呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游环境承载力研究
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摘要
生态旅游作为扩展生态学研究领域,促进环境教育和自然保护的重要课题,已成为协调旅游与环境破坏的最佳方式,在旅游业中快速增长。针对目前我国草原生态旅游市场还未真正形成,游客管理仍处于不成熟阶段,草原生态旅游面临着旅游发展和环境保护双重矛盾的问题,本研究将生态旅游环境承载力作为一种规划草原生态旅游和管理草原生态旅游资源的框架和方法,以草原社会文化服务功能为前提,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的手段,从景区资源保护和游客体验两个方面入手,建立草原生态旅游环境承载力评价指标体系,设定评价等级标准和评估流程。这对保证草原区旅游业的可持续发展,协调人口、环境保护、草原资源消耗与经济社会发展间的关系,合理利用和保护生态环境意义重大。
本研究以呼伦贝尔草原为典型研究区域,对其生态旅游环境承载力进行评估,并结合当地旅游业发展实际,从技术和制度层面进行调控,为解决旅游区发展与草原生态环境之间的矛盾提供可行的技术、政策支持和管理建议,以引导旅游需求,达成资源保护和游客体验之间良性互动关系的目标。主要研究结论如下：
(1)生态旅游的开发取决于生态旅游市场需求前景的支持。对草原生态旅游客源市场及游客满意度进行调查与分析表明：当前的草原生态旅游还处于大众旅游运营阶段,游客在旅游行为特征上更倾向于大众旅游的游客行为,存在着大众消费者给旅游资源、环境带来的各种弊端和潜在威胁。
(2)呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游资源总量大、类型多样、等级优良,能为人类提供娱乐、美学、文化、教育等多方面价值。依据其现存状况、形态、特色,可以划分为草原自然景观资源和草原人文景观资源2个大类以及草原地文景观、水体景观、生物景观、气候与气象景观、遗址遗迹、人文活动、建筑与设施、草原旅游商品和草原畜牧业9个亚类。
(3)草原生态系统是一个复杂的涉及社会、经济、生态等问题的系统。综合采用频度分析法、理论分析法和专家咨询法,筛选出适合草原地区开展生态旅游时对其环境承载力进行评价的指标30个,并用层次分析法确定各指标权重。按照指标所反映问题的重要程度,即权重贡献率进行归类和优化,形成17个核心指标用以对不同地域草原生态旅游环境承载力进行评价。
(4)在2004-2009年期间呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游环境承载力综合值和准则层各因素的承载力值都呈持续增长态势。其中经济环境承载力增幅最快,直接带动旅游区环境承载力增长；社会环境承载力起点较高,处于缓慢增长状态；自然环境承载力值最低,增长速度最慢。
(5)呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游环境承载力的大小是由承载力值来描述,数值越接近1表明当地旅游业发展越逼近各项指标的最低限制值,利用、规划、发展和经营日渐背离其合理性,承载力在自然承受阈值和人类发展间的平衡即将被打破。2009年呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游环境综合承载力为0.726,已经处于轻度超载(0.61-0.8)状态。随着景区游客数量的增大,急需采取措施减轻旅游活动对草原资源的破坏和对草原生态环境带来的压力。
(6)生态旅游环境承载力是一种服务于生态旅游地规划和管理的技术工具。对草原生态旅游环境承载力进行评估具有预警作用,可以作为生态旅游可持续发展的判别指标和调控手段。从生态旅游环境承载力的大小和变化方向,可以对草原生态环境的状况和发展趋势做出判断,为草原生态旅游开发和管理提供依据,实现生态旅游环境承载力评价所具有的促进资源、环境保护与修复的功能。
(7)结合呼伦贝尔旅游发展面临的主要问题,建议从管理手段和监测技术入手,从规范制度、提高执政能力、加大宣传和教育力度、科学规划、合理引导,分区管理、加强环境监测和治理等方面改善草原生态旅游环境承载力。不仅可以保证生态旅游者在旅游地的体验质量,更保证了当地自然、社会与经济环境的质量,减少其受到旅游活动破坏的可能性。
Ecotourism can be viewed as a cross-discipline and new development of Ecology and Tourism, because it is the best way to fit the tourism in harmony with environmental protection. Fast growth of the ecotourism can help to accelerate the environmental education and natural conservation. Up till now, few have been recognized as the truly grassland ecotourism market and in a mature visitor management stage in China. One of the most important resons why we are facing such a difficulty situation is that the tourism and environment protection are the opposite or contradict toward the grassland ecotourism development.
In order to have the grassland resources protect and grassland tourism sustainable development, in this study, taking scenic area resources and tourist experience into consideration, the evaluation index system for the ecotourism environmental carrying capacity (EECC) of grassland was set up using the way of field investigation and laboratory analysis, while the evaluating index standard was graded and formed the evaluating flow diagram for the EECC of grassland. All these would benefit to coordinate the relation among the population, environment protection, grassland resources protecting and economic and social development, which mean a lot to utilizing and protecting ecological environment in a rational way.
EECC, as a framework and method to plan the grassland ecotourism and manage the grassland ecotourism resources, was used to assess the EECC of Hulunbeier grassland in this paper. According to assessment results and local actual circumstances, some managing suggestions to settle the conflict between grassland ecological environment protection and tourism district development were provided from a technical level, the policy level and management level, which would be conducive to guide the tourism demand, create a positive interactive environment between tourism developing and environment protection. Main results are as following.
(1) Exploiting ecotourism depends on the demanding prospect of ecotourism market. On investigation and analysis of the grassland ecotourism market and tourists satisfaction, results showed that grassland ecotourism has still been in mass tour operating stage and visitor's behavioral trait inclined towards the performance of mass tourism tourists. So there were various drawbacks and potential threats to tourism interests and environment.
(2) There are abundant grassland ecotourism resources in Hulunbeier. Diversity of the grassland ecotourism resources with superior grade can offer value from entertainment, esthetics, cultural, education and other for mankind. In actual stage, grassland ecotourism resources of Hulunbeier can be divided into two main categories—grassland natural landscape and grassland manmade sceneries. Nine sub-categories are grassland geological structure landscape, water landscape, biological landscape, climatic and meteorological landscape, ruins and sites, humanistic landscape, constructions and facilities, grassland tourist commodities and grassland animal husbandry.
(3) Grassland ecosystem relevant to many factors of social, economic and ecology is a complex system. The indicator system including thirty indicators was established with the frequency analysis, theory analysis, and expert counseling method to evaluate the EECC of different grassland. Weight of indicators was computed by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).17 core indexes for evaluating grassland EECC were selected by categorized and optimized out on the contributive rates of indexes.
(4) Over the years from 2004 to 2009, the comprehensive value and every norms value of EECC in Hulunbeier grassland all kept increasing. Among which the fastest pace in economic environment carrying capacity, it rose rapidly and droved the growth of ECC value in tour areas. Social environment carrying capacity with high starting point was in a stage to increase slowly. The lowest growth was natural environment carrying capacity and the value of it was the lowest.
(5) The EECC magnitude of Hulunbeier grasslands was put an exact figure. The value of carrying capacity closer to 1 meant that developing of local tourism was close to the lowest levels of indicators. Then the utilization, planning, development and management of local ecotourism were unreasonable and a balance between nature bearable threshold and Human development would be upset soon. The value of Hulunbeier grassland EECC in 2009 was 0.726, in a mild overload range (0.61-0.8). With the increase of visitor numbers, measures must be taken to meet the situation to reduce the damage to the Hulunbeier grassland and relieve the pressure of local ecological environment.
(6) EECC was a technical tool to serve the planning and management of ecotourism destinations. Assessment of the grassland EECC plays an important role in control and early warning of the effective operation of the grassland ecotourism. Being a good index and adjust measure for ecotourism sustainable development, the magnitude and the direction of EECC would show clearly the grassland ecological environment and development trend. Based on the assessment results, some advices on development and management of grassland ecotourism were put forward, which would give an impetus to the protection and restoration of resources and environment
(7) In combination with the main problems of Hulunbeier tourism development, several management methods and monitoring technology to improve grassland EECC, such as institutions standardized, improve ruling ability, strengthen the propaganda and education, plan scientifically, district management, improve the monitoring and treatment of environment, would be come into effect as soon as possible. Do it this way may not only guarantee the quality of eco-tourists experience in resort, but it may ensure the local nature, social and environment quality to reduce the likelihood of damage by ecotourism activities as well.
本研究以呼伦贝尔草原为典型研究区域,对其生态旅游环境承载力进行评估,并结合当地旅游业发展实际,从技术和制度层面进行调控,为解决旅游区发展与草原生态环境之间的矛盾提供可行的技术、政策支持和管理建议,以引导旅游需求,达成资源保护和游客体验之间良性互动关系的目标。主要研究结论如下：
(1)生态旅游的开发取决于生态旅游市场需求前景的支持。对草原生态旅游客源市场及游客满意度进行调查与分析表明：当前的草原生态旅游还处于大众旅游运营阶段,游客在旅游行为特征上更倾向于大众旅游的游客行为,存在着大众消费者给旅游资源、环境带来的各种弊端和潜在威胁。
(2)呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游资源总量大、类型多样、等级优良,能为人类提供娱乐、美学、文化、教育等多方面价值。依据其现存状况、形态、特色,可以划分为草原自然景观资源和草原人文景观资源2个大类以及草原地文景观、水体景观、生物景观、气候与气象景观、遗址遗迹、人文活动、建筑与设施、草原旅游商品和草原畜牧业9个亚类。
(3)草原生态系统是一个复杂的涉及社会、经济、生态等问题的系统。综合采用频度分析法、理论分析法和专家咨询法,筛选出适合草原地区开展生态旅游时对其环境承载力进行评价的指标30个,并用层次分析法确定各指标权重。按照指标所反映问题的重要程度,即权重贡献率进行归类和优化,形成17个核心指标用以对不同地域草原生态旅游环境承载力进行评价。
(4)在2004-2009年期间呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游环境承载力综合值和准则层各因素的承载力值都呈持续增长态势。其中经济环境承载力增幅最快,直接带动旅游区环境承载力增长；社会环境承载力起点较高,处于缓慢增长状态；自然环境承载力值最低,增长速度最慢。
(5)呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游环境承载力的大小是由承载力值来描述,数值越接近1表明当地旅游业发展越逼近各项指标的最低限制值,利用、规划、发展和经营日渐背离其合理性,承载力在自然承受阈值和人类发展间的平衡即将被打破。2009年呼伦贝尔草原生态旅游环境综合承载力为0.726,已经处于轻度超载(0.61-0.8)状态。随着景区游客数量的增大,急需采取措施减轻旅游活动对草原资源的破坏和对草原生态环境带来的压力。
(6)生态旅游环境承载力是一种服务于生态旅游地规划和管理的技术工具。对草原生态旅游环境承载力进行评估具有预警作用,可以作为生态旅游可持续发展的判别指标和调控手段。从生态旅游环境承载力的大小和变化方向,可以对草原生态环境的状况和发展趋势做出判断,为草原生态旅游开发和管理提供依据,实现生态旅游环境承载力评价所具有的促进资源、环境保护与修复的功能。
(7)结合呼伦贝尔旅游发展面临的主要问题,建议从管理手段和监测技术入手,从规范制度、提高执政能力、加大宣传和教育力度、科学规划、合理引导,分区管理、加强环境监测和治理等方面改善草原生态旅游环境承载力。不仅可以保证生态旅游者在旅游地的体验质量,更保证了当地自然、社会与经济环境的质量,减少其受到旅游活动破坏的可能性。
Ecotourism can be viewed as a cross-discipline and new development of Ecology and Tourism, because it is the best way to fit the tourism in harmony with environmental protection. Fast growth of the ecotourism can help to accelerate the environmental education and natural conservation. Up till now, few have been recognized as the truly grassland ecotourism market and in a mature visitor management stage in China. One of the most important resons why we are facing such a difficulty situation is that the tourism and environment protection are the opposite or contradict toward the grassland ecotourism development.
In order to have the grassland resources protect and grassland tourism sustainable development, in this study, taking scenic area resources and tourist experience into consideration, the evaluation index system for the ecotourism environmental carrying capacity (EECC) of grassland was set up using the way of field investigation and laboratory analysis, while the evaluating index standard was graded and formed the evaluating flow diagram for the EECC of grassland. All these would benefit to coordinate the relation among the population, environment protection, grassland resources protecting and economic and social development, which mean a lot to utilizing and protecting ecological environment in a rational way.
EECC, as a framework and method to plan the grassland ecotourism and manage the grassland ecotourism resources, was used to assess the EECC of Hulunbeier grassland in this paper. According to assessment results and local actual circumstances, some managing suggestions to settle the conflict between grassland ecological environment protection and tourism district development were provided from a technical level, the policy level and management level, which would be conducive to guide the tourism demand, create a positive interactive environment between tourism developing and environment protection. Main results are as following.
(1) Exploiting ecotourism depends on the demanding prospect of ecotourism market. On investigation and analysis of the grassland ecotourism market and tourists satisfaction, results showed that grassland ecotourism has still been in mass tour operating stage and visitor's behavioral trait inclined towards the performance of mass tourism tourists. So there were various drawbacks and potential threats to tourism interests and environment.
(2) There are abundant grassland ecotourism resources in Hulunbeier. Diversity of the grassland ecotourism resources with superior grade can offer value from entertainment, esthetics, cultural, education and other for mankind. In actual stage, grassland ecotourism resources of Hulunbeier can be divided into two main categories—grassland natural landscape and grassland manmade sceneries. Nine sub-categories are grassland geological structure landscape, water landscape, biological landscape, climatic and meteorological landscape, ruins and sites, humanistic landscape, constructions and facilities, grassland tourist commodities and grassland animal husbandry.
(3) Grassland ecosystem relevant to many factors of social, economic and ecology is a complex system. The indicator system including thirty indicators was established with the frequency analysis, theory analysis, and expert counseling method to evaluate the EECC of different grassland. Weight of indicators was computed by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).17 core indexes for evaluating grassland EECC were selected by categorized and optimized out on the contributive rates of indexes.
(4) Over the years from 2004 to 2009, the comprehensive value and every norms value of EECC in Hulunbeier grassland all kept increasing. Among which the fastest pace in economic environment carrying capacity, it rose rapidly and droved the growth of ECC value in tour areas. Social environment carrying capacity with high starting point was in a stage to increase slowly. The lowest growth was natural environment carrying capacity and the value of it was the lowest.
(5) The EECC magnitude of Hulunbeier grasslands was put an exact figure. The value of carrying capacity closer to 1 meant that developing of local tourism was close to the lowest levels of indicators. Then the utilization, planning, development and management of local ecotourism were unreasonable and a balance between nature bearable threshold and Human development would be upset soon. The value of Hulunbeier grassland EECC in 2009 was 0.726, in a mild overload range (0.61-0.8). With the increase of visitor numbers, measures must be taken to meet the situation to reduce the damage to the Hulunbeier grassland and relieve the pressure of local ecological environment.
(6) EECC was a technical tool to serve the planning and management of ecotourism destinations. Assessment of the grassland EECC plays an important role in control and early warning of the effective operation of the grassland ecotourism. Being a good index and adjust measure for ecotourism sustainable development, the magnitude and the direction of EECC would show clearly the grassland ecological environment and development trend. Based on the assessment results, some advices on development and management of grassland ecotourism were put forward, which would give an impetus to the protection and restoration of resources and environment
(7) In combination with the main problems of Hulunbeier tourism development, several management methods and monitoring technology to improve grassland EECC, such as institutions standardized, improve ruling ability, strengthen the propaganda and education, plan scientifically, district management, improve the monitoring and treatment of environment, would be come into effect as soon as possible. Do it this way may not only guarantee the quality of eco-tourists experience in resort, but it may ensure the local nature, social and environment quality to reduce the likelihood of damage by ecotourism activities as well.
引文
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