中外食品检验检疫法规及市场准入制度的比较研究
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摘要
当今世界科技不断进步,经济结构不断调整,新兴产业不断出现,但食品业依然是永恒不衰的常青产业,食品贸易在世界经济贸易活动中占有重要地位,它与各国人民的生活息息相关。随着我国改革开放的不断深化,我国农产品的国际竞争力不断提升。然而,我国食品生产的整体水平与国外进口标准和要求仍存在较大差距,食品进出口检验检疫体系与食品市场准入体系有待进一步完善。日本、美国、欧盟是当今世界的三个经济发达体,也是和我国贸易往来最频繁的三个国家。他们在各方面的法律法规都相对发达和完善,研究这三个国家的食品法规,能够帮助我国与发达国家更好地进行食品贸易,并且对于我国食品检验检疫法规和市场准入制度的完善有一定的借鉴意义。
食品市场准入制度是为保证食品的质量安全,具备规定条件的生产者才允许进行生产经营活动、具备规定条件的食品才允许生产销售的监管制度。因此,实行食品质量安全市场准入制度是一种政府行为,是一项行政许可制度。
本文首先对这三个国家关于食品的现行进出口检验检疫法规及市场准入措施和发展趋势进行了分析研究,并通过列举近期我国进出口贸易状况的变化阐述了上述国家的食品检验检疫法规和市场准入制度对我国的影响。
然后本文对我国现行的食品进出口检验检疫法规及市场准入制度进行了介绍,其中包括食品卫生法、进出口商品检验法、进出境动植物检疫法、国境卫生检疫法、食品安全法(草案),以及食品市场准入条件和违规的部分处罚规定。
最后将我国与主要贸易国家的现行的食品检验检疫法规与市场准入制度进行了比较分析,并提出了完善我国进出口食品法规和市场准入制度的几点建议。同时,食品安全是影响食品贸易问题的重要因素,因此本文对食品安全预警与快速反应系统进行了相关介绍及分析,食品安全预警系统是食品安全控制体系不可或缺的内容,是实现食品安全控制管理的有效手段。食品安全预警通过指标体系的运用来解析各种食品安全状态、食品风险和突变等现象,揭示食品安全的内在发展机制、成因背景、表现方式和预防控制措施,从而最大限度地减少灾害效应,维护社会的可持续发展。
With the technological advancement and the adjustment of industrial structure in the world today, many rising industries are coming up. Facing so intensive competition from all around industries, but food industry is still an evergreen one. Food trade occupies an important berth in the world trade activities which is closely interrelated to our lives. Recently, along with the constant deepening of reformation and opening in our country, the international competition capability for farm products has been strengthened. However, there is still a great gap between the overall levels of food production and the standards and requirement of imported food. Food import&export inspection and quarantine system and market administration system still needs a further perfection. Japan, American and EU are three most economically advanced countries in the world today whose Laws and regulations in all industries developed relatively and perfected. To study food products regulations of these three countries attributes our country to carry out food trade with those countries and is referred to the Inspection and Quarantine of food and the improvement of market-access system in China.
Market-access system is a monitoring system for carrying out production and operating activities of producer who should have given conditions and for the production & marketing of foods which should have specified conditions. Therefore, the realization of market-access system is an act of government and also is an administrative license system.
This article analyzed and studied the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food, market access measures and developing trend in these three countries, and elaborated the influence of the Inspection and Quarantine regulations and market access system in above-mentioned countries by taking the latest state of import and export trade of our country as an example.
And then introduced the system of the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food, market access system in our country, including Food Hygiene Law of People's Republic of China, Law on the Inspection of Import and Export Commodities of the P.C.C., Law on the Quarantine of Animals and Plants Brought into or Taken Out of the Chinese Territory, The Frontier Sanitation and Quarantine Law of the P.C.C. Food Safety Act(draft) and market access requirements of foods and part penalty provision of violation.
And last comparatively analyzed the system of the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food, market access system between developed countries and our country of that, and made out a few pieces of advice on improving the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food and market access system of our country. Meanwhile, food safety is a key factor of influencing the foods trade, and the introduction and analysis of food safety precaution and rapid reaction system were also simply made out in this article. Food safety precaution system is an indispensable content of food safety control system and an effective means of food safety control administration. Food safety precaution resolves food safe state of all kinds, food risks and food mutation by applying evaluation index system, which is to reveal the inner development mechanism of food safety, background and cause analysis, manifestation modes and precaution & control actions. Therefore we can reduce hazard effects to the utmost extent and keep sustainable development of the society.
食品市场准入制度是为保证食品的质量安全,具备规定条件的生产者才允许进行生产经营活动、具备规定条件的食品才允许生产销售的监管制度。因此,实行食品质量安全市场准入制度是一种政府行为,是一项行政许可制度。
本文首先对这三个国家关于食品的现行进出口检验检疫法规及市场准入措施和发展趋势进行了分析研究,并通过列举近期我国进出口贸易状况的变化阐述了上述国家的食品检验检疫法规和市场准入制度对我国的影响。
然后本文对我国现行的食品进出口检验检疫法规及市场准入制度进行了介绍,其中包括食品卫生法、进出口商品检验法、进出境动植物检疫法、国境卫生检疫法、食品安全法(草案),以及食品市场准入条件和违规的部分处罚规定。
最后将我国与主要贸易国家的现行的食品检验检疫法规与市场准入制度进行了比较分析,并提出了完善我国进出口食品法规和市场准入制度的几点建议。同时,食品安全是影响食品贸易问题的重要因素,因此本文对食品安全预警与快速反应系统进行了相关介绍及分析,食品安全预警系统是食品安全控制体系不可或缺的内容,是实现食品安全控制管理的有效手段。食品安全预警通过指标体系的运用来解析各种食品安全状态、食品风险和突变等现象,揭示食品安全的内在发展机制、成因背景、表现方式和预防控制措施,从而最大限度地减少灾害效应,维护社会的可持续发展。
With the technological advancement and the adjustment of industrial structure in the world today, many rising industries are coming up. Facing so intensive competition from all around industries, but food industry is still an evergreen one. Food trade occupies an important berth in the world trade activities which is closely interrelated to our lives. Recently, along with the constant deepening of reformation and opening in our country, the international competition capability for farm products has been strengthened. However, there is still a great gap between the overall levels of food production and the standards and requirement of imported food. Food import&export inspection and quarantine system and market administration system still needs a further perfection. Japan, American and EU are three most economically advanced countries in the world today whose Laws and regulations in all industries developed relatively and perfected. To study food products regulations of these three countries attributes our country to carry out food trade with those countries and is referred to the Inspection and Quarantine of food and the improvement of market-access system in China.
Market-access system is a monitoring system for carrying out production and operating activities of producer who should have given conditions and for the production & marketing of foods which should have specified conditions. Therefore, the realization of market-access system is an act of government and also is an administrative license system.
This article analyzed and studied the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food, market access measures and developing trend in these three countries, and elaborated the influence of the Inspection and Quarantine regulations and market access system in above-mentioned countries by taking the latest state of import and export trade of our country as an example.
And then introduced the system of the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food, market access system in our country, including Food Hygiene Law of People's Republic of China, Law on the Inspection of Import and Export Commodities of the P.C.C., Law on the Quarantine of Animals and Plants Brought into or Taken Out of the Chinese Territory, The Frontier Sanitation and Quarantine Law of the P.C.C. Food Safety Act(draft) and market access requirements of foods and part penalty provision of violation.
And last comparatively analyzed the system of the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food, market access system between developed countries and our country of that, and made out a few pieces of advice on improving the Inspection and Quarantine regulations of imported & exported food and market access system of our country. Meanwhile, food safety is a key factor of influencing the foods trade, and the introduction and analysis of food safety precaution and rapid reaction system were also simply made out in this article. Food safety precaution system is an indispensable content of food safety control system and an effective means of food safety control administration. Food safety precaution resolves food safe state of all kinds, food risks and food mutation by applying evaluation index system, which is to reveal the inner development mechanism of food safety, background and cause analysis, manifestation modes and precaution & control actions. Therefore we can reduce hazard effects to the utmost extent and keep sustainable development of the society.
引文
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[2]王冬讯.试论出口食品进入国际市场的“通行证”[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2003,(6).
[3] Neal H Hooker. Food Safety regulation and trade in food products [J]. Food Policy, 1999,(24):653-668.
[4]李建科.国际食品安全动态与中国入世后的形势与对策[J].食品业科技,2002,(12).
[5]张炳政.2005年我国食品进出口形势分析及展望[J].INDUSTRY VARIABILITY,2006,(4).
[6]韩俊.中国食品安全报告(2007)[M].社会科学文献出版社,2007.
[7]边红彪.日本进口食品检验检疫制度分析[J].中国检验检疫,2006,(10):23-24.
[8]边红彪,钟相志.日本进口食品检验检疫制度综合分析[J].环球博览,2007,(7):63-65.
[9]李业鹏.美国食品安全系统(编译)[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2001,(13):44-49.
[10]秦富,王秀清等.欧美食品安全体系研究[M].中国农业出版社,2003.
[11] Roland Ernest Poms. EU legislation for Food Safety of Cereals and Cereal Products [J]. Food Science, 2004, (10).
[12]谢玉梅,陈晓红.食品贸易法规政策解析[M].化学工业出版社,2007.
[13]陈志成.食品法规与管理[M].化学工业出版社,2005.
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[16] IoannisS.Arvanitoyannis, Stefania Choreftaki& Persefoni Tserkezou. An update of EU legislation (Directives and Regulations) on food-related issues (Safety, Hygiene, Packaging Technology, GMOs, Additives, Radiation, Labeling): presentation and comments [J]. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2005, (40):1021-1112.
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[18] Jason A. Donovan, Julie A. Caswell, Elisabete Salay. The Effect of Stricter Foreign Regulations on Food Safety Levels in Developing Countries: A Study of Brazil [J]. Review of Agricultural Economics, 2006, (23):163-175.
[19] Henson, S., R. Loader, A. Swinbank, M. Bredahl, and N. Lux. Impact of Sanitaryand phytosanitary Measures on Developing Countries [M]. Centre for Food Economics Research, Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, University of Reading, 1999.
[20] Commission improves rules on labeling and tracing of GMOs in Europe to enable freedom of choice and ensure environmental safety. http://europa.eu.int/comm./dgs/health consumer/library/press.
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[26]乔东.关于完善我国食品检验检测体系建设的思考[J].食品与发酵工业,2005,(6): 64-67.
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[28]食品质量安全市场准入制度问答.http://www.czqts.gov.cn.
[29] Kees van der heijden, Maged Younes, Lawrence Fishbein, Sanford Miller. International Food Safety Handbook [M]. Marcel Dekker. Inc, 1999.
[30] OECD Overview of Food Safety Systems and Activities [J]. Compendium of National Food Safety Systems and Activities, May-2002.
[31] White Paper on Food Safety. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/intro/index_en.html.
[32]李建科.国际食品安全动态与中国入世后的形势与对策[J].食品业科技,2002,(12).
[33] Jouve J. L. Reducing the Microbiological Food Safety Risk: A Major Challenge for the 21st Century [J]. Who Strategic Planning Meeting, 2001, (2):20-21.
[34]张春新,李建军.对出口食品检验检疫监管模式的思考与探讨[J].口岸卫生控制,2005,(13).
[35]刘文君.荷兰进出口食品的检验检疫体系[J].国外窗口,2006,(7):47-48.
[36]周健.进一步完善食品检验检测体系[J].权威分析,2007,(1):24-25.
[37]刘波,昌乃和.德国食品安全方面重要的法律法规[J].中国农业科技导报,2003,(5).
[38]徐百万.生产和流通对食品安全及贸易的影响[J].2002北京食品安全研讨会.
[39]魏建良,谢阳群.技术性贸易壁垒及其预警机制研究[J].科学管理研究,2006,(2).
[40]何坪华,聂凤英.食品安全预警系统功能、结构及运行机制研究[J].商业时代,2007,(33).
[41]李聪,黄逸民,田壮.进出口食品安全预警方法研究[J].检验检疫科学,2004,(14).
[42]晏绍庆,康俊生,秦玉青,李雪花.国内外食品安全信息预报预警系统的建设现状[J].现代食品科技,2007,(23):63-66.
[43]食品安全官方和官方监控的法律基础:“加强官方食品安全监控机构”[J].FAO网站.
[44]焦阳,郭力生,凌文涛.欧盟食品安全的保障——食品、饲料快速预警系统[J].中国标准化,2006,(3).
[45]迟玉聚,徐贵发.危险性分析原理在食品安全管理中的应用[J].山东食品科技,2003,(12).
[46]黄海霞.食品安全问题呼唤建立健全食品安全体系[J].中国初级卫生保健,2006,(01).
[47]陈胤瑜,李小丽,蔡纯.风险管理在进口食品检验监管中的应用[J].食品科学,2007,(28):589-592.
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[51]食品安全官方和官方监控的法律基础:“加强官方食品安全监控机构”[J]. FAO网站.
[2]王冬讯.试论出口食品进入国际市场的“通行证”[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2003,(6).
[3] Neal H Hooker. Food Safety regulation and trade in food products [J]. Food Policy, 1999,(24):653-668.
[4]李建科.国际食品安全动态与中国入世后的形势与对策[J].食品业科技,2002,(12).
[5]张炳政.2005年我国食品进出口形势分析及展望[J].INDUSTRY VARIABILITY,2006,(4).
[6]韩俊.中国食品安全报告(2007)[M].社会科学文献出版社,2007.
[7]边红彪.日本进口食品检验检疫制度分析[J].中国检验检疫,2006,(10):23-24.
[8]边红彪,钟相志.日本进口食品检验检疫制度综合分析[J].环球博览,2007,(7):63-65.
[9]李业鹏.美国食品安全系统(编译)[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2001,(13):44-49.
[10]秦富,王秀清等.欧美食品安全体系研究[M].中国农业出版社,2003.
[11] Roland Ernest Poms. EU legislation for Food Safety of Cereals and Cereal Products [J]. Food Science, 2004, (10).
[12]谢玉梅,陈晓红.食品贸易法规政策解析[M].化学工业出版社,2007.
[13]陈志成.食品法规与管理[M].化学工业出版社,2005.
[14] Jayasuriya D C. The regulation of the trade in food in Asia and Pacific [J]. Food Control,2002,6(5):307-310.
[15]全毅.浅析美国食品技术性贸易壁垒体系[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2006,(1).
[16] IoannisS.Arvanitoyannis, Stefania Choreftaki& Persefoni Tserkezou. An update of EU legislation (Directives and Regulations) on food-related issues (Safety, Hygiene, Packaging Technology, GMOs, Additives, Radiation, Labeling): presentation and comments [J]. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2005, (40):1021-1112.
[17] Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and Of the Council: Laying Down the General Principles and Requirements of Food Law, Establishing The European Food Authority, And Laying Down Procedures In Matters Of Food. http://europa.eu.int.
[18] Jason A. Donovan, Julie A. Caswell, Elisabete Salay. The Effect of Stricter Foreign Regulations on Food Safety Levels in Developing Countries: A Study of Brazil [J]. Review of Agricultural Economics, 2006, (23):163-175.
[19] Henson, S., R. Loader, A. Swinbank, M. Bredahl, and N. Lux. Impact of Sanitaryand phytosanitary Measures on Developing Countries [M]. Centre for Food Economics Research, Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, University of Reading, 1999.
[20] Commission improves rules on labeling and tracing of GMOs in Europe to enable freedom of choice and ensure environmental safety. http://europa.eu.int/comm./dgs/health consumer/library/press.
[21] A. Turner. The development of food labeling regulations in the UK [J]. British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin,2007,(32):161-167.
[22] http://www.chinaccm.com/.中国商务网,2008,4.
[23] http://www.hbciq.gov.cn.湖北出入境检验检疫局网.
[24] http://ibdaily.mofcom.gov.cn/.在线国际商报,2008,7.
[25]孟庆松.关于进口食品检验检疫的有关问题[J].CFI,2006(10):48-49.
[26]乔东.关于完善我国食品检验检测体系建设的思考[J].食品与发酵工业,2005,(6): 64-67.
[27] http://npc.people.com.cn/GB/28320/113073/.人民网.
[28]食品质量安全市场准入制度问答.http://www.czqts.gov.cn.
[29] Kees van der heijden, Maged Younes, Lawrence Fishbein, Sanford Miller. International Food Safety Handbook [M]. Marcel Dekker. Inc, 1999.
[30] OECD Overview of Food Safety Systems and Activities [J]. Compendium of National Food Safety Systems and Activities, May-2002.
[31] White Paper on Food Safety. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/intro/index_en.html.
[32]李建科.国际食品安全动态与中国入世后的形势与对策[J].食品业科技,2002,(12).
[33] Jouve J. L. Reducing the Microbiological Food Safety Risk: A Major Challenge for the 21st Century [J]. Who Strategic Planning Meeting, 2001, (2):20-21.
[34]张春新,李建军.对出口食品检验检疫监管模式的思考与探讨[J].口岸卫生控制,2005,(13).
[35]刘文君.荷兰进出口食品的检验检疫体系[J].国外窗口,2006,(7):47-48.
[36]周健.进一步完善食品检验检测体系[J].权威分析,2007,(1):24-25.
[37]刘波,昌乃和.德国食品安全方面重要的法律法规[J].中国农业科技导报,2003,(5).
[38]徐百万.生产和流通对食品安全及贸易的影响[J].2002北京食品安全研讨会.
[39]魏建良,谢阳群.技术性贸易壁垒及其预警机制研究[J].科学管理研究,2006,(2).
[40]何坪华,聂凤英.食品安全预警系统功能、结构及运行机制研究[J].商业时代,2007,(33).
[41]李聪,黄逸民,田壮.进出口食品安全预警方法研究[J].检验检疫科学,2004,(14).
[42]晏绍庆,康俊生,秦玉青,李雪花.国内外食品安全信息预报预警系统的建设现状[J].现代食品科技,2007,(23):63-66.
[43]食品安全官方和官方监控的法律基础:“加强官方食品安全监控机构”[J].FAO网站.
[44]焦阳,郭力生,凌文涛.欧盟食品安全的保障——食品、饲料快速预警系统[J].中国标准化,2006,(3).
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