的高吸水树脂为不规则颗粒,吸水速度较慢;反相悬浮聚合法合成的高吸水树脂为均匀的球形颗粒,吸水速度较快。
     提出采用N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂的丙烯酸系高吸水树脂的老化机理在于交联剂在紫外线的作用下水解,导致高吸水树脂的交联结构解体而失去吸水、保水性能;提出采用一定实验条件下的失重率作为高吸水树脂耐候性的评价指标,采用紫外光辐射法研究高吸水树脂的耐候性。丙烯酸系高吸水树脂的紫外线分解动力学研究表明,在紫外线强度较低的情况下,分解速度受紫外线强度控制,而在紫外线强度较高的情况下,分解速度受热反应控制。
     研究了丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺共聚物高吸水树脂的耐候性。结果表明,增大交联剂用量、以及增大丙烯酰胺在丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺共聚物高吸水树脂中的含量、提高丙烯酸的中和度,可以改善丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺共聚物高吸水树脂的耐候性;引发剂和单体浓度对高吸水树脂的耐候性无明显影响。
     研究了丙烯酸(钠)与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯(HEMA)共聚制备高吸水树脂的吸水性能及其耐候性。结果表明,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,丙烯酸(钠)与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯(HEMA)进行溶液共聚制备高吸水树脂,反应温度65~75℃,丙烯酸中和度为80%,反应时间4小时,引发剂用量0.04~0.06%,高吸水树脂具有较高的吸水能力;随HEMA以及交联剂用量增大,高吸水树脂的吸水能力下降。随反应温度升高、反应时间延长、丙烯酸中和度增大、HEMA用量以及交联剂用量增大、反应单体浓度升高,丙烯酸(钠)与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯(HEMA)共聚物高吸水树脂的耐候性明显增强。
In this paper, design principle of component and structure and anti-ultraviolet properties of superabsorbents based on acrylic acid were studied, modification of humic acid on superabsorbents based on acrylic acid and design of core-shell structure of superabsorbents based on acrylic acid were studied as well.
    Theory of flexible macromolecular chain was used to investigate relationship between properties and changes of crosslinked networks of superabsorbents, and it was thought that the swelling behavior and gel intensity were determined by the flexibility of macromolecular chain of the superabsorbents. The bigger of the crosslinking density, the more flexible of the macromolecular chain of the superabsorbents, and the superabsorbents can absorb much more water, while the gel intensity was lower. The absorbing rate was significantly influenced by the shape of the superabsorbents particles, the shape of the superabsorbents particles made by solution polymerization was iiregular and the absorbing rate was low, while the shape of the superabsorbents particles made by inverse suspersion polymerization was even sphericity and the absorbing rate was rapid.
    The aging mechanism of the superabsorbents which N'N-methylene-bis-acrylamide was used as crosslinker was crosslinker hydrolyzed by ultraviolet, leading to the crosslinked structure of the superabsorbents disassembled and the superabsorbents lost absorbency and water-keeping ability; the anti-ultraviolet properties of the superabsorbents can be evaluated by loss of weight and can be tested by radiation of ultraviolet. The decomposing kenetics of the superabsorbents showed the decomposing rate was controlled by the intensity of ultraviolet when the intensity of ultraviolet was weak, while the decomposing rate was controlled by the hydrolyzing reaction when the intensity of ultraviolet was strong.
    The anit-ultraviolet properties of the superabsorbents made by copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide were studied, the results showed when the neutralization degree of acrylic acid and the dosage of crosslinker, acrylamide increased, the the anti-ultraviolet properties increased, while the initiator and monomers concentration had no influence on the anit-ultraviolet properties of the superabsorbents.
引文
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