微量元素硼对大鼠营养和毒性作用及作用机理的研究
|
摘要
硼(B)是地壳中含量很低的一种非金属微量元素,是植物的必需微量元素。硼及其化合物广泛用于工业、农业、畜牧业、化妆品和医疗卫生等部门。近年来研究表明,适量硼对人和动物具有营养作用,高剂量硼则对人和动物具有不利影响,甚至毒性作用。本课题以196只清洁级SD大鼠为试验动物,研究饮水添加硼40、80、160、320、640mg/L对大鼠的生长与器官发育、血液生理生化、血清和器官抗氧化能力、以及舌、胃、肝脏、胰腺、睾丸、附睾、脾脏和腺垂体等器官显微和超微结构的影响,探讨硼对大鼠的营养和毒性作用机理。具体内容如下:
1.硼对大鼠生长及器官发育的影响
通过测定大鼠体重、体长和器官质量或长度,计算Lee's指数和相应器官指数,研究硼对雌雄大鼠生长和器官发育的影响。结果显示:饮水添加硼40～320mg/L对大鼠BM、ADG、Lee's指数、器官质量及肠管长度与指数多无显著影响(p＞0.05),对65d雄性大鼠肝、肾上腺、胸腺和睾丸质量有多有显著降低作用(p＜0.05或p＜0.01);添加硼40～80mg/L对95d大鼠器官质量多有升高作用,但差异不显著(p＞0.05);添加硼640mg/L对大鼠BM、ADG、Lee's指数和器官质量(或长度)及其指数多有显著影响(p＜0.05或p＜0.01)。结果表明,饮水添加硼40～80 mg/L对65d大鼠生长及器官发育有较明显促进作用;添加硼160～320mg/L多有较明显的不良影响;添加硼640mg/L则有明显的抑制甚至毒性作用。
2.硼对大鼠血液生理生化的影响
通过血细胞计数、血红蛋白含量测定、血清部分生化指标测定、血涂片染色及血细胞形态结构观察,研究硼对大鼠血液生理生化的影响。结果显示:与同日龄对照组相比较,各试验组网织红细胞数不同程度升高;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组红细胞数和血红蛋白含量多显著升高(P＜0.05),白细胞数和白细胞分类计数多无显著差异(P＞0.05);试验Ⅲ～Ⅴ组的红、白细胞数和血红蛋白含量显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)低于同日龄对照组,中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和单核细胞比例多显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),95d淋巴细胞比例显著升高(P＜0.05)。试验Ⅰ组红细胞和无粒白细胞形态结构无明显变化,有粒白细胞胞核体积增大;试验Ⅱ～Ⅴ组,随硼添加量增大,变形、破损、崩解的红细胞增多,淋巴细胞胞核先固缩后肿胀,有粒白细胞胞质内颗粒减少或消失,胞核难以着色,试验Ⅴ组多叶型中性粒细胞增多。试验Ⅰ～Ⅳ组血清胆固醇含量不同程度降低,试验Ⅴ组显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。65d试验Ⅲ、Ⅴ组和95d试验Ⅴ组血糖水平显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。各试验组血清TRP含量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。65d试验Ⅲ组和95d试验Ⅴ组血清ALT活性显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅴ组血清AST活性显著升高(P＜0.05),95d试验Ⅰ、Ⅴ组显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅴ组血清ALP活性显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅰ组血钙水平显著升高(P＜0.05),65试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组和95d试验Ⅱ～Ⅳ组显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。95d试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组血磷水平显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅲ组和95d试验Ⅴ组血镁水平显著下降(P＜0.05)。结果表明,饮水添加40mg/L硼对大鼠血细胞发生、增殖分化及形态结构与功能有明显促进作用;添加80～640mg/L硼对血细胞形态结构与功能有不同程度损伤,甚至毒性作用;饮水添加40～640mg/L硼对血清各项生化指标有不同程度的影响。
3.硼对大鼠血清和器官抗氧化能力的影响
使用SOD、CAT、MDA、GSH-PX和考马斯亮兰试剂盒测定血清和器官的SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性,以及MDA和组织蛋白含量。结果显示:饮水添加40mg/L硼对大鼠血清各抗氧化指标无显著影响(P＞0.05);使95d多个器官SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性有显著升高,部分器官MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。添加80mg/L硼可显著升高95d大鼠血清SOD活性及部分器官SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);显著降低延髓和肝MDA含量(P＜0.05)。添加160mg/L硼对95d大鼠血清SOD和部分器官SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性,以及少数器官MDA含量有显著升高作用;对95d血清MDA含量及部分器官MDA含量、SOD和GSH-PX活性则有显著降低作用(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。添加320mg/L硼对65d大鼠血清MDA含量,95d大鼠血清和部分器官SOD活性,多个器官MDA含量,以及部分器官CAT和GSH-PX活性有显著升高作用(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);对95d血清和多个器官GSH-PX活性,部分SOD和CAT活性有显著降低作用(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。添加640mg/L硼对大鼠血清MDA含量及SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性多有显著影响,多数器官SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);对95d大鼠各器官MDA含量有明显升高作用。结果表明,饮水添加40～80mg/L硼可不同程度提高机体的抗氧化能力;添加320～640mg/L硼对机体的抗氧化系统则有不良影响甚至毒性作用。
4.硼对大鼠器官显微和超微结构的影响
利用光镜和电镜制片技术观察95d大鼠舌、胃、肝、睾丸、脾和腺垂体等6个器官的显微和超微结构。结果显示:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组各器官组织结构发育良好,器官结构清晰,各种细胞排列规则、整齐;细胞内胞核场染色质增多,胞质内线粒体、RER和高尔基复合体等细胞器发达,腺垂体分泌细胞体积增大,分泌颗粒数量增多;各器官和细胞的结构呈现功能旺盛状态。表明饮水添加40～80mg/L硼对大鼠各器官的组织结构与功能有较明显的促进与增强作用,其中以添加40mg/L硼组的作用效果最好。试验Ⅲ组大鼠各器官组织结构可见不同程度轻微病变,表明饮水添加160mg/L硼对大鼠舌、肝脏、胰腺、睾丸等器官发育及组织结构与功能有较轻微不良影响或损伤作用。试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组大鼠各器官显微和超微病变明显,舌丝状乳头顶部溶解,味蕾萎缩;胃黏膜上皮细胞坏死、脱落,胃底腺萎缩、结构混乱;肝细胞萎缩或肿胀,各种细胞器数量减少、结构不同程度破坏;睾丸萎缩,各种生精细胞显著减少,细胞内线粒体、高尔基复合体等细胞器破坏严重。各器官病理组织学变化与硼添加量存在明显相关性,表明饮水添加320和640mg/L硼对大鼠各器官发育及组织结构与功能有明显不良影响和损伤作用,甚至表现明显毒性作用。
Boron,a kind of nonmetal element,with low content in crust.Boron has been used in industry,agriculture,animal husbandry,cosmetics,medical treatment and some other fields.It was showed that the quantum vis boron has trophic action on human beings and animals during the recent years.It was indicated by some animal experiment,high dosage of boron was bad for growth,development,metabolism and some other physiological function of men and animals,and even toxic function.In this experiment,192 rats,with 0, 40,80,160,320,640 mg/L boron in the drinking water,and the effects of boron on the growth and organ development of some organs,the blood physiology and biochemistry, the ability of anti-oxidation of serum and some organs,and the microstructure and ultrastrcture of tongue,stomach,liver,pancreas,sperm,parorchis,testicle spleen adenohypophysis were studied.At same time,it was told mechanism of action of boron nutrition and toxic function on microstructure and ultrastrcture level.And in this article, there was a certain dose range of boron nutrition and toxic function for rats initially.The concrete result was showed:
1.Influence of growth and allelotaxy in rat by added to boron
The growth and allelotaxy were studied by detection of body weight,stem length and organic quality or length and calculation of Lee's and corresponding organ index. The results showed by added 40～320mg/L boron to drinking water,the BM、ADG、Lee's index、organ quality and intestinal length and index was not evidently influenced (p＞0.05) in rats,but there was a evident low in the quality of liver、adrenal gland、thymus and testicle of 65-days male rats(p＜0.05或p＜0.01).By added 40～80mg/L boron to drinking water,the most of organic quality in 95-days rats were not evidently rose(p＞0.05).By added 640mg/L boron to drinking water,the BM、ADG、Lee's index、organ quality and intestinal length and index was evidently influenced in rats(p＜0.05或p＜0.01).The results indicated that the growth and allelotaxy of rat were evidently promoted by added 40～80mg/L boron to drinking water,and evidently effected by added 160～320mg/L boron,and evidently repressed and even poisoned by added 640mg/L boron.
2.Influence of physiological and biochemical indicator in rat by added to boron
Influence of physiological and biochemical were studied by blood cell count, hemoglobin level dectection,partial serum biochemical indicator dectection,blood smear and haemocyte morphological observeation.The results showed:compared with control group of same age,the reticulocytes percentage of each experiment group exhibited different degree increasing,the RBC numbers and Hb content of experiment groupⅠandⅡmore raised significantly(P＜0.05),but the changes of the leucocytes percentage were more no significant(P＞0.05).The numbers of RBC and WBC,the content of Hb and the percentage of neutrophil,eosinophil and monocytic in experimental group fromⅢtoⅤdecreased significantly or most significantly(p＜0.05 or p＜0.01).Under the microscope, there were no obvious changers of all kinds of blood cells in experiment groupⅠ.In experiment group fromⅡtoⅤ,with the boron supplementation increasing,the deformed and disintegrated grew in number.The pyknotic nuclei of lymphocyte could be observed,The granulations in granular leukocyte decreased obviously or even vanished, and the nuclei in them were stained hardly,especially in experiment groupⅤ,some more segmented neutrophil with could be observed.The content of serum glucose in the experiment group was evidently lower than the control group on 65~(th) day,in which existed evident different in theⅢandⅤexperiment group(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),the content of serum glucose in theⅤexperiment group was evidently lower than the control group on 95~(th) day(P＜0.05).The activity of serum ALT in theⅢexperiment group with 65-days and 95-days was evidently lower than the control group(P＜0.05).The activity of serum AST was evidently raise in theⅤexperiment group with 65-days(P＜0.05), but lowed in theⅠandⅤexperiment group with 95-days(P＜0.05).The activity of serum ALP was evidently lowed in theⅤexperiment group with 65-days(P＜0.05).The content of serum Ca~(2+) was evidently rose in theⅤexperiment group with 65-days,but evidently or extremely lowed in theⅣandⅤexperiment group with 65-days andⅡ～Ⅳexperiment group with 95-days(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).The content of serum phosphorus was evidently lowed in theⅣandⅤexperiment group with 95-days(P＜0.05).The content of serum Mg~(2+) in theⅢexperiment group with 65-days andⅤexperiment group with 95-days was evidently lowed than the control group(P＜0.05).The results indicated that biochemical indicators serum were influenced to different degree by added 40～640mg/L boron to drinking water.
3.Influence of Boron on the ability of rat's serum and organs' anti-oxygen
The activity of SOD、CAT and GSH-PX was dectected by Coomassie light blue kit.The results showed it has no significant influence on each index of serum's anti-oxygen of rat by added 40mg/L boron into drinking water(P＞0.05).But activity of SOD,CAT and GSH-PX increased significantly of many organs of 95ds rat.Added 80 mg/L Boron,the activity of serum and SOD,CAT and GSH-PX of organs advanced notably on 95d,and the content of MDA of myelencephalon and liver depress significantly.Adding 160 mg/L Boron,activity of SOD of serum,hypothalamus,liver and pancreas,activity of CAT,GSH-PX of kidney and the content of MDA of pancreas and epididymal increase significantly.Content of MDA loss of 95d's rat's serum, hypothalamus and liver,SOD activity depress of myelencephalon and epididymis,and GSH-PX activity depress notably of myelencephalon,heart,lung and lymph node.Added 320 mg/L Boron,MDA content of serum of 65d's rat increases significantly,SOD activity of serum,liver,kidney,pancreas and spleen of 95d increase notably,many organs' MDA content and some organs' CAT and GSH-PX activity increase significantly.95d rat' serum and many organs' GSH-PX activity,SOD activity of myelencephalon and epididymal, CAT activity of liver and epididymal,depress notably.Added 640 mg/L Boron,it had significant or extreme significant influence of MDA content of serum and activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-PX of 65d and 95d rats.It had notably effect on 95d rat's organs content of MDA.Many organs' activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-PX lower than control group notably.The results indicated the anti-oxygen ability of body was enchanced to different degree by added 40～80mg/L boron to drinking water,but effected and even prisoned by added 320～640mg/L boron to drinking water.
4.Effect of Boron on the microstructure and ultrastructure of rat's organs
the microstructure and ultrastructure of tongue,stomach,liver,testicle,spleen and adenohypophysis in 95d rat's organs show that:inⅠandⅡexperimental groups, observation from light microscope,evey organ and tissue grow well,structures of each organ was clarity,cells arrange in rule.In cells,some organel such as Mitochondria,RER and golgi complex,were developed well,volume of extre cell in denohypophysis increased,number of secretory granules mainfolded,with high density.It showed us that appropriate content of Boron in drinking water can improved the structure and funciton of some organs obviously,when added 40mg/l,the effect was best.InⅢexperimental groups,it had some harmful or injury influence on the microstructure and ultrastructure of tongue,liver,pancreas and testicle in rat's organs,There was obvious damage effect on microstructure and ultrastructure of rat organs inⅣandⅤexperimental groups,It showed filiform papillae top of tongue dissolved,taste goblet shrunk back;stomach mucous membrane epithelium was necrosis and desquamated,fundic glands turned shrink back,structure in a mess;hepatocytes turned analosis or tumentia,the cell organs in cytoplasm decreased,and the structure was damaged in different degree,it showed orchiatrophy,the number of spermatogenic cells in contorted seminiferous tubules decreased significantly,epithelium on tubal wall was damaged terribly,and cell organs, such as mitochondria and golgi complex,etc.All those changes showed that,there would be bad and even toxic effect on development and structure of every organ in rat by supplement 320-640 mg/L boron in drinking water,and influenced function of organism and all organs terribly.
1.硼对大鼠生长及器官发育的影响
通过测定大鼠体重、体长和器官质量或长度,计算Lee's指数和相应器官指数,研究硼对雌雄大鼠生长和器官发育的影响。结果显示:饮水添加硼40～320mg/L对大鼠BM、ADG、Lee's指数、器官质量及肠管长度与指数多无显著影响(p＞0.05),对65d雄性大鼠肝、肾上腺、胸腺和睾丸质量有多有显著降低作用(p＜0.05或p＜0.01);添加硼40～80mg/L对95d大鼠器官质量多有升高作用,但差异不显著(p＞0.05);添加硼640mg/L对大鼠BM、ADG、Lee's指数和器官质量(或长度)及其指数多有显著影响(p＜0.05或p＜0.01)。结果表明,饮水添加硼40～80 mg/L对65d大鼠生长及器官发育有较明显促进作用;添加硼160～320mg/L多有较明显的不良影响;添加硼640mg/L则有明显的抑制甚至毒性作用。
2.硼对大鼠血液生理生化的影响
通过血细胞计数、血红蛋白含量测定、血清部分生化指标测定、血涂片染色及血细胞形态结构观察,研究硼对大鼠血液生理生化的影响。结果显示:与同日龄对照组相比较,各试验组网织红细胞数不同程度升高;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组红细胞数和血红蛋白含量多显著升高(P＜0.05),白细胞数和白细胞分类计数多无显著差异(P＞0.05);试验Ⅲ～Ⅴ组的红、白细胞数和血红蛋白含量显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)低于同日龄对照组,中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和单核细胞比例多显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),95d淋巴细胞比例显著升高(P＜0.05)。试验Ⅰ组红细胞和无粒白细胞形态结构无明显变化,有粒白细胞胞核体积增大;试验Ⅱ～Ⅴ组,随硼添加量增大,变形、破损、崩解的红细胞增多,淋巴细胞胞核先固缩后肿胀,有粒白细胞胞质内颗粒减少或消失,胞核难以着色,试验Ⅴ组多叶型中性粒细胞增多。试验Ⅰ～Ⅳ组血清胆固醇含量不同程度降低,试验Ⅴ组显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。65d试验Ⅲ、Ⅴ组和95d试验Ⅴ组血糖水平显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。各试验组血清TRP含量差异不显著(P＞0.05)。65d试验Ⅲ组和95d试验Ⅴ组血清ALT活性显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅴ组血清AST活性显著升高(P＜0.05),95d试验Ⅰ、Ⅴ组显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅴ组血清ALP活性显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅰ组血钙水平显著升高(P＜0.05),65试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组和95d试验Ⅱ～Ⅳ组显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。95d试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组血磷水平显著降低(P＜0.05)。65d试验Ⅲ组和95d试验Ⅴ组血镁水平显著下降(P＜0.05)。结果表明,饮水添加40mg/L硼对大鼠血细胞发生、增殖分化及形态结构与功能有明显促进作用;添加80～640mg/L硼对血细胞形态结构与功能有不同程度损伤,甚至毒性作用;饮水添加40～640mg/L硼对血清各项生化指标有不同程度的影响。
3.硼对大鼠血清和器官抗氧化能力的影响
使用SOD、CAT、MDA、GSH-PX和考马斯亮兰试剂盒测定血清和器官的SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性,以及MDA和组织蛋白含量。结果显示:饮水添加40mg/L硼对大鼠血清各抗氧化指标无显著影响(P＞0.05);使95d多个器官SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性有显著升高,部分器官MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。添加80mg/L硼可显著升高95d大鼠血清SOD活性及部分器官SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);显著降低延髓和肝MDA含量(P＜0.05)。添加160mg/L硼对95d大鼠血清SOD和部分器官SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性,以及少数器官MDA含量有显著升高作用;对95d血清MDA含量及部分器官MDA含量、SOD和GSH-PX活性则有显著降低作用(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。添加320mg/L硼对65d大鼠血清MDA含量,95d大鼠血清和部分器官SOD活性,多个器官MDA含量,以及部分器官CAT和GSH-PX活性有显著升高作用(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);对95d血清和多个器官GSH-PX活性,部分SOD和CAT活性有显著降低作用(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。添加640mg/L硼对大鼠血清MDA含量及SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性多有显著影响,多数器官SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);对95d大鼠各器官MDA含量有明显升高作用。结果表明,饮水添加40～80mg/L硼可不同程度提高机体的抗氧化能力;添加320～640mg/L硼对机体的抗氧化系统则有不良影响甚至毒性作用。
4.硼对大鼠器官显微和超微结构的影响
利用光镜和电镜制片技术观察95d大鼠舌、胃、肝、睾丸、脾和腺垂体等6个器官的显微和超微结构。结果显示:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组各器官组织结构发育良好,器官结构清晰,各种细胞排列规则、整齐;细胞内胞核场染色质增多,胞质内线粒体、RER和高尔基复合体等细胞器发达,腺垂体分泌细胞体积增大,分泌颗粒数量增多;各器官和细胞的结构呈现功能旺盛状态。表明饮水添加40～80mg/L硼对大鼠各器官的组织结构与功能有较明显的促进与增强作用,其中以添加40mg/L硼组的作用效果最好。试验Ⅲ组大鼠各器官组织结构可见不同程度轻微病变,表明饮水添加160mg/L硼对大鼠舌、肝脏、胰腺、睾丸等器官发育及组织结构与功能有较轻微不良影响或损伤作用。试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组大鼠各器官显微和超微病变明显,舌丝状乳头顶部溶解,味蕾萎缩;胃黏膜上皮细胞坏死、脱落,胃底腺萎缩、结构混乱;肝细胞萎缩或肿胀,各种细胞器数量减少、结构不同程度破坏;睾丸萎缩,各种生精细胞显著减少,细胞内线粒体、高尔基复合体等细胞器破坏严重。各器官病理组织学变化与硼添加量存在明显相关性,表明饮水添加320和640mg/L硼对大鼠各器官发育及组织结构与功能有明显不良影响和损伤作用,甚至表现明显毒性作用。
Boron,a kind of nonmetal element,with low content in crust.Boron has been used in industry,agriculture,animal husbandry,cosmetics,medical treatment and some other fields.It was showed that the quantum vis boron has trophic action on human beings and animals during the recent years.It was indicated by some animal experiment,high dosage of boron was bad for growth,development,metabolism and some other physiological function of men and animals,and even toxic function.In this experiment,192 rats,with 0, 40,80,160,320,640 mg/L boron in the drinking water,and the effects of boron on the growth and organ development of some organs,the blood physiology and biochemistry, the ability of anti-oxidation of serum and some organs,and the microstructure and ultrastrcture of tongue,stomach,liver,pancreas,sperm,parorchis,testicle spleen adenohypophysis were studied.At same time,it was told mechanism of action of boron nutrition and toxic function on microstructure and ultrastrcture level.And in this article, there was a certain dose range of boron nutrition and toxic function for rats initially.The concrete result was showed:
1.Influence of growth and allelotaxy in rat by added to boron
The growth and allelotaxy were studied by detection of body weight,stem length and organic quality or length and calculation of Lee's and corresponding organ index. The results showed by added 40～320mg/L boron to drinking water,the BM、ADG、Lee's index、organ quality and intestinal length and index was not evidently influenced (p＞0.05) in rats,but there was a evident low in the quality of liver、adrenal gland、thymus and testicle of 65-days male rats(p＜0.05或p＜0.01).By added 40～80mg/L boron to drinking water,the most of organic quality in 95-days rats were not evidently rose(p＞0.05).By added 640mg/L boron to drinking water,the BM、ADG、Lee's index、organ quality and intestinal length and index was evidently influenced in rats(p＜0.05或p＜0.01).The results indicated that the growth and allelotaxy of rat were evidently promoted by added 40～80mg/L boron to drinking water,and evidently effected by added 160～320mg/L boron,and evidently repressed and even poisoned by added 640mg/L boron.
2.Influence of physiological and biochemical indicator in rat by added to boron
Influence of physiological and biochemical were studied by blood cell count, hemoglobin level dectection,partial serum biochemical indicator dectection,blood smear and haemocyte morphological observeation.The results showed:compared with control group of same age,the reticulocytes percentage of each experiment group exhibited different degree increasing,the RBC numbers and Hb content of experiment groupⅠandⅡmore raised significantly(P＜0.05),but the changes of the leucocytes percentage were more no significant(P＞0.05).The numbers of RBC and WBC,the content of Hb and the percentage of neutrophil,eosinophil and monocytic in experimental group fromⅢtoⅤdecreased significantly or most significantly(p＜0.05 or p＜0.01).Under the microscope, there were no obvious changers of all kinds of blood cells in experiment groupⅠ.In experiment group fromⅡtoⅤ,with the boron supplementation increasing,the deformed and disintegrated grew in number.The pyknotic nuclei of lymphocyte could be observed,The granulations in granular leukocyte decreased obviously or even vanished, and the nuclei in them were stained hardly,especially in experiment groupⅤ,some more segmented neutrophil with could be observed.The content of serum glucose in the experiment group was evidently lower than the control group on 65~(th) day,in which existed evident different in theⅢandⅤexperiment group(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),the content of serum glucose in theⅤexperiment group was evidently lower than the control group on 95~(th) day(P＜0.05).The activity of serum ALT in theⅢexperiment group with 65-days and 95-days was evidently lower than the control group(P＜0.05).The activity of serum AST was evidently raise in theⅤexperiment group with 65-days(P＜0.05), but lowed in theⅠandⅤexperiment group with 95-days(P＜0.05).The activity of serum ALP was evidently lowed in theⅤexperiment group with 65-days(P＜0.05).The content of serum Ca~(2+) was evidently rose in theⅤexperiment group with 65-days,but evidently or extremely lowed in theⅣandⅤexperiment group with 65-days andⅡ～Ⅳexperiment group with 95-days(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).The content of serum phosphorus was evidently lowed in theⅣandⅤexperiment group with 95-days(P＜0.05).The content of serum Mg~(2+) in theⅢexperiment group with 65-days andⅤexperiment group with 95-days was evidently lowed than the control group(P＜0.05).The results indicated that biochemical indicators serum were influenced to different degree by added 40～640mg/L boron to drinking water.
3.Influence of Boron on the ability of rat's serum and organs' anti-oxygen
The activity of SOD、CAT and GSH-PX was dectected by Coomassie light blue kit.The results showed it has no significant influence on each index of serum's anti-oxygen of rat by added 40mg/L boron into drinking water(P＞0.05).But activity of SOD,CAT and GSH-PX increased significantly of many organs of 95ds rat.Added 80 mg/L Boron,the activity of serum and SOD,CAT and GSH-PX of organs advanced notably on 95d,and the content of MDA of myelencephalon and liver depress significantly.Adding 160 mg/L Boron,activity of SOD of serum,hypothalamus,liver and pancreas,activity of CAT,GSH-PX of kidney and the content of MDA of pancreas and epididymal increase significantly.Content of MDA loss of 95d's rat's serum, hypothalamus and liver,SOD activity depress of myelencephalon and epididymis,and GSH-PX activity depress notably of myelencephalon,heart,lung and lymph node.Added 320 mg/L Boron,MDA content of serum of 65d's rat increases significantly,SOD activity of serum,liver,kidney,pancreas and spleen of 95d increase notably,many organs' MDA content and some organs' CAT and GSH-PX activity increase significantly.95d rat' serum and many organs' GSH-PX activity,SOD activity of myelencephalon and epididymal, CAT activity of liver and epididymal,depress notably.Added 640 mg/L Boron,it had significant or extreme significant influence of MDA content of serum and activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-PX of 65d and 95d rats.It had notably effect on 95d rat's organs content of MDA.Many organs' activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-PX lower than control group notably.The results indicated the anti-oxygen ability of body was enchanced to different degree by added 40～80mg/L boron to drinking water,but effected and even prisoned by added 320～640mg/L boron to drinking water.
4.Effect of Boron on the microstructure and ultrastructure of rat's organs
the microstructure and ultrastructure of tongue,stomach,liver,testicle,spleen and adenohypophysis in 95d rat's organs show that:inⅠandⅡexperimental groups, observation from light microscope,evey organ and tissue grow well,structures of each organ was clarity,cells arrange in rule.In cells,some organel such as Mitochondria,RER and golgi complex,were developed well,volume of extre cell in denohypophysis increased,number of secretory granules mainfolded,with high density.It showed us that appropriate content of Boron in drinking water can improved the structure and funciton of some organs obviously,when added 40mg/l,the effect was best.InⅢexperimental groups,it had some harmful or injury influence on the microstructure and ultrastructure of tongue,liver,pancreas and testicle in rat's organs,There was obvious damage effect on microstructure and ultrastructure of rat organs inⅣandⅤexperimental groups,It showed filiform papillae top of tongue dissolved,taste goblet shrunk back;stomach mucous membrane epithelium was necrosis and desquamated,fundic glands turned shrink back,structure in a mess;hepatocytes turned analosis or tumentia,the cell organs in cytoplasm decreased,and the structure was damaged in different degree,it showed orchiatrophy,the number of spermatogenic cells in contorted seminiferous tubules decreased significantly,epithelium on tubal wall was damaged terribly,and cell organs, such as mitochondria and golgi complex,etc.All those changes showed that,there would be bad and even toxic effect on development and structure of every organ in rat by supplement 320-640 mg/L boron in drinking water,and influenced function of organism and all organs terribly.
引文
1.陈杰.家畜生理学.第4版.北京:中国农业出版社,2003,155-156
2.杜卓民.实用组织学技术.第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1998,14-15,47,92-95
3.高斌,高洪.氧自由基与细胞损伤.动物医学进展,2002,23(5):34-36
4.谷子林.断乳仔兔腹泻发生机制及生物活性物质的调控研究.[博士学位论文].哈尔滨:尔北农业大学,2004
5.顾有方,王珏,李升和,商常发,陈会良.不同硼水平对固始鸡胸腺胚后发育的影响.南京农业大学学报,2005a,28(4):85-89
6.顾有方,刘华,刘德义.安徽省部分地区猪血清硼含量检测与分析.动物医学进展,2005b,26(2):80-82
7.顾有方,刘小成,刘德义.安徽省部分地区牛血清硼含量检测与分析.中国农学通报,2005c,21(3):52-53,80
8.顾有方,吴冬晴,陈会良,王珏,商常发,刘德义.饮水中添加硼对肉鸡血清白由基代谢的影响.微量元素与健康研究,2007,24(5):5-7
9.贵州省氟骨症预防与治疗研究组.复方硼对氟骨症的治疗效果观察.贵州医学杂忠,1984,9:56-59
10.郭东升,董国栋,刘远升.硼与动物营养.河南农业科学,2001,11:29
11.韩正康.家畜生理学.第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2001,15-19
12.郝智慧,袁缨.动物营养中的微量元素硼.饲料研究,1999,1:13-14
13.何明,涂长春,黄起壬,李萍,李晓宇,彭维杰.Lee's指数用于评价成年大鼠肥胖程度的探讨.中国临床药理学与治疗学杂志,1997,2(3):177-179
14.胡彩虹.无机硼在动物营养上的研究.饲料工业,1999,20(8):35-36
15.黄志坚,林藩平,邱承亮.富硒酵母对奶牛抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响.营养学报,2004.26(1):27-30
16.籍雪平,倪瑞星,康维钧,邱志宏.紫外分光光度法直接测定血清及脑组织中磷.中国卫生检验杂志,2000,12(10):688
17.景亚武,易静,高飞.活性氧:从毒性分子到信号分子-ROS与细胞的增殖,分化和凋亡及其信号转导途径.细胞生物学杂志,2003,25(4):197-202
18.康龙丽,郭雄,许鹏,曹晖,杜晓阳.硼对过量氟引致骨与软骨损害的治疗作用.国外医学医学地理分册,2005,26(1):43-46
19.孔祥峰,尹富贵,刘合军,印遇龙,邢芳芳,何庆华,李铁军,黄瑞林,张平.早期断奶仔猪生理生化参数和脏器指数的变化.中国实验动物学报,2006,14(4):298-302
20.郎赟超,刘丛强,赵志琦.硼及其同位素对水体污染物的示踪研究.地学前缘,2002,9(1):409-415
21.李光辉,贺普霄.畜禽微量元素性疾病[M].安徽:安徽科技出版社,1990:172-175
22.李升和,顾有方,王珏.硼中毒对固始鸡生长性能及胸腺发育的影响.南京农业大学学报,2005,28(1):135-138
23.李升和,范光丽,彭克美,王珏,金光明,陈会良,顾有方.不同硼水平对固始鸡脾发育的影响.中国兽医科学,2008a,38(1):63-67
24.李升和,顾有方,范光丽,王珏,彭克美,金光明,陈会良,商常发.饮水添加不同水平硼对固始鸡免疫器官发育的影响.中国免疫学杂志,2008b,24(1):47-48
25.梁岩,聂志文,崔良生,李文艳,黄长青.硼在人群中的暴露.国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(1):31-37
26.廖力夫,黎唯,王诚,聂时铖.灰仓鼠重要内脏器官生长指数及其变化.兽类学报,2002,22(4):299-304
27.林华,苏艳红.硼与人体健康及运动关系的研究进展.广东微量元素科学,2003,10(2):10-13
28.刘大森,单安山,孙金艳.脲酶抑制剂硼砂对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,2004a,35(4):437-440
29.刘大森,单安山,谢小来,孙金艳.停喂硼砂后绵羊瘤胃及饲喂硼砂绵羊消化道不同部位脲酶、氨、和尿素水平的变化.畜牧与兽医,2004b,36(6):17-18
30.刘大森,单安山,张鹏.硼砂对绵羊瘤胃微生物数量、酶活性及血液生化指标的影响.东北农业大学学报,2004c,35(5):584-589
31.刘明生,甘辉群.不同硒源对肉鸡血清中与自由基有关酶活力的影响研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007(4):50-51
32.刘平,胡伟,吴国平,魏复盛.硼的生物效应及健康影响研究进展.世界科技研究与发展,2003,25(6):6-11
33.刘平,胡伟,魏复盛,许军,吴国平,Xun lin,Robbins WA.硼暴露对男性精液质量影响.中国公共卫生,2006a,22(8):940-942
34.刘平,胡伟,许军,Robbins WA,吴国平,魏复盛.硼暴露对男性精液质量的影响.中国环境科学,2006b,26(1):43-47
35.刘平,王春利,胡俊峰,Lin Xun,Robbins WA,吴国平,魏复盛.硼作业工人配偶妊娠结局的初步研究.中国公共卫生,2005,21(5):567-568
36.刘雨田,郭中文.微量元素硼的研究近况.国外畜牧学:猪与禽,2000,4:12-14
37.刘铮著.微量元素的农业化学[M].北京:农业出版社,1991:129
38.罗克.家禽解剖学与组织学[M].福建:福建科学技术出版社,1983:168-175
39.吕林,袁缨.硼对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及其在组织器官中富集的研究.动物营养学报,2003,15(1):49-53
40.毛宇彬 译.硼仔实验动物和人体的动力学和代谢,国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(2): 77-79
41.彭克美,张登荣.组织学与胚胎学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.53-59,100-115
42.秦俊法.硼的生物必需性及人体健康效应.广东微量元素科学,1999,6(9):1-14
43.区炳庆,赵海全,何丽烂.多黏菌素对雏鸡不同组织中SOD活性及丙二醛含量的影响.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003(3):7-9
44.商常发,郭长进,顾有方,陈会良,刘德义,张明星.饮水硼对鸡组织硼含量的影响.安徽技术师范学院学报,2003,17(3):196-198
45.商常发,顾有方,陈会良,刘德义,徐朋,张明星.硼对鸡组织器官硼含量及其健康状况的影响.中国兽医学报,2005,25(3):314-315
46.商常发,顾有方,莫俊生,陈会良.硼对鸡10项生理生化指标的影响.中国兽医学报,2007,27(2):221-223
47.上海第一医学院.组织学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1983:584-586,590-597
48.史言.兽医临床诊断学.第2版.北京:农业出版社,1985.209-216
49.孙金艳,刘大森,潘玉武,张鹏.硼对绵羊血液生化指标的影响.东北农业大学学报,2004,35(2):154-158
50.孙金艳.硼对绵羊营养作用的研究.[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2004
51.孙青菊,徐成,王学敏.氧自由基与线粒体关系的研究进展.中国临床医药实用杂志,2004,(12):61-63
52.王春利,邢小茹,吴国平,司杨,魏复盛.宽甸土壤及部分农作物中硼的分布及污染分析.中国环境监测,2003,19(5):4-7
53.王珏,顾有方,李升和,商常发,陈会良.硼中毒对固始鸡空肠发育的影响.中国兽医学报,2005,25(5):514-517
54.王珏,李升和,金光明,商常发,陈会良,顾有方.饮水硼对动物空肠发育的影响.微量元素与健康研究,2007,24(2):1-4
55.王俊东.兽医药实验室检验技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2005:25,58
56.王夔.生命科学中的微量元素.第2版.[M].北京:中国计量出版社,1996,377-402
57.王燕,赵毅.左归饮对老年小鼠抗氧化作用及胸腺脾脏指数的影响.中国实验方剂学杂志,2007,13(3):67-69
58.王有明,林继和,朱保卫.高硼对动物健康和生产性能的影响.饲料博览,1999,11(6):10-11
59.魏春,邢小茹,张海波,吴国平,魏复盛.宽甸县水中硼的背景浓度及污染现状分析.生态学杂志,2005,24(3):327-329
60.向丽华,陈燕萍,张智,闪增郁,于智敏,吕爱平.24味有毒中药长期毒性实验对大鼠脏器指数的影响.中国中医基础医学杂志,2006,12(1):35-36;52
61.邢小茹,魏复盛,吴国平,荀琳,Robbins WA,王春利,魏春,姜欣,葛宏斌.硼污染的 个人暴露剂量及其代谢的研究,中国环境科学,2005,25(3):271-274
62.邢小茹,魏复盛,胡伟,吴国平,王春利.尿硼浓度预测人体日硼暴露剂量.环境科学,2006a,27(6):1208-1211
63.邢小茹,魏复盛,吴国平,胡伟,王春利.人体硼暴露生物标志物的筛选研究.环境科学学报,2006b,26(2):323-330
64.邢小茹,吴国平,魏复盛,王春利,魏春,姜欣.硼工业地区人群硼的日饮食摄入量.环境与健康杂志,2007,24(3):125-127
65.杨赵军,硼在动物营养中的作用.中国饲料,1997,15期,27
66.叶应妩,王琉三.全国I临床检验操作规程.南京:东南大学出版社,1997,191-196
67.阴天榜,刘兴友.家禽免疫学[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.1999,1-9,94-117
68.于平.超氧化物歧化酶研究进展.生物学通报,2006,41(1):445
69.袁缨,吕林.添加硼对肉仔鸡组织器官中硼的富集和铁、铜、锰、锌含量韵影响,沈阳农业大学学报,2002,33(1):53-56
70.张德莉,朱圣姬,罗光富,黄应平,袁丁,刘立明.自由基与DNA氧化损伤的研究进展.三峡大学学报(自然科学版)),2004,26(6):563-567
71.张华 译.硼的生理作用及其对人体健康影响的评估.国外医学医学地理分册,2001,22(1):9-10
72.张秀丽,孙海波.人体和环境硼暴露的来源.国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(2):73-74
73.赵晶,白云.自由基相关疾病研究进展.生物学教学,2003,28(4):6-8
74.赵清志,安桂华译.硼对人体的毒性作用.国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(1):29-30
75.郑爱娟,吕林,王鹏,袁缨.硼对肉仔鸡脂类代谢和生产性能的影响.畜禽业,2002,10:14-15
76.Argust P.Distribution of Boron in the environment.Biol Tr Elem Res,1998,66:131-143
77.Armstrong T A,Spears J W,Crenshaw T D,Nielsen F H.Boron supplementation of a Semipurified Diet for Weanling Pigs Improves Feed Efficiency and Borne Strength Characteristics and Alters Lipid Metabolites.J.Nutr.2000,139:2575-2581
78.Armstrong T A,Spears J W,Lloyd K E.Inflammatory response,growth,and thyroid hormone concentrations are affected by long-term Boron supplementation in gilts.J.Anim.Sci.,2001a,79(6):1549-1556
79.Armstrong T A,Spears J W,Lloyd K E.Inflammatory response,growth,and thyroid hormone concentrations are affected by long-term Boron supplementation in gilts.J.Anita.Sci.,2001b,79(6):1549-1556
80.Armstrong T A,Spears J W.Effect of dietary boron on growth performance,calcium and phosphorus metabolism,and bone mechanical properties in growing barrows.J.Anim.Sci.2001c,79:3120-3127
81. Armstrong T A, Flowers W L, Spears J W, Nielsen F H. Long-term effects of born supplementation on reproductive characteristics and bone mechanical properties in gilts. J.Anim.Sci.,2002, 80: 154-161
82. Armstrong T A, Spears J W. Effect of dietary boron of pig diets on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ . J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 81: 2552-2561
83. Bai Y, Hunt C D. Dietary Boron alleviates adjuvant-induced arthritis(AIA) in rats. Faseb J.1995, 9:A576.
84. Bai Y, Hunt C D. Dietary Boron(B) increases serum antibody concentrations in rats immunized with heat-killed Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(MT). FASEB J. 1996, 10: A819
85. Bakken N A. Dietary Boron modifies the effect of vitamin D nutriture on energy metabolism and. bone morphology in chicks[D], MS thesis, University of North Dakota, 1995
86.. Bakken N A, Hunt C D. Dietary Boron Decreases PeaK Pancreatic In Situ Insulin Release in Chicks and Plasma Insulin Concentrations in Rats Regardless of Vitamin D or Magnesium Status. J.Nutr, 2003, 133:3577-3583
87. Benderdour M, Hess K, Gadet M D, Dousset B. Effect of Boric Acid Solution on Cartilage Metabolism. Biochemical and Biophysical Research communications, 1997, 234: 263-268
88. Benderdour M, Bui-Van T, Dicko A, Bellevillle E. In vivo and in vitro effects of Boron and Boron compounds. J T race Elem. Med. Biol, 1998,12:227
89. Blevins D G, Lukaszewski K M. Proposed Physiologic Functions of Boron in Plants Pertinent to Animal and Human Metabolism. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 31-33
90. Chapin R E, Ku W W. The reproductive toxicity of boric acid. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl.7): 87-91
91. Chapin R E, Ku W W, Kenney M A, McCoy H, Gladen B, Park T, Carolina N, Station A E. The Effects of Dietary Boron on Bone Strength in Rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 1997, 35:205-215
92. Coughlin J R. Symposium overview: Essentiality vs. toxicity of trace elements: New approaches to risk assessment - Boron as a case study. J Tr Elem Exp Med. 1996, 9(4): 133-135
93. Culver B D, Shen P T, Taylor T H, Lee-Feldstein A, Anton-Culver H, Strong P L. The Relationship of Blood-and Urine-Boron to Boron Exposure in Borax-Workers and the Usefulness of Urine-Boron as an Exposure Marker. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 133-137
94. Devirian T A, Volpe S L. The physiological effects of dietary boron. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2003, 43(2): 219-231
95. Dieter M P. Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Boric Acid in Male and Female B6C3F Mice. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 93-97
96. Dupre J N, Keenan M J, Hegsted M, Brudevold A M. Effects of Dietary Boron in Rats Fed a Vitamin D-deficient Diet. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 55-58
97. Eckhert C D. Boron stimulates embryonic trout growth. J.Nutr.1998, 128(12): 2488-2493
98. Elliot M A, Edwards H M Jr. Studies to determine whether an interaction exists among Boron, calcium, and cholecalciferol on the skeletal development of broiler chickens. Poult Sci., 1992, 71(4): 677-690
99. Elsair J, Merad M, Demine R. Boron as an antidote against fluoride intoxication in rabbits. Fluoride, 1980,13: 30-38
100. Fail P A, Chapin R E, Price C J, Heindel J J. General Reproductive, Developmental, And Endocrine Toxicity Of Boronated compounds. Reproductive Toxieology, 1998,12(1): 1-18
101.Fairbrother A, Fix M, O'Hara T, etc. Impairment of growth and immune function of avocet chicks from sites with elevated selenium, arsenic, and Boron. J Wildl Dis. 1994, 30(2): 222-233
102. Fort D L, Propst T L, Stover E L, etc. Adverse reproductive and developmental effects in Xenopus from insufficient Boron. Biol. Tr. Elem. Res. 1998, 66: 237-259
103. Fort D J. Boron deficiency disables Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation events. Biol Trace Elem Res., 2002, 85(2): 157-69
104. Geyikoglu F, Turkez H. Acute toxicity of boric acid on energy metabolism of the breast muscle in broiler chickens. Biologia, Bratislava. 2007,62(1): 112-117
105. Green N R, Ferrando A A. Plasma Boron and the Effects of Boron Supplementation in Males. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 73-77
106. Gu Y F, Li S H, Wang J, Shang C F, Chen H L. Effects of boron poisoning on thymus development in Gushi chickens. Indian Vet. J. 2007, 84(6): 584-586
107. Hall I H, Chen S Y, Rajendran K G, Sood A, Spielvogel B F, Shih J. Hypolipidemic, Anti-obesity. Anti-inflammatory, Anti-osteoporotic, and Anti-neoplastic Properties of Amine Carboxyboranes. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 3): 21-30
108. Hegsted M, Keenan M J, Siver F, etc. Effect of Boron on vitamin D deficient rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991, 28(3): 243-255
109. Heindel J J, Price C J, Schwetz B A. The Developmental Toxicity of Boric Acid in Mice, Rats, and Rabbits. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl 7): 107-112
110. Howe PD. A review of Boron effects in the environment[J]. Biol Tr Elem Res, 1998, 66:153-166.
111. Huel G, Yazbeck C, Burnel D, Missy P, Kloppmann W. environmental Boron Exposure and Activity of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALA-D) in a Newborn Population. Toxicological Sciences, 2004, 80: 304-309
112. Jansen J A, Andersen J, Schou J S. Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. Arch Toxicol. 1984,55(1): 64-67
113. Hunt C D, Nielsen F. Interaction between Boron and cholecalciferol in the chick[A]. Trace Element Metabolism in Men and Animals-Vol.4[C]. Australian Academy of Science: Gawthorne J, White C. eds. Canberra, 1981: 597-600
114. Hunt C D. Dietary Boron modified the effect of magnesium and molybdenum on mineral metabolism in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick. Biol Tr Elem Res. 1989, 22(2): 201-220
115. Hunt C D, Herbel J L. Effects of dietary Boron on calcium and mineral metabolism in the streptozotocin-injected, vitamin D3-deprived rat. MagnesTrace Elem., 1991-92, 10(5-6): 387-408
116. Hunt C D, Herbel J L, Idso J P. Dietary Boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. J Bone Miner Res, 1994a, 9(2): 171-182
117. Hunt C D, Herbel J L. Boron affects energy metabolism in the streptozotocin-injected, vitamin D3-deprived Nielsen FH.Biochemical and physiologic consequences of Boron deprivation in humans. Environ Health Perspect, 1994b, 102: 59-63
118. Hunt C D. The biochemical of physiologic amounts of dietary boron in animal nutrition models. Environ Health Perspect. 1994c, 102(Suppl.7): 35-43
119. Hunt C D, Stoecker B J. Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for Boron, chromium and fluoride dietary recommendations. J. Nutr., 1996, 126(Suppl.9):2441S-2451S
120. Hunt C D, Herbel J L, Nielsen F H. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary Boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: Boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65(3): 803-813
121. Hunt C D. One possible role of dietary Boron in higher animals and humans. Biol Tr Elem Res, 1998, 66(1-3): 205-225
122. Hunt C D. Dietary boron: An overview of the evidence for its role in immune function. J Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 2003, 16: 291-306
123. Hunt C D, Friel J K, Johnson L K. Boron concentrations in mild from mothers of full-term and premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004, 80: 1327-1333
124. Hunt C D, Butte N F, Johnson L K. Boron Concentrations in Milk from Mothers Exclusively Breast-Fed Healthy Full-Term Infants Are Stable during the first Four Months of Lactation. J.Nutr. 2005, 135: 2383-2386
125. King N, Odom T W, Sampson H W, etc. The effect of in vivo Boron supplementation on bone mineralization of vitamin D3 deficient chicken embryo. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res., 1991, 31(3): 223-233
126. Konarzewski M, Diamond J M. Evolution of basal metabolic rates and organ masses in laboratory mice [J].Evolution,1995,49:1239-1248
127. Ku W W, Chapin R E, Moseman R F, Etc. Tissue disposition of Boron in male Fischer rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991,111(1): 145-151
128. Ku W W, Chapin R E. Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(suppl.7): 99-105
129. Ku W W, Chapin R E. Testicular toxicity of boric acid(BA): relationship of dose to lesion development and recovery in the F344 rat. Reprod Toxicol, 1993,7(4): 305-319
130. Kurtoglu V, Kurtoglu F, Coskun B. Effects of boron supplementation of adequate and inadequate vitamin D_3-containing diet on performance and serum biochemical characters of broiler chickens. Research Veterinary Science, 2001, 71: 183-187
131. Kurtoglu F, Kurtoglu V, Celik I, et al. Effects of dietary boron supplementation on some biochemical parameters, peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic plasma cells and bone characteristics of broiler chicks given diets with adequate or inadequate cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) content. British poultry science, 2005, 46(1):87-96.
132. Lanoue L, Taubeneck M W, Muniz J, etc. Assessing the effects of low Boron diets on embryonic and fetal development in rodents using in vitro and in vivo model systems. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998,66:261-298
133. Lanoue L, Strong P A, Keen C L. Adverse effects of a low Boron environment on the preimplantation development of mouse embryos in vitro. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 1999,121: 235-250
134. Loomis W D, Durst R W. Review: chemistry and biology of Boron. Biofactors, 1992, 3: 229-239
135. Massie H R. Effect of dietary Boron on the Aging Process. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 45-48
136. Mccoy H, Kinniy M A, Montgomery C, Lrwin A, Williams L, Orrell R. Relation of Boron to the Composition and Mechanical Properties of Bone. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 49-53
137. Meacham S L, Taper L J, Volpe S L. Effects of Boron Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Dietary, Blood, and Urinary Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Boron in Female Athletes. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 79-82
138. Moseman R F. Chemical Disposition of Boron in Animals and Humans. Environ Health Perspect, 1994b, 102(Suppl 7): 113-117
139. Murray F J. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Boron (Boric Acid and Borax) in Drinking Water. Rlculatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1995, 22: 221-230
140. Murray F J. Issues in Boron risk assessment: Pivotal study, uncertainty factors, and ADIs. J Trace Elem Exp Med. 1996,9: 231-243
141. Naghii M R, Samman S. The Effect Of Boron On Plasma Testosterone And Plasma Lipids In Rats. Nutrition Research, 1997, 17(3): 523-531
142. Naghii M R. The significance of dietary Boron, with particular reference to athletes. Nutr Health, 1999,13: 31-37
143. Naghii MR, Samman s, et al. The effect of boron supplementation on the distribution of boron in selected tissues and on testosterone synthesis in rats[J]. J.Nutr. Biochem, 1996, 7: 507-512.
144. Newnham R E. Essentiality of Boron for Healthy Bones and Joints. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 83-85
145. Nielsen F H, Hunt C D, Mullen L M, Hunt J R. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB J., 1987,1: 394-397
146. Nielsen F H. Mullen L M, Gallagher S K, etc. Effects of dietary Boron, aluminum and magnesium on serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus, and plasma cholesterol in postmenopausal women[A].Trace Elements in Man and Animals(Vol. 6) [C]. New York: Plenum Press, 1988:187-188
147. Nielsen F H. Boron-an overlooked element of potential nutritional importance. Nutr Today, 1988: 4-7
148. Nielsen F H. Nutritonal requirements for boron, silicon,vanadium, nickel, and arsenic: current knowledge and speculation. FASEB J. 1991, 5: 2661-2667
149. Nielsen F H, Mullen L M, Gallagher S K. Effect of Boron depletion and repletion on blood indicators of calcium status in humans fed a magnesium-low diet. J Trace Elem Exp Med,1990, 3: 45-54
150. Nielsen F H, Shuler T R. Studies of the interaction between Boron and calcium, and its modification by magnesium and potassium in rats; effects on growth, blood variables, and bone mineral composition. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992, 35(3): 225-237
151. Nielsen F H. Biochemical and Physiologic Consequences of Boron Deprivation in Humans. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 59-63
152. Nielsen FH. Boron in human and animal nutrition. Plant and Soil, 1997, 193: 199-208
153. Nielsen F H. Nutritional requirements for Boron, silicon, vanadium, nickel, and arsenic: current knowledge and speculation. FASEB J. 1991 Sep. 5(12): 2661-2667
154. NRC. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants[M]. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, 1984
155. Nzietchueng R M, Dousset B, Franck P, Benderdour M, Nabet P, Hess K. Mechanisms implicated in the effects of boron on wound healing. J.Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2002, 16: 239-244
156. Pahl M V, Culver B D, Strong P L, Murray F J, Vaziri N D. The Effect of Pregnancy on Renal Clearance of Boron in Humans:A Study Based on Normal Dietary Intake of Boron.Toxicological Sciences,2002,60:252-256
157.Penland J G.Dietary Boron,brain function,and cognitive performance.Environ Health Perspect.1994,102(Suppl.7):65-72
158.Penland J G.The importance of Boron nutrition for brain and psychological function.Biol Trace Eiem Res,1998,66(1-3):299-317
159.Price C J,Strong P L,Murray F J,Goldberg M M.Blood Boron Concentrations In Pregnant Rats Fed Boric Acid ThrouGhout Gestation.Reproductive Toxicology,1997,11(6):833-842
160.Qin X,Klandorf H.Effect of dietary Boron supplementation on egg production,shell quality,and calcium metabolism in aged broiler breeder hens.Poult Sci.,1991,70(10):2131-2138
161.Rainey C J,Christensen R E,Nyquist L A,etc.Boron daily intake from the American diet.FASEB J.1996,10(3):A785
162.Rainey C J,Nyquist L.Multi-country estimation of dietary Boron intake.Biol Trace Elem Res.1998,66:79-86
163.Rossi A F,Mile R D,Damron B L.The effect of Boron supplementation to broilers fed a practical corn-soybean meal diet.poultry science,1989,68(1-3):202
164.Rossi A F,Mile R D,Damron B L,et al.Effects of dietary Boron supplementation on broiler.Poult Sci,1993,72:2124-2130
165.Rowe R I,Eckhert C D.Boron is essential for zebrafish embryogenesis.FASEB J 1999,12:A205:1193-1198
166.Rowe R I,Eckhert C D.Boron is required for zebrafish embryogenesis.J.Exp.Biol.1999,202(12):1649-1654
167.Samman S,Naghii M R,Lyons Wall P M,etc.The nutritional and metabolic effects of Boron in humans and animals.Biol Tr Elem Res.1998,66:227-235
168.Shah S A.,Vohora S B.Boron enhances anti-arthritic effects of garlic oil.Fitoterapia 1990,61:121-126
169.Steidl L,Ditmaar R,Kubicek R.Biochemical findings in osteoporosis,role of magnesium.Cas Lek Cesk,1990,129:1-5
170.Travers R L,Rennie G C,Newnham R E.Boron and arthritis:the results of a double-blind pilot study.J Nutr Med.1990,1:127-132
171.Vanderpool R A,Hoff D,Johnson P E,et al.Use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry in Boron-10 Stable Isotope Experiments with Plants,Rats,and Humans.Environ Health Perspect,1994,102(Suppl 7):13-20
172.Vaziri N D,Oveisi F,Culver B D,Pahl M V,Andersen M E,Strong P L,Murray F J.The effect of pregnancy on renal clearance of boron in rats given boric acid orally.Toxicological Sciences, 2001,60:257-263
173. Wallace J M W, Hannon-Fletcher M P A, Robson P J, Gilmore W S, Hubbard S A, Strain J J. Boron supplementation and activated factor vll in healthy men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002, 56: 1102-1107
174. Watson R R, eds. Hunt, C D. Dietary Boron deficiency and supplementation. Trace Elements in Laboratory Rodents, CRC Press Boca Raton, FL., 1996: 229-253
175. WHO. Environ Health Criteria[R]. 1998, 204: 105-144
176. Whorton D, Haas J, Trent L. Reproductive Effects of Inorganic Borates on Male employees: Birth Rate Assessment. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 129-131
177. Wilson J H, Ruszler P L. Effect of dietary Boron supplementation on laying hens. Br Poult Sci.,1996, 37(4): 723-729
178. Wilson J H, Ruszler P L. Effects of Boron on growing pullets. Biol Trace Elem Res, 1997, 56(3): 287-294
179. Wilson J H, Ruszler P L. Long term effects of boron on layer bone strength and production parameters. British Poultry Science, 1998, 39: 11-15
180. World Health Organization.Trace elements in human nutrition and health.Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Orgnization of the United Nations and the Intrenational Atomic Energy Agenva: WHO: 1996: 175-179
2.杜卓民.实用组织学技术.第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1998,14-15,47,92-95
3.高斌,高洪.氧自由基与细胞损伤.动物医学进展,2002,23(5):34-36
4.谷子林.断乳仔兔腹泻发生机制及生物活性物质的调控研究.[博士学位论文].哈尔滨:尔北农业大学,2004
5.顾有方,王珏,李升和,商常发,陈会良.不同硼水平对固始鸡胸腺胚后发育的影响.南京农业大学学报,2005a,28(4):85-89
6.顾有方,刘华,刘德义.安徽省部分地区猪血清硼含量检测与分析.动物医学进展,2005b,26(2):80-82
7.顾有方,刘小成,刘德义.安徽省部分地区牛血清硼含量检测与分析.中国农学通报,2005c,21(3):52-53,80
8.顾有方,吴冬晴,陈会良,王珏,商常发,刘德义.饮水中添加硼对肉鸡血清白由基代谢的影响.微量元素与健康研究,2007,24(5):5-7
9.贵州省氟骨症预防与治疗研究组.复方硼对氟骨症的治疗效果观察.贵州医学杂忠,1984,9:56-59
10.郭东升,董国栋,刘远升.硼与动物营养.河南农业科学,2001,11:29
11.韩正康.家畜生理学.第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2001,15-19
12.郝智慧,袁缨.动物营养中的微量元素硼.饲料研究,1999,1:13-14
13.何明,涂长春,黄起壬,李萍,李晓宇,彭维杰.Lee's指数用于评价成年大鼠肥胖程度的探讨.中国临床药理学与治疗学杂志,1997,2(3):177-179
14.胡彩虹.无机硼在动物营养上的研究.饲料工业,1999,20(8):35-36
15.黄志坚,林藩平,邱承亮.富硒酵母对奶牛抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响.营养学报,2004.26(1):27-30
16.籍雪平,倪瑞星,康维钧,邱志宏.紫外分光光度法直接测定血清及脑组织中磷.中国卫生检验杂志,2000,12(10):688
17.景亚武,易静,高飞.活性氧:从毒性分子到信号分子-ROS与细胞的增殖,分化和凋亡及其信号转导途径.细胞生物学杂志,2003,25(4):197-202
18.康龙丽,郭雄,许鹏,曹晖,杜晓阳.硼对过量氟引致骨与软骨损害的治疗作用.国外医学医学地理分册,2005,26(1):43-46
19.孔祥峰,尹富贵,刘合军,印遇龙,邢芳芳,何庆华,李铁军,黄瑞林,张平.早期断奶仔猪生理生化参数和脏器指数的变化.中国实验动物学报,2006,14(4):298-302
20.郎赟超,刘丛强,赵志琦.硼及其同位素对水体污染物的示踪研究.地学前缘,2002,9(1):409-415
21.李光辉,贺普霄.畜禽微量元素性疾病[M].安徽:安徽科技出版社,1990:172-175
22.李升和,顾有方,王珏.硼中毒对固始鸡生长性能及胸腺发育的影响.南京农业大学学报,2005,28(1):135-138
23.李升和,范光丽,彭克美,王珏,金光明,陈会良,顾有方.不同硼水平对固始鸡脾发育的影响.中国兽医科学,2008a,38(1):63-67
24.李升和,顾有方,范光丽,王珏,彭克美,金光明,陈会良,商常发.饮水添加不同水平硼对固始鸡免疫器官发育的影响.中国免疫学杂志,2008b,24(1):47-48
25.梁岩,聂志文,崔良生,李文艳,黄长青.硼在人群中的暴露.国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(1):31-37
26.廖力夫,黎唯,王诚,聂时铖.灰仓鼠重要内脏器官生长指数及其变化.兽类学报,2002,22(4):299-304
27.林华,苏艳红.硼与人体健康及运动关系的研究进展.广东微量元素科学,2003,10(2):10-13
28.刘大森,单安山,孙金艳.脲酶抑制剂硼砂对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,2004a,35(4):437-440
29.刘大森,单安山,谢小来,孙金艳.停喂硼砂后绵羊瘤胃及饲喂硼砂绵羊消化道不同部位脲酶、氨、和尿素水平的变化.畜牧与兽医,2004b,36(6):17-18
30.刘大森,单安山,张鹏.硼砂对绵羊瘤胃微生物数量、酶活性及血液生化指标的影响.东北农业大学学报,2004c,35(5):584-589
31.刘明生,甘辉群.不同硒源对肉鸡血清中与自由基有关酶活力的影响研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007(4):50-51
32.刘平,胡伟,吴国平,魏复盛.硼的生物效应及健康影响研究进展.世界科技研究与发展,2003,25(6):6-11
33.刘平,胡伟,魏复盛,许军,吴国平,Xun lin,Robbins WA.硼暴露对男性精液质量影响.中国公共卫生,2006a,22(8):940-942
34.刘平,胡伟,许军,Robbins WA,吴国平,魏复盛.硼暴露对男性精液质量的影响.中国环境科学,2006b,26(1):43-47
35.刘平,王春利,胡俊峰,Lin Xun,Robbins WA,吴国平,魏复盛.硼作业工人配偶妊娠结局的初步研究.中国公共卫生,2005,21(5):567-568
36.刘雨田,郭中文.微量元素硼的研究近况.国外畜牧学:猪与禽,2000,4:12-14
37.刘铮著.微量元素的农业化学[M].北京:农业出版社,1991:129
38.罗克.家禽解剖学与组织学[M].福建:福建科学技术出版社,1983:168-175
39.吕林,袁缨.硼对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及其在组织器官中富集的研究.动物营养学报,2003,15(1):49-53
40.毛宇彬 译.硼仔实验动物和人体的动力学和代谢,国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(2): 77-79
41.彭克美,张登荣.组织学与胚胎学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.53-59,100-115
42.秦俊法.硼的生物必需性及人体健康效应.广东微量元素科学,1999,6(9):1-14
43.区炳庆,赵海全,何丽烂.多黏菌素对雏鸡不同组织中SOD活性及丙二醛含量的影响.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003(3):7-9
44.商常发,郭长进,顾有方,陈会良,刘德义,张明星.饮水硼对鸡组织硼含量的影响.安徽技术师范学院学报,2003,17(3):196-198
45.商常发,顾有方,陈会良,刘德义,徐朋,张明星.硼对鸡组织器官硼含量及其健康状况的影响.中国兽医学报,2005,25(3):314-315
46.商常发,顾有方,莫俊生,陈会良.硼对鸡10项生理生化指标的影响.中国兽医学报,2007,27(2):221-223
47.上海第一医学院.组织学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1983:584-586,590-597
48.史言.兽医临床诊断学.第2版.北京:农业出版社,1985.209-216
49.孙金艳,刘大森,潘玉武,张鹏.硼对绵羊血液生化指标的影响.东北农业大学学报,2004,35(2):154-158
50.孙金艳.硼对绵羊营养作用的研究.[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2004
51.孙青菊,徐成,王学敏.氧自由基与线粒体关系的研究进展.中国临床医药实用杂志,2004,(12):61-63
52.王春利,邢小茹,吴国平,司杨,魏复盛.宽甸土壤及部分农作物中硼的分布及污染分析.中国环境监测,2003,19(5):4-7
53.王珏,顾有方,李升和,商常发,陈会良.硼中毒对固始鸡空肠发育的影响.中国兽医学报,2005,25(5):514-517
54.王珏,李升和,金光明,商常发,陈会良,顾有方.饮水硼对动物空肠发育的影响.微量元素与健康研究,2007,24(2):1-4
55.王俊东.兽医药实验室检验技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2005:25,58
56.王夔.生命科学中的微量元素.第2版.[M].北京:中国计量出版社,1996,377-402
57.王燕,赵毅.左归饮对老年小鼠抗氧化作用及胸腺脾脏指数的影响.中国实验方剂学杂志,2007,13(3):67-69
58.王有明,林继和,朱保卫.高硼对动物健康和生产性能的影响.饲料博览,1999,11(6):10-11
59.魏春,邢小茹,张海波,吴国平,魏复盛.宽甸县水中硼的背景浓度及污染现状分析.生态学杂志,2005,24(3):327-329
60.向丽华,陈燕萍,张智,闪增郁,于智敏,吕爱平.24味有毒中药长期毒性实验对大鼠脏器指数的影响.中国中医基础医学杂志,2006,12(1):35-36;52
61.邢小茹,魏复盛,吴国平,荀琳,Robbins WA,王春利,魏春,姜欣,葛宏斌.硼污染的 个人暴露剂量及其代谢的研究,中国环境科学,2005,25(3):271-274
62.邢小茹,魏复盛,胡伟,吴国平,王春利.尿硼浓度预测人体日硼暴露剂量.环境科学,2006a,27(6):1208-1211
63.邢小茹,魏复盛,吴国平,胡伟,王春利.人体硼暴露生物标志物的筛选研究.环境科学学报,2006b,26(2):323-330
64.邢小茹,吴国平,魏复盛,王春利,魏春,姜欣.硼工业地区人群硼的日饮食摄入量.环境与健康杂志,2007,24(3):125-127
65.杨赵军,硼在动物营养中的作用.中国饲料,1997,15期,27
66.叶应妩,王琉三.全国I临床检验操作规程.南京:东南大学出版社,1997,191-196
67.阴天榜,刘兴友.家禽免疫学[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.1999,1-9,94-117
68.于平.超氧化物歧化酶研究进展.生物学通报,2006,41(1):445
69.袁缨,吕林.添加硼对肉仔鸡组织器官中硼的富集和铁、铜、锰、锌含量韵影响,沈阳农业大学学报,2002,33(1):53-56
70.张德莉,朱圣姬,罗光富,黄应平,袁丁,刘立明.自由基与DNA氧化损伤的研究进展.三峡大学学报(自然科学版)),2004,26(6):563-567
71.张华 译.硼的生理作用及其对人体健康影响的评估.国外医学医学地理分册,2001,22(1):9-10
72.张秀丽,孙海波.人体和环境硼暴露的来源.国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(2):73-74
73.赵晶,白云.自由基相关疾病研究进展.生物学教学,2003,28(4):6-8
74.赵清志,安桂华译.硼对人体的毒性作用.国外医学医学地理分册,2000,21(1):29-30
75.郑爱娟,吕林,王鹏,袁缨.硼对肉仔鸡脂类代谢和生产性能的影响.畜禽业,2002,10:14-15
76.Argust P.Distribution of Boron in the environment.Biol Tr Elem Res,1998,66:131-143
77.Armstrong T A,Spears J W,Crenshaw T D,Nielsen F H.Boron supplementation of a Semipurified Diet for Weanling Pigs Improves Feed Efficiency and Borne Strength Characteristics and Alters Lipid Metabolites.J.Nutr.2000,139:2575-2581
78.Armstrong T A,Spears J W,Lloyd K E.Inflammatory response,growth,and thyroid hormone concentrations are affected by long-term Boron supplementation in gilts.J.Anim.Sci.,2001a,79(6):1549-1556
79.Armstrong T A,Spears J W,Lloyd K E.Inflammatory response,growth,and thyroid hormone concentrations are affected by long-term Boron supplementation in gilts.J.Anita.Sci.,2001b,79(6):1549-1556
80.Armstrong T A,Spears J W.Effect of dietary boron on growth performance,calcium and phosphorus metabolism,and bone mechanical properties in growing barrows.J.Anim.Sci.2001c,79:3120-3127
81. Armstrong T A, Flowers W L, Spears J W, Nielsen F H. Long-term effects of born supplementation on reproductive characteristics and bone mechanical properties in gilts. J.Anim.Sci.,2002, 80: 154-161
82. Armstrong T A, Spears J W. Effect of dietary boron of pig diets on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ . J. Anim. Sci. 2003, 81: 2552-2561
83. Bai Y, Hunt C D. Dietary Boron alleviates adjuvant-induced arthritis(AIA) in rats. Faseb J.1995, 9:A576.
84. Bai Y, Hunt C D. Dietary Boron(B) increases serum antibody concentrations in rats immunized with heat-killed Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(MT). FASEB J. 1996, 10: A819
85. Bakken N A. Dietary Boron modifies the effect of vitamin D nutriture on energy metabolism and. bone morphology in chicks[D], MS thesis, University of North Dakota, 1995
86.. Bakken N A, Hunt C D. Dietary Boron Decreases PeaK Pancreatic In Situ Insulin Release in Chicks and Plasma Insulin Concentrations in Rats Regardless of Vitamin D or Magnesium Status. J.Nutr, 2003, 133:3577-3583
87. Benderdour M, Hess K, Gadet M D, Dousset B. Effect of Boric Acid Solution on Cartilage Metabolism. Biochemical and Biophysical Research communications, 1997, 234: 263-268
88. Benderdour M, Bui-Van T, Dicko A, Bellevillle E. In vivo and in vitro effects of Boron and Boron compounds. J T race Elem. Med. Biol, 1998,12:227
89. Blevins D G, Lukaszewski K M. Proposed Physiologic Functions of Boron in Plants Pertinent to Animal and Human Metabolism. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 31-33
90. Chapin R E, Ku W W. The reproductive toxicity of boric acid. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl.7): 87-91
91. Chapin R E, Ku W W, Kenney M A, McCoy H, Gladen B, Park T, Carolina N, Station A E. The Effects of Dietary Boron on Bone Strength in Rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 1997, 35:205-215
92. Coughlin J R. Symposium overview: Essentiality vs. toxicity of trace elements: New approaches to risk assessment - Boron as a case study. J Tr Elem Exp Med. 1996, 9(4): 133-135
93. Culver B D, Shen P T, Taylor T H, Lee-Feldstein A, Anton-Culver H, Strong P L. The Relationship of Blood-and Urine-Boron to Boron Exposure in Borax-Workers and the Usefulness of Urine-Boron as an Exposure Marker. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 133-137
94. Devirian T A, Volpe S L. The physiological effects of dietary boron. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2003, 43(2): 219-231
95. Dieter M P. Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Boric Acid in Male and Female B6C3F Mice. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 93-97
96. Dupre J N, Keenan M J, Hegsted M, Brudevold A M. Effects of Dietary Boron in Rats Fed a Vitamin D-deficient Diet. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 55-58
97. Eckhert C D. Boron stimulates embryonic trout growth. J.Nutr.1998, 128(12): 2488-2493
98. Elliot M A, Edwards H M Jr. Studies to determine whether an interaction exists among Boron, calcium, and cholecalciferol on the skeletal development of broiler chickens. Poult Sci., 1992, 71(4): 677-690
99. Elsair J, Merad M, Demine R. Boron as an antidote against fluoride intoxication in rabbits. Fluoride, 1980,13: 30-38
100. Fail P A, Chapin R E, Price C J, Heindel J J. General Reproductive, Developmental, And Endocrine Toxicity Of Boronated compounds. Reproductive Toxieology, 1998,12(1): 1-18
101.Fairbrother A, Fix M, O'Hara T, etc. Impairment of growth and immune function of avocet chicks from sites with elevated selenium, arsenic, and Boron. J Wildl Dis. 1994, 30(2): 222-233
102. Fort D L, Propst T L, Stover E L, etc. Adverse reproductive and developmental effects in Xenopus from insufficient Boron. Biol. Tr. Elem. Res. 1998, 66: 237-259
103. Fort D J. Boron deficiency disables Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation events. Biol Trace Elem Res., 2002, 85(2): 157-69
104. Geyikoglu F, Turkez H. Acute toxicity of boric acid on energy metabolism of the breast muscle in broiler chickens. Biologia, Bratislava. 2007,62(1): 112-117
105. Green N R, Ferrando A A. Plasma Boron and the Effects of Boron Supplementation in Males. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 73-77
106. Gu Y F, Li S H, Wang J, Shang C F, Chen H L. Effects of boron poisoning on thymus development in Gushi chickens. Indian Vet. J. 2007, 84(6): 584-586
107. Hall I H, Chen S Y, Rajendran K G, Sood A, Spielvogel B F, Shih J. Hypolipidemic, Anti-obesity. Anti-inflammatory, Anti-osteoporotic, and Anti-neoplastic Properties of Amine Carboxyboranes. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 3): 21-30
108. Hegsted M, Keenan M J, Siver F, etc. Effect of Boron on vitamin D deficient rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1991, 28(3): 243-255
109. Heindel J J, Price C J, Schwetz B A. The Developmental Toxicity of Boric Acid in Mice, Rats, and Rabbits. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(suppl 7): 107-112
110. Howe PD. A review of Boron effects in the environment[J]. Biol Tr Elem Res, 1998, 66:153-166.
111. Huel G, Yazbeck C, Burnel D, Missy P, Kloppmann W. environmental Boron Exposure and Activity of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALA-D) in a Newborn Population. Toxicological Sciences, 2004, 80: 304-309
112. Jansen J A, Andersen J, Schou J S. Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. Arch Toxicol. 1984,55(1): 64-67
113. Hunt C D, Nielsen F. Interaction between Boron and cholecalciferol in the chick[A]. Trace Element Metabolism in Men and Animals-Vol.4[C]. Australian Academy of Science: Gawthorne J, White C. eds. Canberra, 1981: 597-600
114. Hunt C D. Dietary Boron modified the effect of magnesium and molybdenum on mineral metabolism in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick. Biol Tr Elem Res. 1989, 22(2): 201-220
115. Hunt C D, Herbel J L. Effects of dietary Boron on calcium and mineral metabolism in the streptozotocin-injected, vitamin D3-deprived rat. MagnesTrace Elem., 1991-92, 10(5-6): 387-408
116. Hunt C D, Herbel J L, Idso J P. Dietary Boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. J Bone Miner Res, 1994a, 9(2): 171-182
117. Hunt C D, Herbel J L. Boron affects energy metabolism in the streptozotocin-injected, vitamin D3-deprived Nielsen FH.Biochemical and physiologic consequences of Boron deprivation in humans. Environ Health Perspect, 1994b, 102: 59-63
118. Hunt C D. The biochemical of physiologic amounts of dietary boron in animal nutrition models. Environ Health Perspect. 1994c, 102(Suppl.7): 35-43
119. Hunt C D, Stoecker B J. Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for Boron, chromium and fluoride dietary recommendations. J. Nutr., 1996, 126(Suppl.9):2441S-2451S
120. Hunt C D, Herbel J L, Nielsen F H. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary Boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: Boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65(3): 803-813
121. Hunt C D. One possible role of dietary Boron in higher animals and humans. Biol Tr Elem Res, 1998, 66(1-3): 205-225
122. Hunt C D. Dietary boron: An overview of the evidence for its role in immune function. J Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 2003, 16: 291-306
123. Hunt C D, Friel J K, Johnson L K. Boron concentrations in mild from mothers of full-term and premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004, 80: 1327-1333
124. Hunt C D, Butte N F, Johnson L K. Boron Concentrations in Milk from Mothers Exclusively Breast-Fed Healthy Full-Term Infants Are Stable during the first Four Months of Lactation. J.Nutr. 2005, 135: 2383-2386
125. King N, Odom T W, Sampson H W, etc. The effect of in vivo Boron supplementation on bone mineralization of vitamin D3 deficient chicken embryo. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res., 1991, 31(3): 223-233
126. Konarzewski M, Diamond J M. Evolution of basal metabolic rates and organ masses in laboratory mice [J].Evolution,1995,49:1239-1248
127. Ku W W, Chapin R E, Moseman R F, Etc. Tissue disposition of Boron in male Fischer rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991,111(1): 145-151
128. Ku W W, Chapin R E. Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(suppl.7): 99-105
129. Ku W W, Chapin R E. Testicular toxicity of boric acid(BA): relationship of dose to lesion development and recovery in the F344 rat. Reprod Toxicol, 1993,7(4): 305-319
130. Kurtoglu V, Kurtoglu F, Coskun B. Effects of boron supplementation of adequate and inadequate vitamin D_3-containing diet on performance and serum biochemical characters of broiler chickens. Research Veterinary Science, 2001, 71: 183-187
131. Kurtoglu F, Kurtoglu V, Celik I, et al. Effects of dietary boron supplementation on some biochemical parameters, peripheral blood lymphocytes, splenic plasma cells and bone characteristics of broiler chicks given diets with adequate or inadequate cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) content. British poultry science, 2005, 46(1):87-96.
132. Lanoue L, Taubeneck M W, Muniz J, etc. Assessing the effects of low Boron diets on embryonic and fetal development in rodents using in vitro and in vivo model systems. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998,66:261-298
133. Lanoue L, Strong P A, Keen C L. Adverse effects of a low Boron environment on the preimplantation development of mouse embryos in vitro. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 1999,121: 235-250
134. Loomis W D, Durst R W. Review: chemistry and biology of Boron. Biofactors, 1992, 3: 229-239
135. Massie H R. Effect of dietary Boron on the Aging Process. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 45-48
136. Mccoy H, Kinniy M A, Montgomery C, Lrwin A, Williams L, Orrell R. Relation of Boron to the Composition and Mechanical Properties of Bone. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 49-53
137. Meacham S L, Taper L J, Volpe S L. Effects of Boron Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Dietary, Blood, and Urinary Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Boron in Female Athletes. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 79-82
138. Moseman R F. Chemical Disposition of Boron in Animals and Humans. Environ Health Perspect, 1994b, 102(Suppl 7): 113-117
139. Murray F J. A Human Health Risk Assessment of Boron (Boric Acid and Borax) in Drinking Water. Rlculatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1995, 22: 221-230
140. Murray F J. Issues in Boron risk assessment: Pivotal study, uncertainty factors, and ADIs. J Trace Elem Exp Med. 1996,9: 231-243
141. Naghii M R, Samman S. The Effect Of Boron On Plasma Testosterone And Plasma Lipids In Rats. Nutrition Research, 1997, 17(3): 523-531
142. Naghii M R. The significance of dietary Boron, with particular reference to athletes. Nutr Health, 1999,13: 31-37
143. Naghii MR, Samman s, et al. The effect of boron supplementation on the distribution of boron in selected tissues and on testosterone synthesis in rats[J]. J.Nutr. Biochem, 1996, 7: 507-512.
144. Newnham R E. Essentiality of Boron for Healthy Bones and Joints. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 83-85
145. Nielsen F H, Hunt C D, Mullen L M, Hunt J R. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB J., 1987,1: 394-397
146. Nielsen F H. Mullen L M, Gallagher S K, etc. Effects of dietary Boron, aluminum and magnesium on serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus, and plasma cholesterol in postmenopausal women[A].Trace Elements in Man and Animals(Vol. 6) [C]. New York: Plenum Press, 1988:187-188
147. Nielsen F H. Boron-an overlooked element of potential nutritional importance. Nutr Today, 1988: 4-7
148. Nielsen F H. Nutritonal requirements for boron, silicon,vanadium, nickel, and arsenic: current knowledge and speculation. FASEB J. 1991, 5: 2661-2667
149. Nielsen F H, Mullen L M, Gallagher S K. Effect of Boron depletion and repletion on blood indicators of calcium status in humans fed a magnesium-low diet. J Trace Elem Exp Med,1990, 3: 45-54
150. Nielsen F H, Shuler T R. Studies of the interaction between Boron and calcium, and its modification by magnesium and potassium in rats; effects on growth, blood variables, and bone mineral composition. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992, 35(3): 225-237
151. Nielsen F H. Biochemical and Physiologic Consequences of Boron Deprivation in Humans. Environ Health Perspect, 1994,102(Suppl 7): 59-63
152. Nielsen FH. Boron in human and animal nutrition. Plant and Soil, 1997, 193: 199-208
153. Nielsen F H. Nutritional requirements for Boron, silicon, vanadium, nickel, and arsenic: current knowledge and speculation. FASEB J. 1991 Sep. 5(12): 2661-2667
154. NRC. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants[M]. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, 1984
155. Nzietchueng R M, Dousset B, Franck P, Benderdour M, Nabet P, Hess K. Mechanisms implicated in the effects of boron on wound healing. J.Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2002, 16: 239-244
156. Pahl M V, Culver B D, Strong P L, Murray F J, Vaziri N D. The Effect of Pregnancy on Renal Clearance of Boron in Humans:A Study Based on Normal Dietary Intake of Boron.Toxicological Sciences,2002,60:252-256
157.Penland J G.Dietary Boron,brain function,and cognitive performance.Environ Health Perspect.1994,102(Suppl.7):65-72
158.Penland J G.The importance of Boron nutrition for brain and psychological function.Biol Trace Eiem Res,1998,66(1-3):299-317
159.Price C J,Strong P L,Murray F J,Goldberg M M.Blood Boron Concentrations In Pregnant Rats Fed Boric Acid ThrouGhout Gestation.Reproductive Toxicology,1997,11(6):833-842
160.Qin X,Klandorf H.Effect of dietary Boron supplementation on egg production,shell quality,and calcium metabolism in aged broiler breeder hens.Poult Sci.,1991,70(10):2131-2138
161.Rainey C J,Christensen R E,Nyquist L A,etc.Boron daily intake from the American diet.FASEB J.1996,10(3):A785
162.Rainey C J,Nyquist L.Multi-country estimation of dietary Boron intake.Biol Trace Elem Res.1998,66:79-86
163.Rossi A F,Mile R D,Damron B L.The effect of Boron supplementation to broilers fed a practical corn-soybean meal diet.poultry science,1989,68(1-3):202
164.Rossi A F,Mile R D,Damron B L,et al.Effects of dietary Boron supplementation on broiler.Poult Sci,1993,72:2124-2130
165.Rowe R I,Eckhert C D.Boron is essential for zebrafish embryogenesis.FASEB J 1999,12:A205:1193-1198
166.Rowe R I,Eckhert C D.Boron is required for zebrafish embryogenesis.J.Exp.Biol.1999,202(12):1649-1654
167.Samman S,Naghii M R,Lyons Wall P M,etc.The nutritional and metabolic effects of Boron in humans and animals.Biol Tr Elem Res.1998,66:227-235
168.Shah S A.,Vohora S B.Boron enhances anti-arthritic effects of garlic oil.Fitoterapia 1990,61:121-126
169.Steidl L,Ditmaar R,Kubicek R.Biochemical findings in osteoporosis,role of magnesium.Cas Lek Cesk,1990,129:1-5
170.Travers R L,Rennie G C,Newnham R E.Boron and arthritis:the results of a double-blind pilot study.J Nutr Med.1990,1:127-132
171.Vanderpool R A,Hoff D,Johnson P E,et al.Use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry in Boron-10 Stable Isotope Experiments with Plants,Rats,and Humans.Environ Health Perspect,1994,102(Suppl 7):13-20
172.Vaziri N D,Oveisi F,Culver B D,Pahl M V,Andersen M E,Strong P L,Murray F J.The effect of pregnancy on renal clearance of boron in rats given boric acid orally.Toxicological Sciences, 2001,60:257-263
173. Wallace J M W, Hannon-Fletcher M P A, Robson P J, Gilmore W S, Hubbard S A, Strain J J. Boron supplementation and activated factor vll in healthy men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002, 56: 1102-1107
174. Watson R R, eds. Hunt, C D. Dietary Boron deficiency and supplementation. Trace Elements in Laboratory Rodents, CRC Press Boca Raton, FL., 1996: 229-253
175. WHO. Environ Health Criteria[R]. 1998, 204: 105-144
176. Whorton D, Haas J, Trent L. Reproductive Effects of Inorganic Borates on Male employees: Birth Rate Assessment. Environ Health Perspect, 1994, 102(Suppl 7): 129-131
177. Wilson J H, Ruszler P L. Effect of dietary Boron supplementation on laying hens. Br Poult Sci.,1996, 37(4): 723-729
178. Wilson J H, Ruszler P L. Effects of Boron on growing pullets. Biol Trace Elem Res, 1997, 56(3): 287-294
179. Wilson J H, Ruszler P L. Long term effects of boron on layer bone strength and production parameters. British Poultry Science, 1998, 39: 11-15
180. World Health Organization.Trace elements in human nutrition and health.Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Orgnization of the United Nations and the Intrenational Atomic Energy Agenva: WHO: 1996: 175-179