有机肥浸提液对盆栽苹果矿质营养、产量及品质的影响
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摘要
为了利用盆栽生产优质苹果,本试验借鉴大田条件下生产优质苹果的成果,于2003～2005年在河北农业大学绿美公司苗圃进行,主要研究了关于有机液肥对盆栽苹果矿质营养元素含量、产量及品质影响。试验结果表明:
1.有机浸提液1、2、3的各种营养元素(有机质、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙、全镁、全铁、全锰、全铜和全锌)含量高低顺序均为:浸提液1>浸提液2>浸提液3。在贮藏过程中,浸提液1、2、3中有机质、Mn含量呈下降趋势,N、全磷、全钾、全钙、全锌含量呈上升趋势,全铁含量呈先上升后下降趋势,而pH值、全镁、全铜含量变化较平缓。经验浸提液的浓度变化较大,其有机质、pH、全氮、全钾、全镁、全锌呈现上升后下降趋势,全磷和全铜呈逐渐下降趋势,而全钙、全铁和全锰呈上升趋势。经分析表明:9月份以后,经验浸提液中大部分营养元素(有机质、pH、全氮、全钾、全镁、全锌、全磷和全铜)含量都显著降低,因此,9月份以后此肥料不再适于继续使用。
经过综合评价可知,4种有机浸提液中浸提液1的质量最好,其次为经验浸提液的,再次为浸提液2的,最后为浸提液3的。有机浸提液中全钾含量极显著高于标准值,而有机质、全氮、全磷在某些时期不能达到标准值,可以通过施用适量的化学肥料来补充。
2.若只比较处理1、2、3基质中各种营养元素的含量,总体看来,处理1基质中各种营养元素含量较高,处理2的次之,处理3基质中各种营养元素含量最低。而对照基质中各种营养元素含量变化较大。
施用不同浓度有机液肥可以明显提高基质中有机质和大量元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)含量,极显著提高速效氮和速效磷含量,而对提高基质中微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)含量效果不太显著。
3.施肥可以明显提高中枝比率,而对提高长枝、短枝和花簇状果枝比率的影响不明显。
4.施肥后,处理1叶片中各种元素含量最高,其次为处理2的,再次为对照(CK)的,最低的是处理3的。施用不同浓度有机液肥对提高叶片中大量元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)含量效果较明显,而对提高叶片中微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)含量效果不太显著。
经综合评价后,若仅比较处理1、2、3叶片营养含量时,处理1叶片营养含量最好,其次为处理2叶片的,最后为处理3叶片的;而对照叶片营养含量变化不定。与标准值相比,叶片全氮含量在8月中旬后偏低;叶片全钾在5月份后偏低或缺乏;而叶片全镁含量在生长前期偏低,后期缺乏;全铜在叶片的整个生长季节中都缺乏;其它元素(全磷、全钙、全铁、全锰和全锌)含量正常或较高。施肥时,应在生长后期多是氮肥和钾肥。
5.盆栽红富士苹果叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈“单峰型”,一天中净光合速率在上午8～10时达最大值,之后逐渐降低:没有“午休”现象;其净光合
The effects of organic liquid manures in potted apple on main mineral elements, fruit yield and quality were studied from 2003 to 2005 in the nursery of Lv mei corporation. The aim of this experiment was that it produced high-quality Fuji apple in pot and it used the production of producing high-quality red Fuji apple in field as reference. The results were as follows:1. the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, total P, total K, total Ca, total Mg, total Fe, total Mn, total Cu and total Zn) contents of organic liquid manure 1 were the highest, these of organic liquid manure 2 were the second, and these of organic liquid manure 3 were the lowest. In the course of storing, the organic matter and total Mn contents of organic liquid manures 1,2,3 were declined; the total N, total P, total K, total Ca and total Zn contents of organic liquid manures 1, 2, 3 were enhanced; the total Fe contents of organic liquid manures 1,2,3 was firstly increased , then decreased; and the pH value, total Mg, total Cu contents of organic liquid manures 1,2,3 were equably changed. In the course of organic liquid manure based on experience being used, the main mineral elements contents of it were greatly changed because the concentration of organic liquid manure based on experience was constantly diluted. The organic matter, pH value, total N, total K, total Mg and total Zn contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were firstly increased, then declined; The total P and total Cu contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were gradually dropped; and the total Ca, total Fe and total Mn contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were increased. The results showed that: after September, the part main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, total P, total K, total Mg, total Cu and total Zn) contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were declined markedly, so the organic liquid manure based on experience did not suit to be used in September.We could see these from the synthesis appreciation about organic liquid manures: the quality of organic liquid manures 1 was the best, the quality of organic liquid manure based on experience was second, the quality of organic liquid manures 2 was third , the quality of organic liquid manure 3 was last. In the four treatments, the content of total K of four organic liquid manures were higher than the standard. But the contents of organic matter, total N, total P were less than the standard in
some time, and the lacking nutrition could supply by inorganic fertilizer .2. The effects of employing organic liquid manure 1, 2, 3 in soil were that: the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, available N , total P, available P , available K, available Ca, available Mg, available Fe, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) contents of soil employed organic liquid manure 1 were the highest; the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, available N , total P, available P , available K, available Ca, available Mg, available Fe> available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) contents of soil employed organic liquid manure 2 were second; the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N> available N , total P, available P , available K, available Ca> available Mg, available Fes available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) contents of soil employed organic liquid manure 3 were the last. It were fluctuant that the contents of main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N> available N , total P, available P, available K> available Ca, available Mg, available Fe, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) in soil employed organic liquid manures based on experience.The effects of enhancing available N and available P contents of soil by employing different concentration of organic liquid manures on soil were very obvious; the effect of enhancing the contents of organic matter and mass elements contents of soil by those were obvious; but the effect of enhancing the microelement contents of soil by those were not obvious.3. The effects of employing organic liquid manure for twig styles were that: the middling bearing shoot percent were enhanced remarkably by employing different concentration organic liquid manures; but the effects of enhancing percent of long bear shoot , short spur and bouquet spur by employing different concentration organic liquid manures were not obvious.4. After employing different concentration organic liquid manures ,the effects of the contents of main mineral elements in leaves were that: Firstly, after employing organic liquid manure, the main mineral elements(total N, total P, total K, total Ca, total Mg, total Fe, total Mn, total Cu and total Zn) contents of treatment 1 leaves were increased remarkably and it was the highest. The main mineral elements contents of treatment 2 leaves were second; the last were those of treatment 3 leaves. Secondly, the effect of enhancing mass elements(totalN, total P> total K, total Ca, total Mg) contents of leaves by those were obvious; but the effect of enhancing the microelement (total Fe, total Mn, total Cu, total Zn )contents of leaves were not obvious.We could see these from the synthesis appreciation about potted apple leavs: if only compared the main mineral elements contents of the leaves of treatment 1, 2,
1.有机浸提液1、2、3的各种营养元素(有机质、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙、全镁、全铁、全锰、全铜和全锌)含量高低顺序均为:浸提液1>浸提液2>浸提液3。在贮藏过程中,浸提液1、2、3中有机质、Mn含量呈下降趋势,N、全磷、全钾、全钙、全锌含量呈上升趋势,全铁含量呈先上升后下降趋势,而pH值、全镁、全铜含量变化较平缓。经验浸提液的浓度变化较大,其有机质、pH、全氮、全钾、全镁、全锌呈现上升后下降趋势,全磷和全铜呈逐渐下降趋势,而全钙、全铁和全锰呈上升趋势。经分析表明:9月份以后,经验浸提液中大部分营养元素(有机质、pH、全氮、全钾、全镁、全锌、全磷和全铜)含量都显著降低,因此,9月份以后此肥料不再适于继续使用。
经过综合评价可知,4种有机浸提液中浸提液1的质量最好,其次为经验浸提液的,再次为浸提液2的,最后为浸提液3的。有机浸提液中全钾含量极显著高于标准值,而有机质、全氮、全磷在某些时期不能达到标准值,可以通过施用适量的化学肥料来补充。
2.若只比较处理1、2、3基质中各种营养元素的含量,总体看来,处理1基质中各种营养元素含量较高,处理2的次之,处理3基质中各种营养元素含量最低。而对照基质中各种营养元素含量变化较大。
施用不同浓度有机液肥可以明显提高基质中有机质和大量元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)含量,极显著提高速效氮和速效磷含量,而对提高基质中微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)含量效果不太显著。
3.施肥可以明显提高中枝比率,而对提高长枝、短枝和花簇状果枝比率的影响不明显。
4.施肥后,处理1叶片中各种元素含量最高,其次为处理2的,再次为对照(CK)的,最低的是处理3的。施用不同浓度有机液肥对提高叶片中大量元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)含量效果较明显,而对提高叶片中微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)含量效果不太显著。
经综合评价后,若仅比较处理1、2、3叶片营养含量时,处理1叶片营养含量最好,其次为处理2叶片的,最后为处理3叶片的;而对照叶片营养含量变化不定。与标准值相比,叶片全氮含量在8月中旬后偏低;叶片全钾在5月份后偏低或缺乏;而叶片全镁含量在生长前期偏低,后期缺乏;全铜在叶片的整个生长季节中都缺乏;其它元素(全磷、全钙、全铁、全锰和全锌)含量正常或较高。施肥时,应在生长后期多是氮肥和钾肥。
5.盆栽红富士苹果叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈“单峰型”,一天中净光合速率在上午8～10时达最大值,之后逐渐降低:没有“午休”现象;其净光合
The effects of organic liquid manures in potted apple on main mineral elements, fruit yield and quality were studied from 2003 to 2005 in the nursery of Lv mei corporation. The aim of this experiment was that it produced high-quality Fuji apple in pot and it used the production of producing high-quality red Fuji apple in field as reference. The results were as follows:1. the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, total P, total K, total Ca, total Mg, total Fe, total Mn, total Cu and total Zn) contents of organic liquid manure 1 were the highest, these of organic liquid manure 2 were the second, and these of organic liquid manure 3 were the lowest. In the course of storing, the organic matter and total Mn contents of organic liquid manures 1,2,3 were declined; the total N, total P, total K, total Ca and total Zn contents of organic liquid manures 1, 2, 3 were enhanced; the total Fe contents of organic liquid manures 1,2,3 was firstly increased , then decreased; and the pH value, total Mg, total Cu contents of organic liquid manures 1,2,3 were equably changed. In the course of organic liquid manure based on experience being used, the main mineral elements contents of it were greatly changed because the concentration of organic liquid manure based on experience was constantly diluted. The organic matter, pH value, total N, total K, total Mg and total Zn contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were firstly increased, then declined; The total P and total Cu contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were gradually dropped; and the total Ca, total Fe and total Mn contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were increased. The results showed that: after September, the part main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, total P, total K, total Mg, total Cu and total Zn) contents of organic liquid manure based on experience were declined markedly, so the organic liquid manure based on experience did not suit to be used in September.We could see these from the synthesis appreciation about organic liquid manures: the quality of organic liquid manures 1 was the best, the quality of organic liquid manure based on experience was second, the quality of organic liquid manures 2 was third , the quality of organic liquid manure 3 was last. In the four treatments, the content of total K of four organic liquid manures were higher than the standard. But the contents of organic matter, total N, total P were less than the standard in
some time, and the lacking nutrition could supply by inorganic fertilizer .2. The effects of employing organic liquid manure 1, 2, 3 in soil were that: the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, available N , total P, available P , available K, available Ca, available Mg, available Fe, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) contents of soil employed organic liquid manure 1 were the highest; the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N, available N , total P, available P , available K, available Ca, available Mg, available Fe> available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) contents of soil employed organic liquid manure 2 were second; the main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N> available N , total P, available P , available K, available Ca> available Mg, available Fes available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) contents of soil employed organic liquid manure 3 were the last. It were fluctuant that the contents of main mineral elements(organic matter, pH value, total N> available N , total P, available P, available K> available Ca, available Mg, available Fe, available Mn, available Cu and available Zn) in soil employed organic liquid manures based on experience.The effects of enhancing available N and available P contents of soil by employing different concentration of organic liquid manures on soil were very obvious; the effect of enhancing the contents of organic matter and mass elements contents of soil by those were obvious; but the effect of enhancing the microelement contents of soil by those were not obvious.3. The effects of employing organic liquid manure for twig styles were that: the middling bearing shoot percent were enhanced remarkably by employing different concentration organic liquid manures; but the effects of enhancing percent of long bear shoot , short spur and bouquet spur by employing different concentration organic liquid manures were not obvious.4. After employing different concentration organic liquid manures ,the effects of the contents of main mineral elements in leaves were that: Firstly, after employing organic liquid manure, the main mineral elements(total N, total P, total K, total Ca, total Mg, total Fe, total Mn, total Cu and total Zn) contents of treatment 1 leaves were increased remarkably and it was the highest. The main mineral elements contents of treatment 2 leaves were second; the last were those of treatment 3 leaves. Secondly, the effect of enhancing mass elements(totalN, total P> total K, total Ca, total Mg) contents of leaves by those were obvious; but the effect of enhancing the microelement (total Fe, total Mn, total Cu, total Zn )contents of leaves were not obvious.We could see these from the synthesis appreciation about potted apple leavs: if only compared the main mineral elements contents of the leaves of treatment 1, 2,
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