轻型车用柴油机预混合低温燃烧机理及排放控制研究
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摘要
柴油机的燃烧过程对其动力性、经济性和排放性能有着举足轻重的影响。随着内燃机日益向高效节能与环保方向发展,突破柴油机传统燃烧模式下有害排放物的生成极限,新一代内燃机燃烧理论与技术的创新研究成为了各国内外学者的关注热点。本文针对小缸径轻型车用柴油机燃烧系统结构紧凑、均质混合气制备和燃烧过程组织困难的特点,开展了基于适时早喷结合高比例冷却EGR实现预混合低温燃烧的研究。通过缸内工作过程可视化、缸内压力采集、台架性能试验及燃烧过程三维数值模拟计算,系统的研究了燃油喷射策略、进气系统参数及燃油在燃烧室内的空间分布对预混合低温燃烧过程和污染物排放的影响规律,探索小缸径柴油机均质混合气制备、低温燃烧过程控制的有效途径,以达到高效清洁燃烧的目标,为预混合低温燃烧技术的工程应用奠定理论基础。
研究首先通过缸内燃烧过程可视化试验,探明提前喷射和降低进气氧浓度对实现预混合燃烧和降低燃烧温度的作用机理,验证实现预混合低温燃烧的可行性。试验结果表明：喷射正时提前有利于延长油气混合时间,显著减少着火和燃烧过程中的扩散火焰,是实现预混合燃烧的有效措施；早喷射策略下,预混合燃烧比例增加,缸内碳烟生成区域显著减小,且高浓度区域所占的比例较低；高比例EGR的引入,使氧浓度减少,进一步延长油气混合时间,提高油气混合质量,减少扩散燃烧；随着进气氧浓度的降低,扩散火焰明亮程度减弱,缸内扩散火焰面积和缸内碳烟生成区域均呈现减少的趋势,但是碳烟高浓度区域所占比例略有上升。
基于缸内压力采集和台架性能试验,系统研究了喷射正时、喷射压力、进气氧浓度、进气温度等燃烧控制参数对预混合低温燃烧过程和排放性能的影响规律,结果表明：采用提前喷射策略,延长滞燃期、改善滞燃期内的油气混合是降低碳烟排放的关键；降低进气氧浓度能有效控制预混合燃烧温度,抑制NOx污染物生成,推迟预混合燃烧过早的燃烧相位,有利于提高燃烧效率,改善燃油经济性；10%和25%负荷工况下,提高喷射压力能够同时改善预混合低温燃烧模式下的NOx和碳烟的排放,中等负荷工况下,喷射压力的提高导致NOx排放上升和燃油经济性下降；预混合低温燃烧模式下通过降低进气温度推迟过早的燃烧相位,有利于提高燃烧效率,同时降低缸内燃烧温度,抑制NOx的生成,10%负荷工况,适当的提高进气温度有利于减少碳烟排放,25%和50%负荷工况,进气中冷对降低碳烟排放有着显著的效果。
多次喷射策略是拓展预混合低温燃烧运行区域,改善NOx和碳烟排放Trade-off关系的有效措施。预喷射的引入,减小了主喷油量的同时缩短主喷燃油的着火滞燃期,放热相位提前,放热率峰值下降,能够有效抑制NOx的生成,不同的预喷射参数对碳烟排放有着不同的影响。后喷射的引入对燃烧过程的影响主要是降低主喷燃油的燃烧放热率和提升主喷燃油放热后期缸内温度。引入后喷射后NOx能够得到有效改善,碳烟的排放则与后喷射参数的调节有关,只有在适当的正时下实施适量的后喷射才能同时改善NOx和碳烟排放。通过不同负荷工况下预混合低温燃烧过程和排放的优化,确定了实现高效清洁燃烧的关键控制参数和控制策略。10%、25%和50%负荷工况NOx排放与原机相比分别降低97.8%、80.7%和72.6%,碳烟排放分别降低76.1%、93.9%和74.3%,有效燃油消耗率仅分别上升3.6%、4.7%和2.8%。
最后从减少试验工作量和提高研究效率的角度出发,借助AVL Fire计算软件建立柴油机预混合低温燃烧数值模拟计算模型,为更加深入有效的开展预混合低温燃烧基础理论和应用研究创造了条件。通过柴油机预混合低温燃烧三维数值模拟计算,研究了燃油油束在燃烧室内的轴向分布对油气混合和污染物排放的影响。研究表明,1450r/min转速,25%负荷工况,155°、150°和145°三个喷射锥角下,NOx排放随着喷射锥角的减小呈现先增加后减小的趋势,而Soot则与之相反；NOx和Soot排放随着有效容积比的变化存在着一定的规律,折衷考虑NOx和Soot的排放,基于适时早喷策略的预混合低温燃烧模式较传统燃烧模式应适当减小有效容积比。
The combustion process of diesel engines has a significant effect on the power, economy and emission performance. As internal combustion engines tend to be highly effective, energy-saving and environmentally friendly, all the scholars of the world in this area concentrate on creatively developing the combustion theories and techniques for the oncoming generation of engines in order to break through the emission limits of conventional diesel engines. Aiming at the difficulties of forming the homogeneous charge and organizing the combustion progress for the compact structure of light-duty vehicle diesel engines, the research in this dissertation is based upon advanced injection combined with high proportion cooling EGR to achieve the low-temperature premixed combustion. Taking advantage of in-cylinder working process visualization, pressure information acquisition, performance bench test and3-D combustion process simulation as well, the effects of fuel injection strategies, intake system parameters and space distribution of fuel inside the chamber on the low-temperature premixed combustion process and pollutants emissions are studied systematically, which explores the effective ways for forming the homogeneous charge and controlling the low-temperature combustion progress so that the theoretical principle of low-temperature premixed combustion techniques for engineering application is built.
At first, visualization test for in-cylinder combustion process is conducted to investigate the mechanism of action that advancing injection and decreasing the intake oxygen concentration act on realizing premixed combustion and reducing combustion temperature, and to verify the possibility of actualizing low-temperature premixed combustion. The test indicates that advancing the injection timing is an effective way to realizing premixed combustion for it can prolong the time for mixing the fuel and gas so that the diffusion flames will be evidently reduced. With the advanced injection strategy, the proportion of premixed combustion increases, the zone where Soot is generated lessens, and the area ratio of high concentration decreases. The high proportion EGR makes further efforts to extend the fuel-gas mixing time, which cuts down the diffusion combustion and improves the quality of the mixture. With the decrease of the intake oxygen concentration, the diffusion flames darken, the areas of diffusion flames and Soot generating zone are both likely to descend, but the area of high concentration Soot ascends a little.
Based on in-cylinder pressure information acquisition and performance bench test, the effects of combustion control parameters such as injection timing, injection pressure, intake oxygen concentration and intake temperature on low-temperature premixed combustion process and emission performance are studied. It reveals that taking the advanced injection strategy can prolong the ignition delay period, and improving the fuel-air mixture is the key to reduce the Soot emission. Diminishing the intake oxygen concentration can control the temperature of premixed combustion effectively, restrain the production of the NOX emission, and put the ignition phase of premixed combustion which is too early off, which is beneficial to improving the combustion efficiency and enhancing the fuel economy. Increasing the fuel injection pressure makes the NOx and Soot emissions reduced in the low-temperature combustion mode when the load ratios are10%and25%, while it brings about the increment of the NOx emission and the decrement of the fuel efficiency in a moderate duty. In the low-temperature combustion mode, the combustion efficiency can be dramatically improved by decreasing the intake temperature and putting off the ignition phase, the in-cylinder temperature can be decreased, and the production of NOx is restrained at the same time. The Soot emission can be reduced by raising the intake temperature appropriately when the load ratio is10%, while intake cooling plays an important role in cutting the Soot emission down at the load ratios of25%and50%.
Multi-injection strategy is an effective method to extend the operating scope of low-temperature combustion and ameliorate the Trade-off relationship between the NOx and Soot emissions. Pre-injection can reduce the main injection amount and shorten the ignition delay period of the main injection fuel. As a result, the exothermic phase advances and the peak value of the heat release rate descend so that the Soot is restrained successfully. What's more, different injection parameters have different effects on the Soot emission. Post injection can reduce the combustion heat release rate of the main injection fuel and promote the in-cylinder temperature after the main injection fuel ignites. The NOx emission can be cut down by adopting post injection, while the Soot emission depends on the parameters of the post injection, which means the NOx and Soot emissions can be modified simultaneously only when appropriate post injection is adopted at a right timing. The primary control parameters and strategies to realize effectively clean combustion are preliminarily ascertained by optimizing the low-temperature premixed combustion process and emissions at different load rates. Compared with the original engine, the NOx emissions decrease by97.8%,80.7%and72.6%respectively when the load rates are10%,25%and50%, and the Soot emissions decrease by76%,93.9%and74.3%, while the brake specific fuel consumptions increase only by3.6%,4.7%and2.8%.
To improve the research efficiency, numerical calculation model of low-temperature premixed combustion for diesel engines is built by means of AVL Fire, which creates the condition to explore the basic theories and application of low-temperature premixed combustion further. The influence of the axial distribution of the fuel beam inside the chamber on the mixing of the fuel and gas as well as the pollutant emissions is researched via3-D numerical simulation for low-temperature premixed combustion of diesel engines. AS a consequence, when the revolution is1450m/min, the road rate25%and the three injection vertebral angle respectively155°,150°and145°, the NOx emission increases first and then decreases with the diminishing of the injection vertebral angle, while the situation of Soot is opposite. The emissions of the NOx and Soot adhere to the change of the effective volume ratio to some degree. Compromising both the NOx and Soot emissions, it is better to reduce the effective volume ratio in the condition of the low-temperature premixed combustion mode which is based on the advanced injection strategy.
研究首先通过缸内燃烧过程可视化试验,探明提前喷射和降低进气氧浓度对实现预混合燃烧和降低燃烧温度的作用机理,验证实现预混合低温燃烧的可行性。试验结果表明：喷射正时提前有利于延长油气混合时间,显著减少着火和燃烧过程中的扩散火焰,是实现预混合燃烧的有效措施；早喷射策略下,预混合燃烧比例增加,缸内碳烟生成区域显著减小,且高浓度区域所占的比例较低；高比例EGR的引入,使氧浓度减少,进一步延长油气混合时间,提高油气混合质量,减少扩散燃烧；随着进气氧浓度的降低,扩散火焰明亮程度减弱,缸内扩散火焰面积和缸内碳烟生成区域均呈现减少的趋势,但是碳烟高浓度区域所占比例略有上升。
基于缸内压力采集和台架性能试验,系统研究了喷射正时、喷射压力、进气氧浓度、进气温度等燃烧控制参数对预混合低温燃烧过程和排放性能的影响规律,结果表明：采用提前喷射策略,延长滞燃期、改善滞燃期内的油气混合是降低碳烟排放的关键；降低进气氧浓度能有效控制预混合燃烧温度,抑制NOx污染物生成,推迟预混合燃烧过早的燃烧相位,有利于提高燃烧效率,改善燃油经济性；10%和25%负荷工况下,提高喷射压力能够同时改善预混合低温燃烧模式下的NOx和碳烟的排放,中等负荷工况下,喷射压力的提高导致NOx排放上升和燃油经济性下降；预混合低温燃烧模式下通过降低进气温度推迟过早的燃烧相位,有利于提高燃烧效率,同时降低缸内燃烧温度,抑制NOx的生成,10%负荷工况,适当的提高进气温度有利于减少碳烟排放,25%和50%负荷工况,进气中冷对降低碳烟排放有着显著的效果。
多次喷射策略是拓展预混合低温燃烧运行区域,改善NOx和碳烟排放Trade-off关系的有效措施。预喷射的引入,减小了主喷油量的同时缩短主喷燃油的着火滞燃期,放热相位提前,放热率峰值下降,能够有效抑制NOx的生成,不同的预喷射参数对碳烟排放有着不同的影响。后喷射的引入对燃烧过程的影响主要是降低主喷燃油的燃烧放热率和提升主喷燃油放热后期缸内温度。引入后喷射后NOx能够得到有效改善,碳烟的排放则与后喷射参数的调节有关,只有在适当的正时下实施适量的后喷射才能同时改善NOx和碳烟排放。通过不同负荷工况下预混合低温燃烧过程和排放的优化,确定了实现高效清洁燃烧的关键控制参数和控制策略。10%、25%和50%负荷工况NOx排放与原机相比分别降低97.8%、80.7%和72.6%,碳烟排放分别降低76.1%、93.9%和74.3%,有效燃油消耗率仅分别上升3.6%、4.7%和2.8%。
最后从减少试验工作量和提高研究效率的角度出发,借助AVL Fire计算软件建立柴油机预混合低温燃烧数值模拟计算模型,为更加深入有效的开展预混合低温燃烧基础理论和应用研究创造了条件。通过柴油机预混合低温燃烧三维数值模拟计算,研究了燃油油束在燃烧室内的轴向分布对油气混合和污染物排放的影响。研究表明,1450r/min转速,25%负荷工况,155°、150°和145°三个喷射锥角下,NOx排放随着喷射锥角的减小呈现先增加后减小的趋势,而Soot则与之相反；NOx和Soot排放随着有效容积比的变化存在着一定的规律,折衷考虑NOx和Soot的排放,基于适时早喷策略的预混合低温燃烧模式较传统燃烧模式应适当减小有效容积比。
The combustion process of diesel engines has a significant effect on the power, economy and emission performance. As internal combustion engines tend to be highly effective, energy-saving and environmentally friendly, all the scholars of the world in this area concentrate on creatively developing the combustion theories and techniques for the oncoming generation of engines in order to break through the emission limits of conventional diesel engines. Aiming at the difficulties of forming the homogeneous charge and organizing the combustion progress for the compact structure of light-duty vehicle diesel engines, the research in this dissertation is based upon advanced injection combined with high proportion cooling EGR to achieve the low-temperature premixed combustion. Taking advantage of in-cylinder working process visualization, pressure information acquisition, performance bench test and3-D combustion process simulation as well, the effects of fuel injection strategies, intake system parameters and space distribution of fuel inside the chamber on the low-temperature premixed combustion process and pollutants emissions are studied systematically, which explores the effective ways for forming the homogeneous charge and controlling the low-temperature combustion progress so that the theoretical principle of low-temperature premixed combustion techniques for engineering application is built.
At first, visualization test for in-cylinder combustion process is conducted to investigate the mechanism of action that advancing injection and decreasing the intake oxygen concentration act on realizing premixed combustion and reducing combustion temperature, and to verify the possibility of actualizing low-temperature premixed combustion. The test indicates that advancing the injection timing is an effective way to realizing premixed combustion for it can prolong the time for mixing the fuel and gas so that the diffusion flames will be evidently reduced. With the advanced injection strategy, the proportion of premixed combustion increases, the zone where Soot is generated lessens, and the area ratio of high concentration decreases. The high proportion EGR makes further efforts to extend the fuel-gas mixing time, which cuts down the diffusion combustion and improves the quality of the mixture. With the decrease of the intake oxygen concentration, the diffusion flames darken, the areas of diffusion flames and Soot generating zone are both likely to descend, but the area of high concentration Soot ascends a little.
Based on in-cylinder pressure information acquisition and performance bench test, the effects of combustion control parameters such as injection timing, injection pressure, intake oxygen concentration and intake temperature on low-temperature premixed combustion process and emission performance are studied. It reveals that taking the advanced injection strategy can prolong the ignition delay period, and improving the fuel-air mixture is the key to reduce the Soot emission. Diminishing the intake oxygen concentration can control the temperature of premixed combustion effectively, restrain the production of the NOX emission, and put the ignition phase of premixed combustion which is too early off, which is beneficial to improving the combustion efficiency and enhancing the fuel economy. Increasing the fuel injection pressure makes the NOx and Soot emissions reduced in the low-temperature combustion mode when the load ratios are10%and25%, while it brings about the increment of the NOx emission and the decrement of the fuel efficiency in a moderate duty. In the low-temperature combustion mode, the combustion efficiency can be dramatically improved by decreasing the intake temperature and putting off the ignition phase, the in-cylinder temperature can be decreased, and the production of NOx is restrained at the same time. The Soot emission can be reduced by raising the intake temperature appropriately when the load ratio is10%, while intake cooling plays an important role in cutting the Soot emission down at the load ratios of25%and50%.
Multi-injection strategy is an effective method to extend the operating scope of low-temperature combustion and ameliorate the Trade-off relationship between the NOx and Soot emissions. Pre-injection can reduce the main injection amount and shorten the ignition delay period of the main injection fuel. As a result, the exothermic phase advances and the peak value of the heat release rate descend so that the Soot is restrained successfully. What's more, different injection parameters have different effects on the Soot emission. Post injection can reduce the combustion heat release rate of the main injection fuel and promote the in-cylinder temperature after the main injection fuel ignites. The NOx emission can be cut down by adopting post injection, while the Soot emission depends on the parameters of the post injection, which means the NOx and Soot emissions can be modified simultaneously only when appropriate post injection is adopted at a right timing. The primary control parameters and strategies to realize effectively clean combustion are preliminarily ascertained by optimizing the low-temperature premixed combustion process and emissions at different load rates. Compared with the original engine, the NOx emissions decrease by97.8%,80.7%and72.6%respectively when the load rates are10%,25%and50%, and the Soot emissions decrease by76%,93.9%and74.3%, while the brake specific fuel consumptions increase only by3.6%,4.7%and2.8%.
To improve the research efficiency, numerical calculation model of low-temperature premixed combustion for diesel engines is built by means of AVL Fire, which creates the condition to explore the basic theories and application of low-temperature premixed combustion further. The influence of the axial distribution of the fuel beam inside the chamber on the mixing of the fuel and gas as well as the pollutant emissions is researched via3-D numerical simulation for low-temperature premixed combustion of diesel engines. AS a consequence, when the revolution is1450m/min, the road rate25%and the three injection vertebral angle respectively155°,150°and145°, the NOx emission increases first and then decreases with the diminishing of the injection vertebral angle, while the situation of Soot is opposite. The emissions of the NOx and Soot adhere to the change of the effective volume ratio to some degree. Compromising both the NOx and Soot emissions, it is better to reduce the effective volume ratio in the condition of the low-temperature premixed combustion mode which is based on the advanced injection strategy.
引文
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