我国优秀羽毛球运动员全程性多年训练的阶段特征与影响因素的研究
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摘要
全程性多年训练是体育人才培养的重要实践操作部分,是培养优秀运动员的必然要求。我国羽毛球竞技水平长期位居世界前列,为羽毛球项目全程性多年训练过程的研究提供了有力实证。通过专家访谈、调查问卷、层次分析法等研究方法,探寻我国优秀羽毛球运动员全程性多年训练过程的阶段特征以及整个过程相关影响因素,为选材、训练、管理、监督等提供一个参考依据。主要研究结果如下：
1.我国优秀羽毛球运动员全程性多年训练过程划分为：基础训练阶段(包括启蒙性阶段和基础性阶段)、专项提高阶段、最佳竞技阶段、高水平保持阶段。
2.各阶段年龄特征：(1)基础训练阶段起训年龄：启蒙性阶段男子7～9岁、女子6-8岁；基础性阶段男子9～11岁、女子8～10岁。训练年限3-5年。(2)专项提高阶段起训年龄男子12-14岁、女子11～13岁。训练年限3-5年。(3)最佳竞技阶段起始训练年龄男子18-20岁、女子17-19岁。训练年限4-6年。(4)高水平保持阶段起训年龄和训练年限因人而异。
3.各阶段训练特征：(1)基础训练阶段主要是培养兴趣,初步筛选人才；全面发展身体素质,掌握基本技术技能；强度小、负荷小；成绩速增期。(2)专项提高阶段主要是精化技术,注重战术；重点提高专项素质,形成独特的打法特征,具备良好的控制调节能力；负荷逐渐加大、强度渐逼极限；成绩快速提高期。(3)最佳竞技阶段主要是增加参赛机会创造优异成绩,积累比赛经验以及赛场控制能力；强度大、负荷大；成绩呈现波浪形。(4)高水平保持阶段主要是减少伤病,根据对手特征进行针对性训练；保证强度、明显减量；成绩停滞期或下降期。
4.通过层次分析法更为客观的确定全程性多年训练过程的影响因素：关键因素主要是教练员的训练能力、管理能力、创新意识等；主要因素是运动员的伤病、意志品质、训练动机等；辅助因素主要是训练体制、管理制度、科研发展等；环境因素主要是国家重视程度、经济投入、社会支持度等。根据影响因素提高人才培养的主要措施应促进教练员队伍的建设,加强业务学习与交流,从优秀退役运动员中发展培养教练员；扩大后备队伍的数量以及质量,减少伤病以及提高运动员思想态度和教育程度；改进体育管理,以政府扶持、社会支助、学训统一、市场为导向的改革之路；提高社会支持度尤其是媒体传播为手段的无形支持。
Overall perennial training is the important practice component required to cultivate sports talents. The fact that China's badminton competitive level has remained at the forefront of the world for decades provides strong evidence in research of overall perennial training. This dissertation explores the process characteristics and related influencing factors of the overall perennial training of China's excellent badminton athletes, which provides a reference on athlete selection, training, management and supervision. The major results are as follows.
1.The overall perennial training of China's excellent badminton athletes can be divided into basic training phase (including the enlightenment phase and basic phase), special item improvement phase, best competition phase, and high-level maintaining phase.
2.The ages to start training and the training duration in years are:(1) The ages to start the enlightenment training are7-9years old and6-8years old for men and women athletes, respectively; the ages to start the basic training are9-11years old and8-10years old for men and women athletes, respectively. The training duration for this phase is3-5years.(2) The ages to start special item improvement training are12-14years old and11-13years old for men and women athletes, respectively. The training duration for this phase is3-5years.(3) The ages to start training in best competition phase are18-20years old and17-19years old for men and women athletes, respectively. The training duration is4-6years.(4) The ages to start training in high-level maintaining phase and the training duration vary. The determination of the age to start badminton training provide a reference on selection, management, and training quality.
3.The characteristics of each training phase:(1) The basic training phase:cultivate interest and initially screen talented players; comprehensively develop physical fitness and master basic skills and simple combination of skills; low strength and low training load; skills are improved quickly in this phase.(2) The special item improvement phase:refine skills and majorly focus on tactics; comprehensively develop physical fitness and enhance special qualities, form unique play characteristics, have good control and adjust ability; training load is gradually increased, approaching to the limitation; skills are improved quickly in this phase.(3) The best competition phase:increase competition opportunities and achieve excellent results, accumulate game experience and game control ability; heavy strength and heavy training load; competition results are wavy.(4) The high-level maintaining phase:reduce the occurrence of injury, targeted training based on opponent's characteristics, and take advantage of rich game experience; maintain training strength and significantly reduce load; achievements stagnation or decline period.
4.This dissertation screens the influencing factors qualitatively and quantitatively in a more objective way for overall perennial training using analytic hierarchy process (AHP):The key layer consists of the training ability of coaches, the management ability of coaches, the creativity of coaches, and etc.; the major factors include athletes'injuries, athletes'volitional quality, athletes'motivation, and etc.; the auxiliary layer contains training system, management system, research development, and etc.; the environment layer is comprised of national attention, economic input, social support, and etc.The mainly related counter measurements to promote the implementation of overall perennial training are:promote coaching team construction, strengthen training study and communication and develop coaches from retired excellent athletes; expand quantity and quality of reserve team, particularly reduce injury and improve the athletes'mental attitude and education level; improving sports management, particularly via government support, society sponsorship, unification of learning and training, and market-orient; increasing social support, particularly the formless support via media communication.
1.我国优秀羽毛球运动员全程性多年训练过程划分为：基础训练阶段(包括启蒙性阶段和基础性阶段)、专项提高阶段、最佳竞技阶段、高水平保持阶段。
2.各阶段年龄特征：(1)基础训练阶段起训年龄：启蒙性阶段男子7～9岁、女子6-8岁；基础性阶段男子9～11岁、女子8～10岁。训练年限3-5年。(2)专项提高阶段起训年龄男子12-14岁、女子11～13岁。训练年限3-5年。(3)最佳竞技阶段起始训练年龄男子18-20岁、女子17-19岁。训练年限4-6年。(4)高水平保持阶段起训年龄和训练年限因人而异。
3.各阶段训练特征：(1)基础训练阶段主要是培养兴趣,初步筛选人才；全面发展身体素质,掌握基本技术技能；强度小、负荷小；成绩速增期。(2)专项提高阶段主要是精化技术,注重战术；重点提高专项素质,形成独特的打法特征,具备良好的控制调节能力；负荷逐渐加大、强度渐逼极限；成绩快速提高期。(3)最佳竞技阶段主要是增加参赛机会创造优异成绩,积累比赛经验以及赛场控制能力；强度大、负荷大；成绩呈现波浪形。(4)高水平保持阶段主要是减少伤病,根据对手特征进行针对性训练；保证强度、明显减量；成绩停滞期或下降期。
4.通过层次分析法更为客观的确定全程性多年训练过程的影响因素：关键因素主要是教练员的训练能力、管理能力、创新意识等；主要因素是运动员的伤病、意志品质、训练动机等；辅助因素主要是训练体制、管理制度、科研发展等；环境因素主要是国家重视程度、经济投入、社会支持度等。根据影响因素提高人才培养的主要措施应促进教练员队伍的建设,加强业务学习与交流,从优秀退役运动员中发展培养教练员；扩大后备队伍的数量以及质量,减少伤病以及提高运动员思想态度和教育程度；改进体育管理,以政府扶持、社会支助、学训统一、市场为导向的改革之路；提高社会支持度尤其是媒体传播为手段的无形支持。
Overall perennial training is the important practice component required to cultivate sports talents. The fact that China's badminton competitive level has remained at the forefront of the world for decades provides strong evidence in research of overall perennial training. This dissertation explores the process characteristics and related influencing factors of the overall perennial training of China's excellent badminton athletes, which provides a reference on athlete selection, training, management and supervision. The major results are as follows.
1.The overall perennial training of China's excellent badminton athletes can be divided into basic training phase (including the enlightenment phase and basic phase), special item improvement phase, best competition phase, and high-level maintaining phase.
2.The ages to start training and the training duration in years are:(1) The ages to start the enlightenment training are7-9years old and6-8years old for men and women athletes, respectively; the ages to start the basic training are9-11years old and8-10years old for men and women athletes, respectively. The training duration for this phase is3-5years.(2) The ages to start special item improvement training are12-14years old and11-13years old for men and women athletes, respectively. The training duration for this phase is3-5years.(3) The ages to start training in best competition phase are18-20years old and17-19years old for men and women athletes, respectively. The training duration is4-6years.(4) The ages to start training in high-level maintaining phase and the training duration vary. The determination of the age to start badminton training provide a reference on selection, management, and training quality.
3.The characteristics of each training phase:(1) The basic training phase:cultivate interest and initially screen talented players; comprehensively develop physical fitness and master basic skills and simple combination of skills; low strength and low training load; skills are improved quickly in this phase.(2) The special item improvement phase:refine skills and majorly focus on tactics; comprehensively develop physical fitness and enhance special qualities, form unique play characteristics, have good control and adjust ability; training load is gradually increased, approaching to the limitation; skills are improved quickly in this phase.(3) The best competition phase:increase competition opportunities and achieve excellent results, accumulate game experience and game control ability; heavy strength and heavy training load; competition results are wavy.(4) The high-level maintaining phase:reduce the occurrence of injury, targeted training based on opponent's characteristics, and take advantage of rich game experience; maintain training strength and significantly reduce load; achievements stagnation or decline period.
4.This dissertation screens the influencing factors qualitatively and quantitatively in a more objective way for overall perennial training using analytic hierarchy process (AHP):The key layer consists of the training ability of coaches, the management ability of coaches, the creativity of coaches, and etc.; the major factors include athletes'injuries, athletes'volitional quality, athletes'motivation, and etc.; the auxiliary layer contains training system, management system, research development, and etc.; the environment layer is comprised of national attention, economic input, social support, and etc.The mainly related counter measurements to promote the implementation of overall perennial training are:promote coaching team construction, strengthen training study and communication and develop coaches from retired excellent athletes; expand quantity and quality of reserve team, particularly reduce injury and improve the athletes'mental attitude and education level; improving sports management, particularly via government support, society sponsorship, unification of learning and training, and market-orient; increasing social support, particularly the formless support via media communication.
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