从防范信用风险看中国个人征信体系的建设
摘要
近年来,发展的制度问题得到了越来越多的关注,征信是现代金融体系中最重要的制度安排之一,征信体系成为一个国家金融体系中不可或缺的部分。目前,发达国家大多拥有健全的社会征信体系,相对而言,发展中国家的征信体系比较薄弱,甚至缺失。
市场经济的基础就是信用制度,发达的信用在某种意义上可以说就意味着发达的市场经济。在整个信用体系中,个人信用处于基础地位。对于国家来说,了解个人的资信状况是制定各项宏观政策的前提:对于社会流通流域来说,推广各种电子支付工具、改革结算制度等等同样建立在个人征信体系的发展之上;对于个人来说,个人信用记录在当前社会中已经成为个人的第二张“身份证”,使得个人贷款、担保等经济行为变的更加简单;对于银行来说,完善的个人征信体系可以为银行的相关业务规避风险,为大规模开展信贷业务打好了基础。
然而,我国的个人征信体系发展滞后,严重阻碍了经济进步与发展。近年来,国家开始重视信用建设,中国人民银行于 2003 年成立了征信管理局,然而关于个人征信体系的完善工作仍然处于探索中。随着我国征信体系的逐步建立和完善,建立健全个人征信制度,有效防范道德风险成为当前亟待解决的问题。本文从以下几方面进行了探讨。全文分为四部分,在阐述相关理论的基础上,借鉴西方发达国家成熟个人征信体系的先进理论与实践经验,对比我国个人征信体系的发展现状,对我国个人征信体系的继续完善提出了一些建议和意见。具体结构如下:
第一部分从信用风险的成因开始,讨论了个人征信体系的重要性。先是通过简单分析信用卡风险和消费信贷风险,提出建立个人征信体系是拓展消费信贷业务的基础。然后从博弈论的角度出发进行分析,指出在一般的商品交易和商业银行授信过程难免造成“囚徒困境”,只有通过重复博弈才能走出信用建设的困境,而相应的制度安排就是建立健全个人征信体系。建立健全个人征信体系是改变我国个人信用状况,促进经济发展的必由之路。
第二部分比较分析了国内外个人征信体系的发展状况,讲述了西方建立个人征信体系的经验,分析了其建立的基础,以此作为讨论我国个人征信体系运行途径的方向,并提出目前我国个人征信体系建设中仍然存在许多问题。
第三部分是个人征信国际立法的比较,针对个人征信体系的立法建设进行相应研究,指出我国在个人征信方面的立法非常不完善,尤其是征信数据公开和隐
In recent years, more and more people pay attention to the developing systemproblem. Credit reporting system is one of the most important system arrangements,and credit reporting system becomes one indispensable part of one country's financialsystem. Now, most developed countries have set up a more comparatively perfectmanagement of social credit, and have a mature credit reporting system, however,developing countries were week at this.
The foundation of the market economy is credit system;in some aspects, advanced creditmeans advanced market economy. Individual credit is the basis of the social credit. Theindividual credit reporting system enable the financial sector to better serve the needsof the real economy by facilitating both better allocation of credit, and improvedavailability of credit based on accurate, comprehensive and timely information. Theirimprovement is a priority task when transforming economies and developing bankingsystems. However, the development of modern individual credit reporting systemsmay require modifications to the legal framework, as well as improvements in theinstitutional capacity of the central bank, commercial banks, and other entities that areproviders and users of credit. The individual credit reporting system makes use ofmodern telecommunication technology and computer network technology for thepurpose of setting up a concentration-distribution database for financial institutions atvarious levels throughout the country to register and inquire about the creditinformation of the person on the Internet. On the other hand, the construction of theindividual credit reporting system focuses on the provision of the credit informationservice to the commercial banks to guard against and rule out the underlying creditrisks as well as provides the central banks with information needed in the research offinancial supervision and monetary policy. Good individual credit reporting system isan effective guarantee against financial risks. In China, the lagging of individualcredit reporting system became an obstacle of economy. Recently, the states attachmuch attention to credit. It is urgent to improve individual reporting system for bothdeveloping credit economy and constructing national credit system.
This thesis is divided into four substantive sections. In the article, author uses themethod of games theory. From once game to repeated game, the article theoreticallyrevealed the fundamental factors of credit risk coming from the asymmetricinformation and the problems of repeated game. Then, the article indicates that
individual credit reporting system is the way to resolve the poor credit situation.Adopting economical and comparative methods, author studies how to makeindividual credit reporting system more mature and the credit reporting law in thefollowing chapters.With the analysis of current situation of individual credit reporting system inChina, the problem in this field, and the main reasons to restrict the development ofindividual credit reporting system. Author suggested some way to better the situationof individual credit reporting system in our country so as to promote the developmentof economy.
市场经济的基础就是信用制度,发达的信用在某种意义上可以说就意味着发达的市场经济。在整个信用体系中,个人信用处于基础地位。对于国家来说,了解个人的资信状况是制定各项宏观政策的前提:对于社会流通流域来说,推广各种电子支付工具、改革结算制度等等同样建立在个人征信体系的发展之上;对于个人来说,个人信用记录在当前社会中已经成为个人的第二张“身份证”,使得个人贷款、担保等经济行为变的更加简单;对于银行来说,完善的个人征信体系可以为银行的相关业务规避风险,为大规模开展信贷业务打好了基础。
然而,我国的个人征信体系发展滞后,严重阻碍了经济进步与发展。近年来,国家开始重视信用建设,中国人民银行于 2003 年成立了征信管理局,然而关于个人征信体系的完善工作仍然处于探索中。随着我国征信体系的逐步建立和完善,建立健全个人征信制度,有效防范道德风险成为当前亟待解决的问题。本文从以下几方面进行了探讨。全文分为四部分,在阐述相关理论的基础上,借鉴西方发达国家成熟个人征信体系的先进理论与实践经验,对比我国个人征信体系的发展现状,对我国个人征信体系的继续完善提出了一些建议和意见。具体结构如下:
第一部分从信用风险的成因开始,讨论了个人征信体系的重要性。先是通过简单分析信用卡风险和消费信贷风险,提出建立个人征信体系是拓展消费信贷业务的基础。然后从博弈论的角度出发进行分析,指出在一般的商品交易和商业银行授信过程难免造成“囚徒困境”,只有通过重复博弈才能走出信用建设的困境,而相应的制度安排就是建立健全个人征信体系。建立健全个人征信体系是改变我国个人信用状况,促进经济发展的必由之路。
第二部分比较分析了国内外个人征信体系的发展状况,讲述了西方建立个人征信体系的经验,分析了其建立的基础,以此作为讨论我国个人征信体系运行途径的方向,并提出目前我国个人征信体系建设中仍然存在许多问题。
第三部分是个人征信国际立法的比较,针对个人征信体系的立法建设进行相应研究,指出我国在个人征信方面的立法非常不完善,尤其是征信数据公开和隐
In recent years, more and more people pay attention to the developing systemproblem. Credit reporting system is one of the most important system arrangements,and credit reporting system becomes one indispensable part of one country's financialsystem. Now, most developed countries have set up a more comparatively perfectmanagement of social credit, and have a mature credit reporting system, however,developing countries were week at this.
The foundation of the market economy is credit system;in some aspects, advanced creditmeans advanced market economy. Individual credit is the basis of the social credit. Theindividual credit reporting system enable the financial sector to better serve the needsof the real economy by facilitating both better allocation of credit, and improvedavailability of credit based on accurate, comprehensive and timely information. Theirimprovement is a priority task when transforming economies and developing bankingsystems. However, the development of modern individual credit reporting systemsmay require modifications to the legal framework, as well as improvements in theinstitutional capacity of the central bank, commercial banks, and other entities that areproviders and users of credit. The individual credit reporting system makes use ofmodern telecommunication technology and computer network technology for thepurpose of setting up a concentration-distribution database for financial institutions atvarious levels throughout the country to register and inquire about the creditinformation of the person on the Internet. On the other hand, the construction of theindividual credit reporting system focuses on the provision of the credit informationservice to the commercial banks to guard against and rule out the underlying creditrisks as well as provides the central banks with information needed in the research offinancial supervision and monetary policy. Good individual credit reporting system isan effective guarantee against financial risks. In China, the lagging of individualcredit reporting system became an obstacle of economy. Recently, the states attachmuch attention to credit. It is urgent to improve individual reporting system for bothdeveloping credit economy and constructing national credit system.
This thesis is divided into four substantive sections. In the article, author uses themethod of games theory. From once game to repeated game, the article theoreticallyrevealed the fundamental factors of credit risk coming from the asymmetricinformation and the problems of repeated game. Then, the article indicates that
individual credit reporting system is the way to resolve the poor credit situation.Adopting economical and comparative methods, author studies how to makeindividual credit reporting system more mature and the credit reporting law in thefollowing chapters.With the analysis of current situation of individual credit reporting system inChina, the problem in this field, and the main reasons to restrict the development ofindividual credit reporting system. Author suggested some way to better the situationof individual credit reporting system in our country so as to promote the developmentof economy.
引文
(1)魏昕,博阳 . 诚信危机——透视中国一个严重的社会问题 . 北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2003 .
(2)艾里克·拉斯缪森 . 博弈与信息——博弈论概论 . 北京:北京大学出版社,
(3)张维迎 . 博弈论与信息经济学 . 上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1996 .
(4)Barry Connelly: The Evolution of a Worldwide Consumer Credit Reporting system, 2000
(5)Berger, Allen N., Gregory F. Udell. 1995. “Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance”. Journal of Business 68(July): 351-381
(6)Charles M Tatelbaum: “The FTC Response to NACM on the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act”, Business Credit, Vol102, 2000.
(7)Jappelli,Tullio, Macro Pagano, 2001 年, Information Sharing, Lending and Defaults: Cross-country Evidence, Journal of Banking and Finance 26, No.10
(8)Kallberg, J., and G. Udell: "The Value of Private Sector Business Credit Information Sharing: The U.S. Case", Stern School of Business, NYU, Working paper, December 2002
(9)Klein, Daniel B. 1992. “Promise Making in the Great Society: A Model of Credit Information Sharing.” Journal of Economics and Politics 4:117-136 .
(10)常根发,曾卫,王玉宝 . 商业信用评级——来自美国市场的启示 . 南京财经大学学报,2004 年 01 期 .
(11)杜若华 . 个人信用征信与隐私权的保护 . 甘肃金融,2005 年第 7 期 .
(12)胡晓莉 . 建立和完善我国个人征信体系之构想 . 中国金融界网,2005 年 7 月 .
(13)江海 . 个人信用制度建设现状及对策探讨 . 福建金融,2004 年第 9 期 .
(14)李静 . 浅议个人消费信贷的风险与对策 . 中国农业会计,2005 年第 5 期 .
(15)林钧跃 . 消费者信用管理 . 中国方正出版社,2002 年版 .
(16)林愚 . 个人消费信贷风险防范对策分析 . 中国信用卡,2005 第 7 期 .
(17)刘戎骄 . 个人信用管理 . 北京: 对外经济贸易大学出版社,2003 年 8 月 .
(18)陆军 . 准市场与亚政府——上海建立征信体系的制度选择 . 数字财富,2003 年第 4期 .
(19)龙西安 . 个人信用、征信与法 . 中国金融出版社,2004 年 10 月 .
(20)玛格里特·米勒编,王晓蕾,佟焱,穆长春译 . 征信体系和国际经济 . 北京: 中国金融出版社,2004 年 9 月 .
(21)美国商务部 . 信用与融资问题:满足消费者需求的商业方法 . 1995 年 5 月
(22)人行西宁中支征信课题组 . 关于对青海省征信市场的调查 . 青海金融,2004 年第11 期 .
(23)邵祖华 . 美国的个人信用制度及其启示 . 中国信用卡,2001 年第 1 期 .
(24)王锐、熊键 . 信用征信业立法的国际比较 . 浙江金融,2002 年第 5 期 .
(25)王小奕 . 世界部分国家征信系统概述 . 北京: 经济科学出版社,2002 年 5 月 .
(26)吴国平 . 个人信息开放与隐私权保护——我国征信立法疑难问题探析 . 法学杂志,2005 年第 3 期 .
(27)邢越、邢陈思、伦祖炜 . 建立全国统一的信贷征信体系初探 . 海南金融,2004 年第 4 期 .
(28)叶国标,俞丽虹 . 上海:诚信体系初显神威 . 时事报告,2005 年第 2 期 .
(29)英航 . 英国银行消费信贷业务及风险评定介绍 . 国际金融研究,1999 年 05 期 .
(30)约翰·B,考埃特 . 演进着的信用风险管理(中译本) . 北京: 机械工业出版社,2001 年版 .
(31)张为华 . 美国消费者保护法 . 北京: 中国法制出版社 . 2000 年版 .
(32)张有荣 . 浅议个人不良贷款成因与个人征信业发展 . 青海金融 . 2005 第 5 期 .
(33)郑和平 . 统一征信:信用卡业务发展的基础 . 中国信用卡 . 2004 年第 12 期 .
(34)郑牟丹 . 征信体系的美、日模式 . 西安金融 . 2002 年第 7 期 .
(35)钟楚南 . 个人信用征信制度 . 北京: 中国金融出版社 . 2002 年版 .
(36)彭婷 . 个人信用缺失的博弈分析 . 商场现代化 . 2005 年 30 期
(2)艾里克·拉斯缪森 . 博弈与信息——博弈论概论 . 北京:北京大学出版社,
(3)张维迎 . 博弈论与信息经济学 . 上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1996 .
(4)Barry Connelly: The Evolution of a Worldwide Consumer Credit Reporting system, 2000
(5)Berger, Allen N., Gregory F. Udell. 1995. “Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance”. Journal of Business 68(July): 351-381
(6)Charles M Tatelbaum: “The FTC Response to NACM on the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act”, Business Credit, Vol102, 2000.
(7)Jappelli,Tullio, Macro Pagano, 2001 年, Information Sharing, Lending and Defaults: Cross-country Evidence, Journal of Banking and Finance 26, No.10
(8)Kallberg, J., and G. Udell: "The Value of Private Sector Business Credit Information Sharing: The U.S. Case", Stern School of Business, NYU, Working paper, December 2002
(9)Klein, Daniel B. 1992. “Promise Making in the Great Society: A Model of Credit Information Sharing.” Journal of Economics and Politics 4:117-136 .
(10)常根发,曾卫,王玉宝 . 商业信用评级——来自美国市场的启示 . 南京财经大学学报,2004 年 01 期 .
(11)杜若华 . 个人信用征信与隐私权的保护 . 甘肃金融,2005 年第 7 期 .
(12)胡晓莉 . 建立和完善我国个人征信体系之构想 . 中国金融界网,2005 年 7 月 .
(13)江海 . 个人信用制度建设现状及对策探讨 . 福建金融,2004 年第 9 期 .
(14)李静 . 浅议个人消费信贷的风险与对策 . 中国农业会计,2005 年第 5 期 .
(15)林钧跃 . 消费者信用管理 . 中国方正出版社,2002 年版 .
(16)林愚 . 个人消费信贷风险防范对策分析 . 中国信用卡,2005 第 7 期 .
(17)刘戎骄 . 个人信用管理 . 北京: 对外经济贸易大学出版社,2003 年 8 月 .
(18)陆军 . 准市场与亚政府——上海建立征信体系的制度选择 . 数字财富,2003 年第 4期 .
(19)龙西安 . 个人信用、征信与法 . 中国金融出版社,2004 年 10 月 .
(20)玛格里特·米勒编,王晓蕾,佟焱,穆长春译 . 征信体系和国际经济 . 北京: 中国金融出版社,2004 年 9 月 .
(21)美国商务部 . 信用与融资问题:满足消费者需求的商业方法 . 1995 年 5 月
(22)人行西宁中支征信课题组 . 关于对青海省征信市场的调查 . 青海金融,2004 年第11 期 .
(23)邵祖华 . 美国的个人信用制度及其启示 . 中国信用卡,2001 年第 1 期 .
(24)王锐、熊键 . 信用征信业立法的国际比较 . 浙江金融,2002 年第 5 期 .
(25)王小奕 . 世界部分国家征信系统概述 . 北京: 经济科学出版社,2002 年 5 月 .
(26)吴国平 . 个人信息开放与隐私权保护——我国征信立法疑难问题探析 . 法学杂志,2005 年第 3 期 .
(27)邢越、邢陈思、伦祖炜 . 建立全国统一的信贷征信体系初探 . 海南金融,2004 年第 4 期 .
(28)叶国标,俞丽虹 . 上海:诚信体系初显神威 . 时事报告,2005 年第 2 期 .
(29)英航 . 英国银行消费信贷业务及风险评定介绍 . 国际金融研究,1999 年 05 期 .
(30)约翰·B,考埃特 . 演进着的信用风险管理(中译本) . 北京: 机械工业出版社,2001 年版 .
(31)张为华 . 美国消费者保护法 . 北京: 中国法制出版社 . 2000 年版 .
(32)张有荣 . 浅议个人不良贷款成因与个人征信业发展 . 青海金融 . 2005 第 5 期 .
(33)郑和平 . 统一征信:信用卡业务发展的基础 . 中国信用卡 . 2004 年第 12 期 .
(34)郑牟丹 . 征信体系的美、日模式 . 西安金融 . 2002 年第 7 期 .
(35)钟楚南 . 个人信用征信制度 . 北京: 中国金融出版社 . 2002 年版 .
(36)彭婷 . 个人信用缺失的博弈分析 . 商场现代化 . 2005 年 30 期