供应链环境中订单分配及订购批量决策研究
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摘要
进入21世纪,企业间的竞争日趋激烈,为了有效应对竞争,越来越多的企业采用供应链管理的思想经营,市场竞争形式也从企业间的竞争逐渐演化为企业所处的供应链之间的竞争。与此同时,企业在应对激烈市场竞争时,常以降低采购成本来增加产品在市场中的竞争力,由此,采购决策的地位变得越来越显著,其作用也受到愈来愈多的关注。例如,对于绝大多数制造公司来说,材料成本构成企业成本的主体,占绝大多数制造商总成本的40%～60%;在美国,以高新技术为主体的大型制造服务公司的产品和服务的供给成本占其销售成本的比例高达80%。
与传统的采购管理相比,供应链管理为降低采购成本,提高效益提供了广阔的空间,并且也给企业采购理念带来新的挑战。在供应链的采购研究中有着重大实践意义的两个重要领域就是订单分配和订购批量研究。本论文在总结供应商选择准则方法等相关研究成果的基础上,以模糊理论为依托,从定量的角度分别研究了在包含:模糊和随机信息、存在供应中断、折扣价格条件下的供应商选择及订单分配问题。同时,本文在分析国内外对经济订购批量研究的历史和现状基础上,对两类典型的订购批量问题进行了系统和深入的探讨。
本论文的主要内容如下:
首先,介绍了论文的研究背景,回顾了供应商选择及订单分配和订购批量的重要性,介绍了它们近期的研究现状和不足,并简述了本文的创新点和主要工作,最后对相关的研究进行了综述。
其次,扩展了Amida(2006)的一个模糊多目标线性供应商选择模型,将目标权重从确定性数值推广为模糊变量、把定量的需求推广到随机的需求,并由此得到了一种简单易行的优化订单分配决策。
然后,从供应中断风险角度出发,提出了在不同情境下中断损失函数的定义,进而推广和补充了Amid(2007)提出的基于价格折扣的模糊多目标线性供应商选择及订单分配模型。
接着,考虑到市场需求不仅受公司库存水平影响,同时与公司产品销售价格密切相关。在这一背景下,本文建立了一个连续时间的库存模型,解决了在一个有限销售期内,公司的产品销售策略。主要目的是对于仅有传统销售方式的公司,在兼顾产品变质率和销售价格动态调整两方面因素时,如何确定最优采购量。
随后,对于包含多个销售渠道的企业,采购单一商品,率先研究了在统一订购前提下,如何有效满足顾客的即期和远期市场需求的最优订购策略。
最后对研究结果和创新之处进行了总结,并且讨论了今后可能的发展方向。
In 21 century,enterprises are facing with more and more competitions and challengments.With the development of supply chain management,the pressure is no more located among enterprises,but in all supply chain.Enterprises often lower purchase costs in order to increase the competitiveness of products in the market while they face the fierce situation.Nowadays,procurement decisions are more important because of the more tremendous impact of material costs on profits.For example,in most industries the costs of raw materials and component parts constitute the main cost of a product,such that in some cases it can account for up to 70%;in America high technology firms,purchased materials and services represent up to 80%of the total product cost.
The purchase decision under supply chain environment has many new characteristics comparing with traditional purchase management.Supply chain management offers wider space for decreasing purchase cost and increasing the benefit,but bringing the new challenge to enterprises' purchase management at the same time.Two of the important areas in purchase decision that have significant practical application are order allocation and economic order quantity(EOQ).Optimazion for order allocation and EOQ reduce the cost and improve the company competitiveness.Therefore,order allocation and EOQ are the most important decision of purchasing management.On the basis of the past researches about criterias and methods of supplier selection,order allocation is considered under fuzzy information,uncertain demand,supply disrutption and price break in this paper.At the same time,reliedon both domestic and foreign research of the history,current situation and future development of EOQ,the thesis gives a relative systematic and thorough research about two typical topics of EOQ.
The main content of this thesis can be described as follows:
First,the thesis introduces the backgrounds,the significance and the innovative achievements of this paper and making a review about the literature on order allocation and EOQ.
Second,the article extends the fuzzy multi-objective linear model(Amida,2006), from deterministic to stochastic constraints and known weight to fuzzy weight values. This linear model has been expanded to a common format.A fuzzy multi-objective linear/nonlinear model is developed to allocate order.
Third,this research extends the weighted additive fuzzy multi-objective supplier selection model(Amid,2007) from deterministic constraint to random constraint,adds shortage function and scenario analysis to the model.
Fourth,the demand may have a positive correlative with stock level.In this paper,the demand rate depends not only on the on-display stock level but also on the selling price per unit.In such a situation,we develop an EOQ model that includes deterioration on inventory and multiple price changes over a finite planning time.
Forth,with the development of e-commerce,many "bricks-and-mortar" firms have transformed to "clicks-and-mortar" by incorporating online stores.The physical stores can satisfy the instant demand,while the online stores content the forward demand,i.e., customers place orders online,and the finn fulfills the orders in quoted delivery time. Since the physical stores and the online stores of a "click-and-mortar" firm usually replenish inventory using the same replenishment channel,we develop the optimal order policy for a "click-and-mortar" firm.
Finally,the thesis gives conclusion and the innovativenesses of the research,and presents the future scope,the purpose and the prospect of this topic in further studies.
与传统的采购管理相比,供应链管理为降低采购成本,提高效益提供了广阔的空间,并且也给企业采购理念带来新的挑战。在供应链的采购研究中有着重大实践意义的两个重要领域就是订单分配和订购批量研究。本论文在总结供应商选择准则方法等相关研究成果的基础上,以模糊理论为依托,从定量的角度分别研究了在包含:模糊和随机信息、存在供应中断、折扣价格条件下的供应商选择及订单分配问题。同时,本文在分析国内外对经济订购批量研究的历史和现状基础上,对两类典型的订购批量问题进行了系统和深入的探讨。
本论文的主要内容如下:
首先,介绍了论文的研究背景,回顾了供应商选择及订单分配和订购批量的重要性,介绍了它们近期的研究现状和不足,并简述了本文的创新点和主要工作,最后对相关的研究进行了综述。
其次,扩展了Amida(2006)的一个模糊多目标线性供应商选择模型,将目标权重从确定性数值推广为模糊变量、把定量的需求推广到随机的需求,并由此得到了一种简单易行的优化订单分配决策。
然后,从供应中断风险角度出发,提出了在不同情境下中断损失函数的定义,进而推广和补充了Amid(2007)提出的基于价格折扣的模糊多目标线性供应商选择及订单分配模型。
接着,考虑到市场需求不仅受公司库存水平影响,同时与公司产品销售价格密切相关。在这一背景下,本文建立了一个连续时间的库存模型,解决了在一个有限销售期内,公司的产品销售策略。主要目的是对于仅有传统销售方式的公司,在兼顾产品变质率和销售价格动态调整两方面因素时,如何确定最优采购量。
随后,对于包含多个销售渠道的企业,采购单一商品,率先研究了在统一订购前提下,如何有效满足顾客的即期和远期市场需求的最优订购策略。
最后对研究结果和创新之处进行了总结,并且讨论了今后可能的发展方向。
In 21 century,enterprises are facing with more and more competitions and challengments.With the development of supply chain management,the pressure is no more located among enterprises,but in all supply chain.Enterprises often lower purchase costs in order to increase the competitiveness of products in the market while they face the fierce situation.Nowadays,procurement decisions are more important because of the more tremendous impact of material costs on profits.For example,in most industries the costs of raw materials and component parts constitute the main cost of a product,such that in some cases it can account for up to 70%;in America high technology firms,purchased materials and services represent up to 80%of the total product cost.
The purchase decision under supply chain environment has many new characteristics comparing with traditional purchase management.Supply chain management offers wider space for decreasing purchase cost and increasing the benefit,but bringing the new challenge to enterprises' purchase management at the same time.Two of the important areas in purchase decision that have significant practical application are order allocation and economic order quantity(EOQ).Optimazion for order allocation and EOQ reduce the cost and improve the company competitiveness.Therefore,order allocation and EOQ are the most important decision of purchasing management.On the basis of the past researches about criterias and methods of supplier selection,order allocation is considered under fuzzy information,uncertain demand,supply disrutption and price break in this paper.At the same time,reliedon both domestic and foreign research of the history,current situation and future development of EOQ,the thesis gives a relative systematic and thorough research about two typical topics of EOQ.
The main content of this thesis can be described as follows:
First,the thesis introduces the backgrounds,the significance and the innovative achievements of this paper and making a review about the literature on order allocation and EOQ.
Second,the article extends the fuzzy multi-objective linear model(Amida,2006), from deterministic to stochastic constraints and known weight to fuzzy weight values. This linear model has been expanded to a common format.A fuzzy multi-objective linear/nonlinear model is developed to allocate order.
Third,this research extends the weighted additive fuzzy multi-objective supplier selection model(Amid,2007) from deterministic constraint to random constraint,adds shortage function and scenario analysis to the model.
Fourth,the demand may have a positive correlative with stock level.In this paper,the demand rate depends not only on the on-display stock level but also on the selling price per unit.In such a situation,we develop an EOQ model that includes deterioration on inventory and multiple price changes over a finite planning time.
Forth,with the development of e-commerce,many "bricks-and-mortar" firms have transformed to "clicks-and-mortar" by incorporating online stores.The physical stores can satisfy the instant demand,while the online stores content the forward demand,i.e., customers place orders online,and the finn fulfills the orders in quoted delivery time. Since the physical stores and the online stores of a "click-and-mortar" firm usually replenish inventory using the same replenishment channel,we develop the optimal order policy for a "click-and-mortar" firm.
Finally,the thesis gives conclusion and the innovativenesses of the research,and presents the future scope,the purpose and the prospect of this topic in further studies.
引文
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