北方高校微机实验室内微环境的研究及改善对策的探讨
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摘要
建筑室内微环境是人们接触最频繁、最密切的外环境之一,室内微环境品质问题近几年来倍受人们关注,人们已经认识到研究改善室内微环境的重要性和迫切性。高校微机实验室是大学生获取计算机知识和技能的主要场所,学生一天中有近三分之一的学习时间在微机室内度过,因此研究高校微机实验室内的微环境品质、改善室内微环境,对提高教师和学生的身心健康具有重要的意义。
本文采用现场测试、问卷调查和数值模拟等方式对哈尔滨市部分高校微机实验室内的微环境品质进行了研究。本文的主要工作包括:采用数理统计方法对客观测试的室内空气品质、噪声和电磁辐射等主要参数的数据进行分析统计,对各被测微机实验室内的客观因素进行调查统计,并研究其与室内各环境参数之间的相关性,确定影响室内环境质量的主要因素;制定微机室内微环境品质问卷调查表,进行问卷调查,分析得出主观调查结果并进行评价;采用CFD技术,使用Flovent6.1软件对夏季自然通风状态下典型的微机实验室内的温度场分布以及流场分布进行数值模拟,了解分析室内设备和人员密度、不同通风方式对室内温度、气流速度等指标的影响规律;最后在实验研究的基础上,探讨可行的改善高校微机实验室内微环境品质的对策。
本文主要结论如下:
(1)高校微机实验室内微环境的主客观调查揭示了哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室内微环境的基本状况,通过主观评价,发现哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室内学生的IAQ总体不满意率为36.6%,未达到20%的合格标准;对室内冷热感的评价不满意率为63.4%,干湿感评价不满意率为65.9%;本地区高校微机室内学生的热中性温度为23.8℃(以t_0表示);学生的可接受的热环境的温度上限为27℃(以t_0表示),高于舒适温度(t_0=23℃～26℃)。对室内声环境的总体评价的满意率达到84.6%;另外,76.4%的大学生认为在一定程度上已经受到了电磁辐射的影响。
客观测试评价得出哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室内空气温度不合格的数量比例为71.4%;室内空气相对湿度不合格微机室数量比例为42.9%;室内空气中甲醛浓度超标微机室数量比例为64.3%;氨浓度和TVOC浓度超标微机室数量比例分别为29.6%和14.3%,但个别情况超标已达3倍以上;室内噪声在室内微机未开机状态下不超标,开机后均超过标准的最高上限(55dB);在电磁辐射方面:微机的使用并未对微机室整体电磁环境造成显著影响;被调查高校微机实验室内均无有效的通风、吸音降噪和电磁辐射的防护措施。
主客观评价综合结果表明:哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室的室内空气品质很差;在正常开机情况下室内噪声超标;且受试者在室内停留时间长,接受的电磁辐射剂量会在体内累积而威胁健康;因此,几方面因素综合起来对人体影响及危害比较严重,须采取有效措施来改善室内微环境的品质。
(2)对高校微机实验室内IAQ进行了模拟分析,室内设备及人员密度对室内气流组织与热环境的影响结果显示:人体和设备散热对微机实验室内温度分布有较大影响,当室内微机开机数量和人数减半后,室内温度可明显降低。对开门、开窗和门窗同开三种自然通风方式下的模拟结果表明:在控制室温升高和室内温度、气流分布状况方面,采取门窗同开的方式通风最好,但容易将走廊内污浊的空气带进室内;开窗通风方式为其次,开门通风方式效果最差。
(3)改善高校微机室内微环境的措施
针对目前高校微机室存在的室内微环境的整体和局部问题,充分利用现有理论基础和技术条件,从控制污染和提高舒适性两个方面提出了控制和改善的建议和对策,以确保室内微环境品质和舒适性得以提高。
Building indoor micro-environment has been one of the outer environments people contact most frequently.So researches on indoor micro-environment quality have attracted more and more people's interest and the importance and necessity of the researches have been realized.The colleges' microcomputer laboratories are the main places where students accept computer knowledge and skills.Students spend almost 1/3 day in the computer room.To study the indoor micro-environment quality and improve indoor micro-environment of colleges' microcomputer laboratories has important significance in enhancing physically and mentally healthy of teachers and students.
Field tests,questionnaires and numerical simulations were employed in this thesis to study the indoor micro-environment quality of colleges' microcomputer laboratories in Harbin. Main Works are as follows.Count the testing data which include the main parameters such as IAQ(indoor air quality),noise and electromagnetic radiation by mathematical statistic method. The objective factors of measured microcomputer laboratories were carried on investigation and statistics.And analyzed the relevance between the objective factors and various indoor environment parameters.Then the primary factors to influence indoor environment were determined.Make questionnaires of indoor micro-environment quality and perform, Subjective survey results were analyzed and evaluated.Distribution of temperature field and flow field in the microcomputer laboratories under natural ventilation in summer was simulated using CFD technology and FLOVENT6.1 software.The changing rules of indoor temperatures,airflow velocity in the circumstances of different computer and personnel density and the ventilated way differently were known from the analyse.Finally in experimental study foundation,the feasible countermeasure to improve the indoor micro-environment quality of colleges' microcomputer laboratories were discussed.
Solutions in this thesis can be summarized as follows:
(1) Objective and subjective investigations of the indoor micro-environment quality in colleges' microcomputer laboratories have demonstrated the basic condition of the indoor micro-environment quality in Harbin colleges' microcomputer laboratories.Objective Evaluation:The overall percentage of dissatisfied is 36.6%,which doesn't meet the criteria established in this paper.The cold or hot feeling percentage of dissatisfied is 63.4%,the dry or moist feeling percentage of dissatisfied is 65.9%.The thermal neutral temperature of students is 23.8℃(t_o) in Harbin colleges' microcomputer laboratories.The acceptable upper limit of the thermal environment is 27℃(t_o) higher than the comfort temperature(t_o=23～26℃).To indoor sound environment the overall rate of satisfied is 84.6%.Moreover,76.4%university students thought that they had already been influenced under the electromagnetic radiation in a certain extent.
Subjective Evaluation:The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its indoor air temperature doesn't meet the criteria established in this paper,is 71.4%.The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its indoor air relative humidity doesn't meet the criteria established in this paper,is 42.9%.The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its HCHO concentrations exceed the criteria established in this paper,is 64.3%.The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its NH_3 concentrations and TVOC concentrations exceed the criteria established in this paper,is 29.6%and 14.3% respectively,but exceptional cases exceeding the criteria has reached above 3 times.The indoor noise has not exceeded the criteria established in this paper before the indoor microcomputer starting,and after starting,exceeded the highest upper limit(55dB) of the criteria.In electromagnetic radiation aspect:Using microcomputer has not had the remarkable influence to overall electromagnetic environment in the microcomputer room.Most of the investigated microcomputer laboratory is without effective measures to ventilate,absorb noise and prevent electromagnetic radiation.
The comprehensive evaluation results combining both subjective and objective evaluation: The IAQ of the colleges' microcomputer laboratories is very bad.Indoor noise exceed the criteria established in this paper in normal computer starting situation.Because students stay for relatively long periods of time in the microcomputer laboratories,the accepted electromagnetic radiation dosage will accumulate in their bodies and threaten their health. Therefore,the health of students is under serious threat from several aspect factors.We must take the effective actions to improve the indoor micro environment quality.
(2) Simulation analysis were carried on IAQ of colleges' microcomputer laboratories.The influence results from the indoor computer and the personnel density to the indoor airflow and the thermal environment have demonstrated:The radiation of the human bodies and the computer equipments have affect on the temperature distribution in the microcomputer laboratory greatly.After indoor starting-computer quantity and the population be a half,the indoor temperature may reduce obviously.To opens the door,the windowing and the windows and doors with opens under three natural ventilation ways the simulation results have indicated: In aspects of indoor temperature control and the distribution of the indoor temperature and the airflow,the ventilates way by both windows and doors is best,but the filthy air in the corridor is taked into indoor easily.The ventilates way by windowing for next,the ventilates way by door is worst.
(3) Improvement Measures
In view of the present existing whole and partial questions in indoor micro-environment of colleges' microcomputer laboratories,the control and the improvement suggestions were proposed from two aspects of control pollution and enhanced the comfortable to guarantee the indoor micro environment quality and comfortableness could be enhanced,based on existing theories and the technologies factor fully.
本文采用现场测试、问卷调查和数值模拟等方式对哈尔滨市部分高校微机实验室内的微环境品质进行了研究。本文的主要工作包括:采用数理统计方法对客观测试的室内空气品质、噪声和电磁辐射等主要参数的数据进行分析统计,对各被测微机实验室内的客观因素进行调查统计,并研究其与室内各环境参数之间的相关性,确定影响室内环境质量的主要因素;制定微机室内微环境品质问卷调查表,进行问卷调查,分析得出主观调查结果并进行评价;采用CFD技术,使用Flovent6.1软件对夏季自然通风状态下典型的微机实验室内的温度场分布以及流场分布进行数值模拟,了解分析室内设备和人员密度、不同通风方式对室内温度、气流速度等指标的影响规律;最后在实验研究的基础上,探讨可行的改善高校微机实验室内微环境品质的对策。
本文主要结论如下:
(1)高校微机实验室内微环境的主客观调查揭示了哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室内微环境的基本状况,通过主观评价,发现哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室内学生的IAQ总体不满意率为36.6%,未达到20%的合格标准;对室内冷热感的评价不满意率为63.4%,干湿感评价不满意率为65.9%;本地区高校微机室内学生的热中性温度为23.8℃(以t_0表示);学生的可接受的热环境的温度上限为27℃(以t_0表示),高于舒适温度(t_0=23℃～26℃)。对室内声环境的总体评价的满意率达到84.6%;另外,76.4%的大学生认为在一定程度上已经受到了电磁辐射的影响。
客观测试评价得出哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室内空气温度不合格的数量比例为71.4%;室内空气相对湿度不合格微机室数量比例为42.9%;室内空气中甲醛浓度超标微机室数量比例为64.3%;氨浓度和TVOC浓度超标微机室数量比例分别为29.6%和14.3%,但个别情况超标已达3倍以上;室内噪声在室内微机未开机状态下不超标,开机后均超过标准的最高上限(55dB);在电磁辐射方面:微机的使用并未对微机室整体电磁环境造成显著影响;被调查高校微机实验室内均无有效的通风、吸音降噪和电磁辐射的防护措施。
主客观评价综合结果表明:哈尔滨地区高校微机实验室的室内空气品质很差;在正常开机情况下室内噪声超标;且受试者在室内停留时间长,接受的电磁辐射剂量会在体内累积而威胁健康;因此,几方面因素综合起来对人体影响及危害比较严重,须采取有效措施来改善室内微环境的品质。
(2)对高校微机实验室内IAQ进行了模拟分析,室内设备及人员密度对室内气流组织与热环境的影响结果显示:人体和设备散热对微机实验室内温度分布有较大影响,当室内微机开机数量和人数减半后,室内温度可明显降低。对开门、开窗和门窗同开三种自然通风方式下的模拟结果表明:在控制室温升高和室内温度、气流分布状况方面,采取门窗同开的方式通风最好,但容易将走廊内污浊的空气带进室内;开窗通风方式为其次,开门通风方式效果最差。
(3)改善高校微机室内微环境的措施
针对目前高校微机室存在的室内微环境的整体和局部问题,充分利用现有理论基础和技术条件,从控制污染和提高舒适性两个方面提出了控制和改善的建议和对策,以确保室内微环境品质和舒适性得以提高。
Building indoor micro-environment has been one of the outer environments people contact most frequently.So researches on indoor micro-environment quality have attracted more and more people's interest and the importance and necessity of the researches have been realized.The colleges' microcomputer laboratories are the main places where students accept computer knowledge and skills.Students spend almost 1/3 day in the computer room.To study the indoor micro-environment quality and improve indoor micro-environment of colleges' microcomputer laboratories has important significance in enhancing physically and mentally healthy of teachers and students.
Field tests,questionnaires and numerical simulations were employed in this thesis to study the indoor micro-environment quality of colleges' microcomputer laboratories in Harbin. Main Works are as follows.Count the testing data which include the main parameters such as IAQ(indoor air quality),noise and electromagnetic radiation by mathematical statistic method. The objective factors of measured microcomputer laboratories were carried on investigation and statistics.And analyzed the relevance between the objective factors and various indoor environment parameters.Then the primary factors to influence indoor environment were determined.Make questionnaires of indoor micro-environment quality and perform, Subjective survey results were analyzed and evaluated.Distribution of temperature field and flow field in the microcomputer laboratories under natural ventilation in summer was simulated using CFD technology and FLOVENT6.1 software.The changing rules of indoor temperatures,airflow velocity in the circumstances of different computer and personnel density and the ventilated way differently were known from the analyse.Finally in experimental study foundation,the feasible countermeasure to improve the indoor micro-environment quality of colleges' microcomputer laboratories were discussed.
Solutions in this thesis can be summarized as follows:
(1) Objective and subjective investigations of the indoor micro-environment quality in colleges' microcomputer laboratories have demonstrated the basic condition of the indoor micro-environment quality in Harbin colleges' microcomputer laboratories.Objective Evaluation:The overall percentage of dissatisfied is 36.6%,which doesn't meet the criteria established in this paper.The cold or hot feeling percentage of dissatisfied is 63.4%,the dry or moist feeling percentage of dissatisfied is 65.9%.The thermal neutral temperature of students is 23.8℃(t_o) in Harbin colleges' microcomputer laboratories.The acceptable upper limit of the thermal environment is 27℃(t_o) higher than the comfort temperature(t_o=23～26℃).To indoor sound environment the overall rate of satisfied is 84.6%.Moreover,76.4%university students thought that they had already been influenced under the electromagnetic radiation in a certain extent.
Subjective Evaluation:The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its indoor air temperature doesn't meet the criteria established in this paper,is 71.4%.The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its indoor air relative humidity doesn't meet the criteria established in this paper,is 42.9%.The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its HCHO concentrations exceed the criteria established in this paper,is 64.3%.The ratio of the number of microcomputer laboratories,that its NH_3 concentrations and TVOC concentrations exceed the criteria established in this paper,is 29.6%and 14.3% respectively,but exceptional cases exceeding the criteria has reached above 3 times.The indoor noise has not exceeded the criteria established in this paper before the indoor microcomputer starting,and after starting,exceeded the highest upper limit(55dB) of the criteria.In electromagnetic radiation aspect:Using microcomputer has not had the remarkable influence to overall electromagnetic environment in the microcomputer room.Most of the investigated microcomputer laboratory is without effective measures to ventilate,absorb noise and prevent electromagnetic radiation.
The comprehensive evaluation results combining both subjective and objective evaluation: The IAQ of the colleges' microcomputer laboratories is very bad.Indoor noise exceed the criteria established in this paper in normal computer starting situation.Because students stay for relatively long periods of time in the microcomputer laboratories,the accepted electromagnetic radiation dosage will accumulate in their bodies and threaten their health. Therefore,the health of students is under serious threat from several aspect factors.We must take the effective actions to improve the indoor micro environment quality.
(2) Simulation analysis were carried on IAQ of colleges' microcomputer laboratories.The influence results from the indoor computer and the personnel density to the indoor airflow and the thermal environment have demonstrated:The radiation of the human bodies and the computer equipments have affect on the temperature distribution in the microcomputer laboratory greatly.After indoor starting-computer quantity and the population be a half,the indoor temperature may reduce obviously.To opens the door,the windowing and the windows and doors with opens under three natural ventilation ways the simulation results have indicated: In aspects of indoor temperature control and the distribution of the indoor temperature and the airflow,the ventilates way by both windows and doors is best,but the filthy air in the corridor is taked into indoor easily.The ventilates way by windowing for next,the ventilates way by door is worst.
(3) Improvement Measures
In view of the present existing whole and partial questions in indoor micro-environment of colleges' microcomputer laboratories,the control and the improvement suggestions were proposed from two aspects of control pollution and enhanced the comfortable to guarantee the indoor micro environment quality and comfortableness could be enhanced,based on existing theories and the technologies factor fully.
引文
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