后腹腔镜肾输尿管切除术治疗肾盂移行细胞癌与开放手术比较
|
摘要
目的:通过与开放手术的比较,探讨后腹腔镜肾输尿管切除术治疗肾盂移行细胞癌的疗效及安全性。
方法:2004年1月至2007年8月我院共手术治疗肾盂移行细胞癌66例,其中行后腹腔镜肾输尿管切除术(A组)25例,行开放肾输尿管切除术(B组)41例。本文回顾性比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院天数、止痛药物(曲马多)用量、随访时间、手术效果等指标。
结果:A组平均后腹腔镜下肾切除手术时间122.5(50～160)min,平均膀胱部分切除时间38.9(20～65)min。平均术中出血量131.1(30～300)ml;平均术后肠功能恢复时间1.6(1～3)d,平均引流管拔出时间3.2(2～5)d,平均术后止痛药物用量(曲马多)76.8(50～200)mg;平均术后住院10.4(5～21)d。术后膀胱肿瘤复发2例。B组平均肾切除手术时间85.6(45～125)min,平均膀胱部分切除时间36.1(20～55)min;平均术中出血量229.3(100～1000)ml;平均术后肠功能恢复时间2.9(1～4)d,平均引流管拔出时间5.1(2～13)d,平均术后止痛药物用量(曲马多)214.5(150～450)mg;平均术后住院11.7(6～34)d。术后膀胱肿瘤复发3例。两组膀胱部分切除手术时间、术后住院天数无统计学差异(P＞0.05),术中出血量(P＜0.05)、术后肠功能恢复时间(P＜0.01)、术后引流管拔除时间(P＜0.01),术后止痛药物用量(P＜0.01)A组明显优于B组。平均肾切除时间B组较A组短(P＜0.01)
结论:开放肾输尿管切除术是治疗肾盂移行细胞癌的金标准,但对于早期低级别的肾盂移行细胞癌,后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除术具有微创、安全靠等特点,疗效与开放手术相当。
Objective:To report our experience of retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvic and evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety.
Methods:In 25 Patients with renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma,the kidney was retroperitoneally dissected and the ureteral end was resected with retroperitoneal laparoscopic procedure(group A).41 patients underwent open nephroureterectomy (group B)。We compare the operating time,blood loss,recovery of intestinal function after operation,the postoperative hospital stay,the amount of antalgesic between group A and group B retrospectively。
Results:The average nephrectomy operative time and partial bladder resection, bleeding volume was 122.5 min,38.9 min and 131.1 mL in group A,85.6min, 36.1min and 229.3 mL in group B.The average recovery of intestinal function after operation was 1.6 d in group A,and 2.9 d in group B.The average the amount of antalgesic was 76.8mg in group A and 214.5mg in group B.The average the postoperative hospital stay was 10.4d in group A and 11.7 group B.No statistically significant difference was seen in bladder recurrence,or extravesical recurrence rates among the two groups.
Conclusion:Our retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvic is less invasive than open surgery and is a safe and effective alternative.
方法:2004年1月至2007年8月我院共手术治疗肾盂移行细胞癌66例,其中行后腹腔镜肾输尿管切除术(A组)25例,行开放肾输尿管切除术(B组)41例。本文回顾性比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院天数、止痛药物(曲马多)用量、随访时间、手术效果等指标。
结果:A组平均后腹腔镜下肾切除手术时间122.5(50～160)min,平均膀胱部分切除时间38.9(20～65)min。平均术中出血量131.1(30～300)ml;平均术后肠功能恢复时间1.6(1～3)d,平均引流管拔出时间3.2(2～5)d,平均术后止痛药物用量(曲马多)76.8(50～200)mg;平均术后住院10.4(5～21)d。术后膀胱肿瘤复发2例。B组平均肾切除手术时间85.6(45～125)min,平均膀胱部分切除时间36.1(20～55)min;平均术中出血量229.3(100～1000)ml;平均术后肠功能恢复时间2.9(1～4)d,平均引流管拔出时间5.1(2～13)d,平均术后止痛药物用量(曲马多)214.5(150～450)mg;平均术后住院11.7(6～34)d。术后膀胱肿瘤复发3例。两组膀胱部分切除手术时间、术后住院天数无统计学差异(P＞0.05),术中出血量(P＜0.05)、术后肠功能恢复时间(P＜0.01)、术后引流管拔除时间(P＜0.01),术后止痛药物用量(P＜0.01)A组明显优于B组。平均肾切除时间B组较A组短(P＜0.01)
结论:开放肾输尿管切除术是治疗肾盂移行细胞癌的金标准,但对于早期低级别的肾盂移行细胞癌,后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除术具有微创、安全靠等特点,疗效与开放手术相当。
Objective:To report our experience of retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvic and evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety.
Methods:In 25 Patients with renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma,the kidney was retroperitoneally dissected and the ureteral end was resected with retroperitoneal laparoscopic procedure(group A).41 patients underwent open nephroureterectomy (group B)。We compare the operating time,blood loss,recovery of intestinal function after operation,the postoperative hospital stay,the amount of antalgesic between group A and group B retrospectively。
Results:The average nephrectomy operative time and partial bladder resection, bleeding volume was 122.5 min,38.9 min and 131.1 mL in group A,85.6min, 36.1min and 229.3 mL in group B.The average recovery of intestinal function after operation was 1.6 d in group A,and 2.9 d in group B.The average the amount of antalgesic was 76.8mg in group A and 214.5mg in group B.The average the postoperative hospital stay was 10.4d in group A and 11.7 group B.No statistically significant difference was seen in bladder recurrence,or extravesical recurrence rates among the two groups.
Conclusion:Our retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvic is less invasive than open surgery and is a safe and effective alternative.
引文
1、吴阶平等,吴阶平泌尿外科学,山东科学技术出版社,2004.5,962-965
2、Clayman RV,Kavoussi LR,Figenshau RS,et al:Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:initial clinical case report.J Laparoendoscopic Surg,1991,1:343-349.
2、Shalhav AL,Dunn MD,Portis AJ,Elbahnasy AM,McDougall EM,Clayman RV.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer:the Washington University experience.J Orol 2000;163:1100-4.
3、Salomon A,Hoznek A,Cicco A,Gasman D,Chopin DK,About CC.Retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for renal pelvic tumors with a single iliac incision.J Urol 1999;161:541-4.
4、Keeley FX Jr,Tolley DA.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:making management of upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma entirely minimally invasive.J Endourol.1998 Apr;12(2):139-41
5、Taweemonkongsap T,Nualyong C,Amornvesukit T et al.,Outcomes of surgical treatment for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma:comparison of retroperitoneoscopic and open nephroureterectomy.World J Surg Oncol.2008 Jan 15;6:3
6,Jarrett TW,Chan DY,Cadeddu JA,Kavoussi LR.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of upper urinary tract.Urology 2001;57:448-53.
7、汪朔、夏丹、陈戈明等.腹膜后腔镜Anderson-Hynes肾盂整形术(附六例报告)中华泌尿外科杂志,2003,24:531-533
8、汪朔、李奇孟、夏丹等.后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术23例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志,2006,27:439-442
9、梅骅、陈凌武、高新等.泌尿外科手术学.人民卫生出版社.2007.50-52
10、张岐山、郭应禄等.泌尿系超声诊断治疗学.北京:科学技术文献出版社,2001,109-112.
11、Gill IS,Sung GT,Hobart MG,Savage SJ,MeraneyAM,Schweizer DK,et al.Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma:the Cleveland Clinic experience.J Urol 2000;164:1513-22.
12、McNeill SA,Chrisofos M,Tolley DA.The long-term outcome after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:a comparison with open nephroureterectomy.BUJ Int 2000;86:619-23.
13、Yoshino Y,Ono Y,Hattori R,Gotoh M,Kamihira O,Ohshima S.Retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter:Nagoya experience.Urology 2003;61:533-8.
14、Wong C,Leveillee RJ.Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with cystoscopic en bloc excision of the distal ureter and bladder cuff.J Endourol 2002;16:329-32.
15、Kawauchi A,Fujito A,Ukimura O,Yoneda K,Mizutani Y,Miki T.Hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy:comparison with the open procedure.J Urol 2003;169:890-4.
16、Jarrett TW,Chart DY,Cadeddu JA,Kavoussi LR.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of upper urinary tract.Urology 2001;57:448-53.
17、汪朔、谭付清、夏丹等.后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术并区域淋巴结清扫术40例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志,2007,28:444-446
18、Rassweiler JJ,Schulze M,Marrero R,Frede T,Palou Redorta J,Bassi P.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma:is it better than open surgery? Eur Urol 2004;46:690-7.
19、McDougall EM,Clayman RV,and Elashry O:Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer:the Washington University experience.J Urol,1999,154:975-980.
20、Gill IS,Soble JJ,Sung GT,et al:A novel technique for management of the en bloc bladder cuff and distal ureter during laparoscopic nephroureterectomy.J Urol,1999,161:430-434.
21、张旭、叶章群、何延瑜等.腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤.临床泌尿外科杂志,2003,18:653-655.
22、马潞林、黄毅、卢剑等.后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术35例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志.2006,27:450-452.
23、Brown JA,Strup SE,Chenven E,et al.Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:analysis of distal ureterectomy technique,margin status,and surgical outcomes.Urology,2005,66(6):1192-1196.
24、Masao Tsujihata,Norio Nonomura,et al.Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma:Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgery European urology,Volume 49,Issue 2,February 2006,Pages 332-336
25、松下 靖、大内 淳、尾张幸久 等.多变量解析肾盂输尿管尿管癌预后因子的检讨.泌尿器科纪要,2001,47(8):543-546.
26、条原 充、冈 敦彦、铃木 诚等.肾盂输尿管癌临床的讨论.日泌尿会志,1998,86(8):1372-1375.
27、Munoz JJ,Ellison LM.Upper tract urothelialneophasms;incidence and survival during the last 2 decades.Urology,2000,164(5):1523-1525.
28、Hall MC,Womack S,Sagalowsky AI,et al.Prognostic factors,recurrence and survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract:a 30 year experience in 252 patients.Urology,1998,89(9):766-773.
29、菅野理、庄司则文、堀米享等.肾盂输尿管肿瘤与膀胱肿瘤临床分析.日泌尿会志,1995,86(8):1383-1387.
30、Hisataki T,Minyao N,Masumori N,el al.Risk factors for the development of bladder cancer after upper tract urothelial cancer.Urology,2000,55(5):663-667.
1 张岐山、郭应禄.泌尿系超声诊断治疗学.北京:科学技术文献出版社,2001,109-112.
2 史时芳.泌尿外科常见疾病的超声诊断.北京:北京医科大学出版社,1996,44-45.
3 周永昌、郭万学.超声医学[M].第三版.北京:北京科学技术出版社,1998,1022.
4 刘新、谷青、王金洲、等.彩色多普勒超声诊断肾盂移行细胞癌.中国医学影像技术,2002,18:917-918.
5 白文俊、朱积川、王晓峰、等.原发性输尿管癌的诊断与处理.中华泌尿外科杂志,2000,21:31-33.
6 Lee DI,Bagley DH,Liu JB.Experience with endoluminal ultrosonography in the urinary tract.J Endourol,2001,15:67-74.
7 Tomitab Y,Kobayashi K,Saito T,et al.Use of miniature ultrasonic prode system for intravesical.Ultrasonography for transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract.Scand J Urol Nephral,2000,34:313-316.
8 Bloom N A,Vidone R A,Lytton B.Promary carcinoma of the urter.Jurol,1970,103:590.
9 Plam B,George R,Adam G,et al.Computed tomography for detection and staging of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.Eur Urol,1995,12:146-152.
10 Liatsikos E N,Dinlenc C Z,Kapoor R,et al.Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis:ureteroscopic and percutaneous approach.J Endourol,2001,15:377.
11 Clayman RV,Kavoussi LR,Figenshau RS,et al.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:initial clinical case report.J Laparoendoscopic Surg,1991,1:343-349.
12 McDougall EM,Clayman RV,and Elashry O.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer:the Washington University experience.J Urol,1999,154:975-980.
13 Gill IS,Soble JJ,Sung GT,et al:A novel technique for management of the en bloc bladder cuff and distal ureter during laparoscopic nephroureterectomy.J Urol,1999,161:430-434.
14 张旭、叶章群、何延瑜,等.腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤.临床泌尿外科杂志,2003,18:653-655.
15 马潞林,黄毅,卢剑,等.后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术35例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志,2006,27:450-452.
16 Brown JA,Strup SE,Chenven E,et al.Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:analysis of distal ureterectomy technique,margin status,and surgical outcomes.Urology,2005,66:1192-1196.
17 Masao Tsujihata,Norio Nonomura,et al.Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma:Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgery European urology,2006,49:332-336.
18 Holder E,Papillary ureter carcinoma as a recurrence of renal pelvis tumor after nephrectomy;dianosis and therapy.Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir Ver Disch Z Chir,1956,284:492-498.
19 Mugiya S,Maruyama S,Nagata M,et al.Retrograde endoscopic laser therapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.Int J Urol,2003,10:371-6.
20 Elliott DS,Blute ML,Patterson DE,et al.Long-term follow-up of endoscopically treated upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma.Urology,1996,47:819-825.
21 Jarrett T W,Sweetser P M,Weiss G H,et al.Perculaneous management of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal collecting system;9- year experience.J Urol,1995,154:1629-1635.
22 Lee B R, Jabbour M E, Marshall F F, et al. 13-year survival comparison of percutaneous and open nephroureterectomy approaches for management of transitional cell carcinoma of renal collecting system;equivalent outcomes. J Endourol, 1999,13:289-894.
23 Racioppi M, D' Addessi A, Alcini A, et al. Clinical review of 100 consecutive surgically treated patients with upper urinary tract transitional tumours. Br J Ural, 1997,80:707-711.
2、Clayman RV,Kavoussi LR,Figenshau RS,et al:Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:initial clinical case report.J Laparoendoscopic Surg,1991,1:343-349.
2、Shalhav AL,Dunn MD,Portis AJ,Elbahnasy AM,McDougall EM,Clayman RV.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer:the Washington University experience.J Orol 2000;163:1100-4.
3、Salomon A,Hoznek A,Cicco A,Gasman D,Chopin DK,About CC.Retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for renal pelvic tumors with a single iliac incision.J Urol 1999;161:541-4.
4、Keeley FX Jr,Tolley DA.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:making management of upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma entirely minimally invasive.J Endourol.1998 Apr;12(2):139-41
5、Taweemonkongsap T,Nualyong C,Amornvesukit T et al.,Outcomes of surgical treatment for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma:comparison of retroperitoneoscopic and open nephroureterectomy.World J Surg Oncol.2008 Jan 15;6:3
6,Jarrett TW,Chan DY,Cadeddu JA,Kavoussi LR.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of upper urinary tract.Urology 2001;57:448-53.
7、汪朔、夏丹、陈戈明等.腹膜后腔镜Anderson-Hynes肾盂整形术(附六例报告)中华泌尿外科杂志,2003,24:531-533
8、汪朔、李奇孟、夏丹等.后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术23例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志,2006,27:439-442
9、梅骅、陈凌武、高新等.泌尿外科手术学.人民卫生出版社.2007.50-52
10、张岐山、郭应禄等.泌尿系超声诊断治疗学.北京:科学技术文献出版社,2001,109-112.
11、Gill IS,Sung GT,Hobart MG,Savage SJ,MeraneyAM,Schweizer DK,et al.Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma:the Cleveland Clinic experience.J Urol 2000;164:1513-22.
12、McNeill SA,Chrisofos M,Tolley DA.The long-term outcome after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:a comparison with open nephroureterectomy.BUJ Int 2000;86:619-23.
13、Yoshino Y,Ono Y,Hattori R,Gotoh M,Kamihira O,Ohshima S.Retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter:Nagoya experience.Urology 2003;61:533-8.
14、Wong C,Leveillee RJ.Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with cystoscopic en bloc excision of the distal ureter and bladder cuff.J Endourol 2002;16:329-32.
15、Kawauchi A,Fujito A,Ukimura O,Yoneda K,Mizutani Y,Miki T.Hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy:comparison with the open procedure.J Urol 2003;169:890-4.
16、Jarrett TW,Chart DY,Cadeddu JA,Kavoussi LR.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of upper urinary tract.Urology 2001;57:448-53.
17、汪朔、谭付清、夏丹等.后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术并区域淋巴结清扫术40例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志,2007,28:444-446
18、Rassweiler JJ,Schulze M,Marrero R,Frede T,Palou Redorta J,Bassi P.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma:is it better than open surgery? Eur Urol 2004;46:690-7.
19、McDougall EM,Clayman RV,and Elashry O:Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer:the Washington University experience.J Urol,1999,154:975-980.
20、Gill IS,Soble JJ,Sung GT,et al:A novel technique for management of the en bloc bladder cuff and distal ureter during laparoscopic nephroureterectomy.J Urol,1999,161:430-434.
21、张旭、叶章群、何延瑜等.腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤.临床泌尿外科杂志,2003,18:653-655.
22、马潞林、黄毅、卢剑等.后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术35例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志.2006,27:450-452.
23、Brown JA,Strup SE,Chenven E,et al.Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:analysis of distal ureterectomy technique,margin status,and surgical outcomes.Urology,2005,66(6):1192-1196.
24、Masao Tsujihata,Norio Nonomura,et al.Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma:Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgery European urology,Volume 49,Issue 2,February 2006,Pages 332-336
25、松下 靖、大内 淳、尾张幸久 等.多变量解析肾盂输尿管尿管癌预后因子的检讨.泌尿器科纪要,2001,47(8):543-546.
26、条原 充、冈 敦彦、铃木 诚等.肾盂输尿管癌临床的讨论.日泌尿会志,1998,86(8):1372-1375.
27、Munoz JJ,Ellison LM.Upper tract urothelialneophasms;incidence and survival during the last 2 decades.Urology,2000,164(5):1523-1525.
28、Hall MC,Womack S,Sagalowsky AI,et al.Prognostic factors,recurrence and survival in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract:a 30 year experience in 252 patients.Urology,1998,89(9):766-773.
29、菅野理、庄司则文、堀米享等.肾盂输尿管肿瘤与膀胱肿瘤临床分析.日泌尿会志,1995,86(8):1383-1387.
30、Hisataki T,Minyao N,Masumori N,el al.Risk factors for the development of bladder cancer after upper tract urothelial cancer.Urology,2000,55(5):663-667.
1 张岐山、郭应禄.泌尿系超声诊断治疗学.北京:科学技术文献出版社,2001,109-112.
2 史时芳.泌尿外科常见疾病的超声诊断.北京:北京医科大学出版社,1996,44-45.
3 周永昌、郭万学.超声医学[M].第三版.北京:北京科学技术出版社,1998,1022.
4 刘新、谷青、王金洲、等.彩色多普勒超声诊断肾盂移行细胞癌.中国医学影像技术,2002,18:917-918.
5 白文俊、朱积川、王晓峰、等.原发性输尿管癌的诊断与处理.中华泌尿外科杂志,2000,21:31-33.
6 Lee DI,Bagley DH,Liu JB.Experience with endoluminal ultrosonography in the urinary tract.J Endourol,2001,15:67-74.
7 Tomitab Y,Kobayashi K,Saito T,et al.Use of miniature ultrasonic prode system for intravesical.Ultrasonography for transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract.Scand J Urol Nephral,2000,34:313-316.
8 Bloom N A,Vidone R A,Lytton B.Promary carcinoma of the urter.Jurol,1970,103:590.
9 Plam B,George R,Adam G,et al.Computed tomography for detection and staging of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.Eur Urol,1995,12:146-152.
10 Liatsikos E N,Dinlenc C Z,Kapoor R,et al.Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis:ureteroscopic and percutaneous approach.J Endourol,2001,15:377.
11 Clayman RV,Kavoussi LR,Figenshau RS,et al.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:initial clinical case report.J Laparoendoscopic Surg,1991,1:343-349.
12 McDougall EM,Clayman RV,and Elashry O.Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer:the Washington University experience.J Urol,1999,154:975-980.
13 Gill IS,Soble JJ,Sung GT,et al:A novel technique for management of the en bloc bladder cuff and distal ureter during laparoscopic nephroureterectomy.J Urol,1999,161:430-434.
14 张旭、叶章群、何延瑜,等.腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤.临床泌尿外科杂志,2003,18:653-655.
15 马潞林,黄毅,卢剑,等.后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长及膀胱袖状切除术35例报告.中华泌尿外科杂志,2006,27:450-452.
16 Brown JA,Strup SE,Chenven E,et al.Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy:analysis of distal ureterectomy technique,margin status,and surgical outcomes.Urology,2005,66:1192-1196.
17 Masao Tsujihata,Norio Nonomura,et al.Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma:Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgery European urology,2006,49:332-336.
18 Holder E,Papillary ureter carcinoma as a recurrence of renal pelvis tumor after nephrectomy;dianosis and therapy.Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir Ver Disch Z Chir,1956,284:492-498.
19 Mugiya S,Maruyama S,Nagata M,et al.Retrograde endoscopic laser therapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.Int J Urol,2003,10:371-6.
20 Elliott DS,Blute ML,Patterson DE,et al.Long-term follow-up of endoscopically treated upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma.Urology,1996,47:819-825.
21 Jarrett T W,Sweetser P M,Weiss G H,et al.Perculaneous management of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal collecting system;9- year experience.J Urol,1995,154:1629-1635.
22 Lee B R, Jabbour M E, Marshall F F, et al. 13-year survival comparison of percutaneous and open nephroureterectomy approaches for management of transitional cell carcinoma of renal collecting system;equivalent outcomes. J Endourol, 1999,13:289-894.
23 Racioppi M, D' Addessi A, Alcini A, et al. Clinical review of 100 consecutive surgically treated patients with upper urinary tract transitional tumours. Br J Ural, 1997,80:707-711.