大学校园绿地空间使用状况评价——以中国农业大学东校园为例
|
摘要
随着社会进步和经济发展，近年来我国高等教育进入了迅猛发展时期，大学校园建设掀起热潮，虽然积累了一定的经验，但还是普遍缺乏对使用者需求的充分重视，致使建成环境的实际使用效果不够理想，造成一定的浪费。因此本文运用环境心理学的理论和方法，从环境一行为研究的角度出发，对中国农业大学东校园绿地空间的使用状况进行调查研究，并得出了一些结论，以期为类似的建设项目提供一定的参考。
1．本文根据环境心理学的有关原理，建立了大学校园绿地空间使用状况评价研究的模型，该模型包括生理、心理、精神三个需求层次和总体意象调查、典型空间调查、主观感受评价三个研究阶段。
2．以中国农业大学东校园绿地空间为研究对象，利用问卷调查法结合访谈法获得了学生对校园绿地空间环境的总体意象，并进一步得出结论：校园绿地空间建设应充分利用场地创造多种类型的活动场所；应加强小游园的建设。
3．利用观察法结合访谈法对中国农业大学东校园若干小游园进行使用状况调查，归纳出以下几条关于大学校园小游园设计的导则：(1)提供充足的、多种形式的坐息设施。(2)结合气候特点，改善活动空间的舒适性。(3)增加空间的层次性和连续性。(4)创造独特的校园精神核心。
4．利用语义评价量表法调查学生对校园绿地空间的主观感受评价，并通过因子分析确定了主观感受评价的四个评价因子：舒适感、环境认知、管理度、场所感。
With the development of the society and economy, high-education and the construction of campus have been in bloom for recent several years in our country. Although lots of experience has been accumulated, sufficient attentions still haven't been paying to the user's requirements and the effect is not satisfying. In this paper, using theories and methods of environmental psychology and from the angle of environment-behavior research, the occupation of the green spaces of the east campus of CAU is studied and some conclusions are drawn.
1. For the green space on campus, this paper sets up a model for POE. This model involves three levels of the user's need, namely physiological, psychological and mental. Moreover, it contains three stages, which are the investigation of the whole image, the study of the typical spaces and the investigation of the user's subjective impression.
2. Through the questionnaire and interview, the user's whole image on the green spaces of the east campus of CAU is acquired. And furthermore, the study come to the conclusions that more kinds of playground should be created and the gardens should be paid more attention to.
3. With the method of observation and interview, the occupancy of some gardens of the east campus of CAU is attained. Corresponding design guides are as follows: (1) supply enough and different sitting facilities, (2) with consider of the climate, make the space more comfortable, (3) improve the zones and the sense of continue of the space, (4) create unique mental core of the campus.
4. Using the method of semantic differential (viz. SD), the investigation of user's subjective impression about the green spaces of the east campus of CAU is carried out. And then through the method of factor analysis, the main factor of the subjective impression is obtained. They are comfort, environment cognition, engagement and the sense of place.
1．本文根据环境心理学的有关原理，建立了大学校园绿地空间使用状况评价研究的模型，该模型包括生理、心理、精神三个需求层次和总体意象调查、典型空间调查、主观感受评价三个研究阶段。
2．以中国农业大学东校园绿地空间为研究对象，利用问卷调查法结合访谈法获得了学生对校园绿地空间环境的总体意象，并进一步得出结论：校园绿地空间建设应充分利用场地创造多种类型的活动场所；应加强小游园的建设。
3．利用观察法结合访谈法对中国农业大学东校园若干小游园进行使用状况调查，归纳出以下几条关于大学校园小游园设计的导则：(1)提供充足的、多种形式的坐息设施。(2)结合气候特点，改善活动空间的舒适性。(3)增加空间的层次性和连续性。(4)创造独特的校园精神核心。
4．利用语义评价量表法调查学生对校园绿地空间的主观感受评价，并通过因子分析确定了主观感受评价的四个评价因子：舒适感、环境认知、管理度、场所感。
With the development of the society and economy, high-education and the construction of campus have been in bloom for recent several years in our country. Although lots of experience has been accumulated, sufficient attentions still haven't been paying to the user's requirements and the effect is not satisfying. In this paper, using theories and methods of environmental psychology and from the angle of environment-behavior research, the occupation of the green spaces of the east campus of CAU is studied and some conclusions are drawn.
1. For the green space on campus, this paper sets up a model for POE. This model involves three levels of the user's need, namely physiological, psychological and mental. Moreover, it contains three stages, which are the investigation of the whole image, the study of the typical spaces and the investigation of the user's subjective impression.
2. Through the questionnaire and interview, the user's whole image on the green spaces of the east campus of CAU is acquired. And furthermore, the study come to the conclusions that more kinds of playground should be created and the gardens should be paid more attention to.
3. With the method of observation and interview, the occupancy of some gardens of the east campus of CAU is attained. Corresponding design guides are as follows: (1) supply enough and different sitting facilities, (2) with consider of the climate, make the space more comfortable, (3) improve the zones and the sense of continue of the space, (4) create unique mental core of the campus.
4. Using the method of semantic differential (viz. SD), the investigation of user's subjective impression about the green spaces of the east campus of CAU is carried out. And then through the method of factor analysis, the main factor of the subjective impression is obtained. They are comfort, environment cognition, engagement and the sense of place.
引文
[1] 周逸湖，宋泽方．高等学校建筑、规划与环境设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1994，3～45
[2] 吴良镛．世纪之交的凝思：建筑学的未来．北京：清华大学出版社，1999，8～12
[3] 戴志中，褚冬竹，肖晓丽．高校校前空间．南京：东南大学出版社，2003，17～21
[4] Richard PD.Campus Architecture-Building in the Groves of Academe. U.S.A:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1996, 1～89
[5] Richard PD.Campus landscape-Function, Forms, Features. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2000, 1～77
[6] Ojedada OR.Campus &Community—moore ruble yudell architecture & planning, Rockport Publishers,Inc., Massachusetts,U.S.A, 1997, 1～32
[7] [美]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯，卡罗琳·弗朗西斯．人性场所——城市空间设计导则，俞孔坚，孙鹏，王志芳，等译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001，165～330
[8] 杨滔，姜娓娓．清华大学理学院北院院落环境行为调查．华中建筑，2001，19(4)：91～92
[9] 杨滔，姜娓娓．清华大学理学院北院院落环境行为调查(续)．华中建筑，2001，19(5)：67～72
[10] 赵纪军．大学校园空间连续体验的塑造——关于清华大学若干新建校园空间环境的调研．新建筑，2002，(2)：56～58
[11] 姜敏．湖南大学两个校园广场的比较研究．南方建筑，2002，(3)：23～33
[12] 朱小雷，吴硕贤．大学校园环境主观质量的多级模糊综合评价．城市规划，2002，26(10)：57～60
[13] 李媛琴．大学校园中心广场设计研究——以深圳大学中心广场用后评估为例：[硕士学位论文]．深圳：深圳大学，2003
[14] Speirs LJ. Sustainable Planning: The Value of Green Space. In:1st International Conference on Sustainable Planning and Development, Skiathos,Greece,2003, 337～346
[15] Swanwick C,Dunnett N,Woolley H. Nature,Role and Value of Green Space in Towns and Cities: An Overview. Built Environment, 2003, 29 (2) 94～106
[16] Haynes C,Trexler CJ. The Perceptions and Needs of Volunteers at a University-affiliated Public Garden. Hort Technology, 2003, 13 (3) 552～556
[17] 周正楠．媒介·建筑——传播学对建筑设计的启示．南京：东南大学出版社，2003．1～36
[18] [美]安迪·普雷斯曼．建筑设计便携手册，杨芸译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002，134～148
[19] 林玉莲，胡正凡编著．环境心理学．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000，1～220
[20] 李道增编著．环境行为学概论．北京：清华大学出版社，1999，1～171
[21] 毛立红．沈阳市环城水系滨河游园环境行为研究：[硕士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2001
[22] 张钦楠．建筑设计方法学．陕西科学技术出版社，1995，43～55
[23] Lynch K.Image of the City.U.S.A:MIT Press,1960,1～50
[24] 俞孔坚，段铁武，李迪华，等．景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例．城市规划，1999，23(8)：8～11
[25] [英]D·肯特．建筑心理学入门，谢立新译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988，82～84
[26] 黄晓鸾编著．居住区环境设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1994，2～22
[27] 孟刚，李岚，李瑞冬，等．城市公园设计．上海：同济大学出版社，2003，60～69
[28] [日]芦原义信．外部空间设计，尹培桐译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1985，55～60
[29] Al-Homoud M,Abu-Obeid N. University outdoor spatial layout effect on perception of students' interaction and group seclusion. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 2003, 20(3):221～233
[30] Newman O. Community of Interest. N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday,1980, 20～23
[31] [丹麦]杨·盖尔．交往与空间，何人可译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002，13～185
[32] Thompson CW. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 60(2): 59～72
[33] Relph E. Place and Placeless. London: Pion Limited,1976, 1～49
[34] Cullen G. The concise townscape. London: Architectural Press, 1971, 12～56
[35] Preiser, Wolfgang FE,Rabinowitz HZ,White ET. Post-Occupancy Evaluation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1988, 3～16
[36] Gumbaketi B. Integrating Innovative POE Technique for Workspace Assessment. in: 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, California, 2002, 2: 291～295
[37] Chen K. Urban housing quality in china: a post-occupancy evaluation study of statpilot housing estates. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 2003, 20 (4): 271～290
[38] Schermer B. Post-occupancy evaluation and organizational learning, in: 33rd Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Philadelphia, PA, 2002, 51～56
[39] 白林．日本历史都市京都的现代建筑外观分析．建筑师，第93期：93～104
[40] 庄惟敏．建筑策划导论．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2000，43～46
[41] Al-Momani AH, Housing Quality: Implications for Design and Management. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2003, 129 (4) : 177～194
[42] Arneill AB,Devlin AS. Perceived Quality of Care: the Influence of the Waiting Room. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2002, 22 (4): 345～360
[43] 吴明隆编著．SPSS统计应用实务．北京：中国铁道出版社，2000，1～49
[44] 宇传华，颜杰．Excel与数据分析．北京：电子工业出版社，2002，150～158
[45] 秦伟，吴军．社会科学研究方法．成都：四川人民出版社，2000，110～117
[46] 杨世莹编著．Excel 2002函数、统计与分析应用范例．北京：中国青年出版社，2003，180～184
[47] 袁方．社会调查原理与方法．北京：高等教育出版社，2000，181～190
[48] 洛加西．视觉环境非量化研究：[博士学位论文]．上海：同济大学，1998
[49] 俞孔坚．景观：文化、生态与感知．北京：科学出版社，2000，240～248
[50] 姚虹，高亦兰．北京部分公共建筑外部空间使用情况研究．建筑师，第78期：28～38
[51] 柯惠新，黄京华，沈浩编著．调查研究中的统计分析法．北京：北京广播学院出版社，1992，70～72
[52] Donna A. A Survey of Community Gardens in Upstate New York: Implications for Health Promotion and Community Development. Health and Place, 2000, 6 (4) 319～327
[53] Fiynn JE,et al. A Guide to Methodology Procedures for Measuring subjective Impressions in Lighting. Journal of IES, 1979, (1): 11～18
[54] 陈德钊编著．多元数据处理．北京：化学工业出版社，1998，140～145
[2] 吴良镛．世纪之交的凝思：建筑学的未来．北京：清华大学出版社，1999，8～12
[3] 戴志中，褚冬竹，肖晓丽．高校校前空间．南京：东南大学出版社，2003，17～21
[4] Richard PD.Campus Architecture-Building in the Groves of Academe. U.S.A:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1996, 1～89
[5] Richard PD.Campus landscape-Function, Forms, Features. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2000, 1～77
[6] Ojedada OR.Campus &Community—moore ruble yudell architecture & planning, Rockport Publishers,Inc., Massachusetts,U.S.A, 1997, 1～32
[7] [美]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯，卡罗琳·弗朗西斯．人性场所——城市空间设计导则，俞孔坚，孙鹏，王志芳，等译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001，165～330
[8] 杨滔，姜娓娓．清华大学理学院北院院落环境行为调查．华中建筑，2001，19(4)：91～92
[9] 杨滔，姜娓娓．清华大学理学院北院院落环境行为调查(续)．华中建筑，2001，19(5)：67～72
[10] 赵纪军．大学校园空间连续体验的塑造——关于清华大学若干新建校园空间环境的调研．新建筑，2002，(2)：56～58
[11] 姜敏．湖南大学两个校园广场的比较研究．南方建筑，2002，(3)：23～33
[12] 朱小雷，吴硕贤．大学校园环境主观质量的多级模糊综合评价．城市规划，2002，26(10)：57～60
[13] 李媛琴．大学校园中心广场设计研究——以深圳大学中心广场用后评估为例：[硕士学位论文]．深圳：深圳大学，2003
[14] Speirs LJ. Sustainable Planning: The Value of Green Space. In:1st International Conference on Sustainable Planning and Development, Skiathos,Greece,2003, 337～346
[15] Swanwick C,Dunnett N,Woolley H. Nature,Role and Value of Green Space in Towns and Cities: An Overview. Built Environment, 2003, 29 (2) 94～106
[16] Haynes C,Trexler CJ. The Perceptions and Needs of Volunteers at a University-affiliated Public Garden. Hort Technology, 2003, 13 (3) 552～556
[17] 周正楠．媒介·建筑——传播学对建筑设计的启示．南京：东南大学出版社，2003．1～36
[18] [美]安迪·普雷斯曼．建筑设计便携手册，杨芸译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002，134～148
[19] 林玉莲，胡正凡编著．环境心理学．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2000，1～220
[20] 李道增编著．环境行为学概论．北京：清华大学出版社，1999，1～171
[21] 毛立红．沈阳市环城水系滨河游园环境行为研究：[硕士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2001
[22] 张钦楠．建筑设计方法学．陕西科学技术出版社，1995，43～55
[23] Lynch K.Image of the City.U.S.A:MIT Press,1960,1～50
[24] 俞孔坚，段铁武，李迪华，等．景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例．城市规划，1999，23(8)：8～11
[25] [英]D·肯特．建筑心理学入门，谢立新译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1988，82～84
[26] 黄晓鸾编著．居住区环境设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1994，2～22
[27] 孟刚，李岚，李瑞冬，等．城市公园设计．上海：同济大学出版社，2003，60～69
[28] [日]芦原义信．外部空间设计，尹培桐译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1985，55～60
[29] Al-Homoud M,Abu-Obeid N. University outdoor spatial layout effect on perception of students' interaction and group seclusion. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 2003, 20(3):221～233
[30] Newman O. Community of Interest. N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday,1980, 20～23
[31] [丹麦]杨·盖尔．交往与空间，何人可译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2002，13～185
[32] Thompson CW. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 60(2): 59～72
[33] Relph E. Place and Placeless. London: Pion Limited,1976, 1～49
[34] Cullen G. The concise townscape. London: Architectural Press, 1971, 12～56
[35] Preiser, Wolfgang FE,Rabinowitz HZ,White ET. Post-Occupancy Evaluation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1988, 3～16
[36] Gumbaketi B. Integrating Innovative POE Technique for Workspace Assessment. in: 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, California, 2002, 2: 291～295
[37] Chen K. Urban housing quality in china: a post-occupancy evaluation study of statpilot housing estates. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 2003, 20 (4): 271～290
[38] Schermer B. Post-occupancy evaluation and organizational learning, in: 33rd Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Philadelphia, PA, 2002, 51～56
[39] 白林．日本历史都市京都的现代建筑外观分析．建筑师，第93期：93～104
[40] 庄惟敏．建筑策划导论．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2000，43～46
[41] Al-Momani AH, Housing Quality: Implications for Design and Management. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2003, 129 (4) : 177～194
[42] Arneill AB,Devlin AS. Perceived Quality of Care: the Influence of the Waiting Room. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2002, 22 (4): 345～360
[43] 吴明隆编著．SPSS统计应用实务．北京：中国铁道出版社，2000，1～49
[44] 宇传华，颜杰．Excel与数据分析．北京：电子工业出版社，2002，150～158
[45] 秦伟，吴军．社会科学研究方法．成都：四川人民出版社，2000，110～117
[46] 杨世莹编著．Excel 2002函数、统计与分析应用范例．北京：中国青年出版社，2003，180～184
[47] 袁方．社会调查原理与方法．北京：高等教育出版社，2000，181～190
[48] 洛加西．视觉环境非量化研究：[博士学位论文]．上海：同济大学，1998
[49] 俞孔坚．景观：文化、生态与感知．北京：科学出版社，2000，240～248
[50] 姚虹，高亦兰．北京部分公共建筑外部空间使用情况研究．建筑师，第78期：28～38
[51] 柯惠新，黄京华，沈浩编著．调查研究中的统计分析法．北京：北京广播学院出版社，1992，70～72
[52] Donna A. A Survey of Community Gardens in Upstate New York: Implications for Health Promotion and Community Development. Health and Place, 2000, 6 (4) 319～327
[53] Fiynn JE,et al. A Guide to Methodology Procedures for Measuring subjective Impressions in Lighting. Journal of IES, 1979, (1): 11～18
[54] 陈德钊编著．多元数据处理．北京：化学工业出版社，1998，140～145