新疆伊犁吉林台库区墓葬人骨研究
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摘要
新疆作为中西方文化交流的前沿地带,长久以来一直受到中外学者的关注。伊犁河流域作为新疆史前考古时空框架中的一个独立的地理单元和文化区域,其古代文明的发展历程,为揭示和解释新疆史前时期的人群交往及文化交流提供了重要的模式框架和科学依据。吉林台遗存位于新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州尼勒克县东喀什河两岸台地之上,是目前伊犁河流域发掘面积最大、最重要的考古发现之一。
本文选取吉林台库区内穷科克一号墓地、托海墓地、加勒格斯哈音特墓地、别特巴斯陶墓地、阿克布早沟墓地、铁木里克墓地、彩桥门墓地等七处墓地人骨材料,以骨骼测量学、牙齿人类学、统计学为主要手段研究该组居民的体质特征及人群构成情况,探讨吉林台组人群与周邻人群的互动关系和人群流向。研究结果表明,吉林台库区墓葬所代表的古代居民体质形态特征介于欧罗巴人种和蒙古人种之间的地位,并与欧罗巴人种的中亚两河类型居民表现出更多的相似性。按照颅面形态特征的异同将吉林台全组居民分为一组和二组,两组居民的主体成分均为中亚两河类型,但在不同人群的构成比例上存在差异;蒙古人种北亚类型因素在吉林台二组居民中所占比例高于一组居民,表现为更大的面宽绝对值和颅面比值。综合人种学、考古学、历史学的研究表明,吉林台库区墓葬古代居民,尤其是那些具有吉林台二组体质特征的古代人群应该就是介于欧罗巴、蒙古两大人种之间过渡类型地位的南西伯利亚人种历史形成过程中的早期先驱之一。
本文还利用人口学、古病理学等方法深入研究吉林台组人群的人口构成、疾病状况、营养状况,为深入了解其人群迁徙、饮食结构、经济模式、自然环境等方面信息提供必要的参考数据。这些研究为揭示伊犁河流域史前文化演变趋势、传播方式,探讨北疆人群地理分布状态提供了可靠的人类学观察视角。
The burials for this study were excavated as part of a salvage archaeology project in response to the building of the Jilintai dam and subsequent reservoir. The seven cemeteries excavated for this project are located near the village of Nileke. These cemeteries are located on both sides of the Kashi River, a tributary of the Yili River. The seven cemeteries are named: Qiongkeke No.1, Tuohai, Jialegesihayinte, Bietebasitao, Akebuzaogou, Tiemulike, Caiqiaomen. These excavations are the largest project completed in northern Xinjiang Province. This project is considered the most important archaeological excavation from the Yili River vicinity.
Several physical anthropology methods were used in this dissertation research including, demography, dental anthropology, cranial metrics, human osteology, paleopathology, and statistics. These methods were used in conjunction with archaeological data to gain an understanding of the lifeways of the populations buried within these seven cemeteries.
This dissertation is comprised of seven chapters.
Chapter one will introduce the seven sites excavated from the Jilinati Reservor, their location, geological setting, and archaeological culture. This chapter also summarizes previous research on the population history of Xinjiang Province and the direction of this present dissertation research.
Chapter two focuses on the sex ratio, age distribution, and life expectancy of the populations. Chapter three uses dental nonmetric traits to determine the population affinities of the Jilintai Reservoir population samples. Nineteen dental nonmetric traits were used to determine of the Jilintai Reservoir samples were closer to European or Asian dental complexes. The Jilintai Reservoir samples were found to have European and Asian dental traits, however they were closer overall to European population samples. Using mean measure of divergence statistics, the Jilintai were found to be closest to the samples from Xinjiang Province (Yanghai, Yingpan), western Mongolia (Xiongnu, Chandman), and Central Asia (modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan). The results show the eastward migration of the Jilintai Reservoir people stops in Xinjiang Province, before entering Han Chinese territories in Qinghai Province (Taojiazhai) and Shaanxi (Longxian). There is evidence of population migration north into western Mongolia (Xiongnu, Chandman) and west into Central Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan).
Chapter four uses statistical methods to determine the population structure of each cemetery in the Jilintai Reservoir. Statistical methods used include standard deviation, mean sigma, and coefficient of variance. Each cemetery was found to have a heterogeneous population. Cranial metric traits were used to compare the Jilintai Reservoir sample to Caucasoid and Mongoloid population samples. The Jilintai samples were between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid samples, but more similar to the Caucasoid samples. T-tests were used to separate the seven cemeteries into two large groups. While the skull shape is similar between these two groups, the facial features are different.
Chapter five uses cluster analysis and principal component analysis to compare the two Jilintai groups to Bronze and Iron Age samples from Xinjiang Province, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. During the Bronze Age, the two groups from Jilinati are more similar to each other than to all the other samples. This implies a high degree of heterogeneity between populations during the Bronze Age. The early Iron Age results show a large amount of population movement and admixture, changing the population makeup at Jilintai. The Jilintai group one sample had admixture from neighboring Caucasoid populations. The Jilintai group two sample had admixture from neighboring Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. The Mongoloid populations were from north of Jilintai, possibly originating in Mongolia or Siberia. The Mongoloid populations were not from the central plains of China.
Chapter six is on paleopathology. This chapter uses trauma, cranial deformation, oral health, pathology, and developmental defects. These processes can help gain understanding on interpersonal violence, social status, diet, health, and kinship relationships. Based on the trauma results, interpersonal conflict was fairly high among males. The practice of cranial deformation entered Xinjiang Province from the West. Oral health results support a diet high on meat products and low on carbohydrates. The high rate of porotic hyperostosis may have been caused by a deficiency of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Developmental defects show that familial groups are buried within the cemeteries.
Chapter seven summarizes all of the previous chapters’research. The population history of these people is complex. During the Bronze Age these people entered Xinjiang Province from the West. In the Iron Age many new people entered this region, settled, and intermarried. After this period these populations migrated westward into Central Asia.
本文选取吉林台库区内穷科克一号墓地、托海墓地、加勒格斯哈音特墓地、别特巴斯陶墓地、阿克布早沟墓地、铁木里克墓地、彩桥门墓地等七处墓地人骨材料,以骨骼测量学、牙齿人类学、统计学为主要手段研究该组居民的体质特征及人群构成情况,探讨吉林台组人群与周邻人群的互动关系和人群流向。研究结果表明,吉林台库区墓葬所代表的古代居民体质形态特征介于欧罗巴人种和蒙古人种之间的地位,并与欧罗巴人种的中亚两河类型居民表现出更多的相似性。按照颅面形态特征的异同将吉林台全组居民分为一组和二组,两组居民的主体成分均为中亚两河类型,但在不同人群的构成比例上存在差异;蒙古人种北亚类型因素在吉林台二组居民中所占比例高于一组居民,表现为更大的面宽绝对值和颅面比值。综合人种学、考古学、历史学的研究表明,吉林台库区墓葬古代居民,尤其是那些具有吉林台二组体质特征的古代人群应该就是介于欧罗巴、蒙古两大人种之间过渡类型地位的南西伯利亚人种历史形成过程中的早期先驱之一。
本文还利用人口学、古病理学等方法深入研究吉林台组人群的人口构成、疾病状况、营养状况,为深入了解其人群迁徙、饮食结构、经济模式、自然环境等方面信息提供必要的参考数据。这些研究为揭示伊犁河流域史前文化演变趋势、传播方式,探讨北疆人群地理分布状态提供了可靠的人类学观察视角。
The burials for this study were excavated as part of a salvage archaeology project in response to the building of the Jilintai dam and subsequent reservoir. The seven cemeteries excavated for this project are located near the village of Nileke. These cemeteries are located on both sides of the Kashi River, a tributary of the Yili River. The seven cemeteries are named: Qiongkeke No.1, Tuohai, Jialegesihayinte, Bietebasitao, Akebuzaogou, Tiemulike, Caiqiaomen. These excavations are the largest project completed in northern Xinjiang Province. This project is considered the most important archaeological excavation from the Yili River vicinity.
Several physical anthropology methods were used in this dissertation research including, demography, dental anthropology, cranial metrics, human osteology, paleopathology, and statistics. These methods were used in conjunction with archaeological data to gain an understanding of the lifeways of the populations buried within these seven cemeteries.
This dissertation is comprised of seven chapters.
Chapter one will introduce the seven sites excavated from the Jilinati Reservor, their location, geological setting, and archaeological culture. This chapter also summarizes previous research on the population history of Xinjiang Province and the direction of this present dissertation research.
Chapter two focuses on the sex ratio, age distribution, and life expectancy of the populations. Chapter three uses dental nonmetric traits to determine the population affinities of the Jilintai Reservoir population samples. Nineteen dental nonmetric traits were used to determine of the Jilintai Reservoir samples were closer to European or Asian dental complexes. The Jilintai Reservoir samples were found to have European and Asian dental traits, however they were closer overall to European population samples. Using mean measure of divergence statistics, the Jilintai were found to be closest to the samples from Xinjiang Province (Yanghai, Yingpan), western Mongolia (Xiongnu, Chandman), and Central Asia (modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan). The results show the eastward migration of the Jilintai Reservoir people stops in Xinjiang Province, before entering Han Chinese territories in Qinghai Province (Taojiazhai) and Shaanxi (Longxian). There is evidence of population migration north into western Mongolia (Xiongnu, Chandman) and west into Central Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan).
Chapter four uses statistical methods to determine the population structure of each cemetery in the Jilintai Reservoir. Statistical methods used include standard deviation, mean sigma, and coefficient of variance. Each cemetery was found to have a heterogeneous population. Cranial metric traits were used to compare the Jilintai Reservoir sample to Caucasoid and Mongoloid population samples. The Jilintai samples were between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid samples, but more similar to the Caucasoid samples. T-tests were used to separate the seven cemeteries into two large groups. While the skull shape is similar between these two groups, the facial features are different.
Chapter five uses cluster analysis and principal component analysis to compare the two Jilintai groups to Bronze and Iron Age samples from Xinjiang Province, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. During the Bronze Age, the two groups from Jilinati are more similar to each other than to all the other samples. This implies a high degree of heterogeneity between populations during the Bronze Age. The early Iron Age results show a large amount of population movement and admixture, changing the population makeup at Jilintai. The Jilintai group one sample had admixture from neighboring Caucasoid populations. The Jilintai group two sample had admixture from neighboring Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. The Mongoloid populations were from north of Jilintai, possibly originating in Mongolia or Siberia. The Mongoloid populations were not from the central plains of China.
Chapter six is on paleopathology. This chapter uses trauma, cranial deformation, oral health, pathology, and developmental defects. These processes can help gain understanding on interpersonal violence, social status, diet, health, and kinship relationships. Based on the trauma results, interpersonal conflict was fairly high among males. The practice of cranial deformation entered Xinjiang Province from the West. Oral health results support a diet high on meat products and low on carbohydrates. The high rate of porotic hyperostosis may have been caused by a deficiency of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Developmental defects show that familial groups are buried within the cemeteries.
Chapter seven summarizes all of the previous chapters’research. The population history of these people is complex. During the Bronze Age these people entered Xinjiang Province from the West. In the Iron Age many new people entered this region, settled, and intermarried. After this period these populations migrated westward into Central Asia.
引文
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[32]同上P357.
[33]a索墩布拉克文化的命名由郭物最先提出,邵会秋对这一概念认同并沿用这一提法。也有学者对类似遗存使用伊犁河流域文化,例如陈戈、韩建业。b郭物.新疆天山地区公元前一千纪的考古学文化研究[D].中国社会科学院研究生院. 2005.博士论文. c邵会秋.新疆史前时期文化格局的演进及其与周临地区文化关系[D].吉林大学. 2007.博士论文. d陈戈.新疆伊犁河流域文化初论[A].欧亚学刊(第二辑) [C].中华书局出版社. 2000.1-35. e韩建业.新疆的青铜时代和早期铁器时代文化[M].文物出版社. 2007
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[47]同[16].
[48]同[20].
[49]同上.
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[33]同上
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[35]同[27]a
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[39]陶家寨组居民中该病个体出现率为8.47%,喇嘛洞组为35.21%。
[40]同[1] P73.
[41]同上
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[55]同[1] P157
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[57][1]46-50.
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[60]同[56]P231-91.
[61]a同[47] P61 b同[56]41-45
[62]同[56]P34-55.
[63]陶家寨墓地中统计死亡个体378例,发现2例腰、骶椎转化个体,2例脊柱裂个体。喇嘛洞墓地统计死亡个体426例,仅发现1例腰、骶椎转化个体。原作者均未刊布这两种发育缺陷的出现率,吉林台库区墓葬中统计死亡个体269例,而发现这两种发育缺陷的个体数均为7例。所以理论上吉林台组中这两种疾病的出现率应该高于陶家寨组和喇嘛洞组。
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[64]同[47]P377-9
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[17]同上
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[18]同[1]c
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[41]同上
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[55]同[1] P157
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[61]a同[47] P61 b同[56]41-45
[62]同[56]P34-55.
[63]陶家寨墓地中统计死亡个体378例,发现2例腰、骶椎转化个体,2例脊柱裂个体。喇嘛洞墓地统计死亡个体426例,仅发现1例腰、骶椎转化个体。原作者均未刊布这两种发育缺陷的出现率,吉林台库区墓葬中统计死亡个体269例,而发现这两种发育缺陷的个体数均为7例。所以理论上吉林台组中这两种疾病的出现率应该高于陶家寨组和喇嘛洞组。
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[64]同[47]P377-9
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