先秦汉语方所表达研究
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摘要
在系统观的背景下,运用方所问题研究的相关理论和方法,对先秦汉语的处所词、方位词、方位短语、处所动词、处所介词作详尽的考察,在此基础上对与方所相关的句式等问题作进一步的讨论,整篇论文是一个“描写-解释”的研究过程。
“系统观”主要体现在对先秦方所表达的研究采取“两手抓”的研究思路上,即方所的表达既与名词有关又与动词、介词有关。单纯的名词或单纯的动词、介词都不能完全地表达方所,只有将二者结合起来才能更好地认识方所。与名词有关的方所表达,涉及处所词、方位词、方位短语等;与动词、介词有关的方所表达,涉及处所动词、处所介词等。方所成分还可以进入句子,构成不同的句式。先秦与方所相关的句式,具体有常见句式和非常见句式两种。与先秦时期的其他句式相比,存在句、“所”字句、被动式“于(於)+L”相对较为特殊,我们把它们作为个案来研究。
本文研究的另一个思路是描写和解释相结合。描写方面,我们对处所词、方位词、方位短语、处所动词、处所介词的定义、分类、句法功能等相关内容作了具体的分析和说明,并对先秦与方所相关的句式进行了细致的分类。除了描写之外,我们对相关问题也作了一定程度的解释,如询问方式的“恶”、“安”、“焉”语法化的条件、《诗经》中用“于以”询问方所和工具的原因、方位短语“中+名词”出现的原因、处所动词既能带处所宾语又能带“于(於)+处所宾语”的原因、处所介词词组语序变化的原因、“于(於)+L”表被动的条件等。为使描写和解释让人信服,我们还对相关问题进行了统计,文中列举了6个表格,文末附录部分还归纳出了《〈左传〉专名处所词音义频次对照表》。
This paper studies the use of space and location questions the relevance of theories and methods, on the premises of the Pre-Qin place, spacial expression, spatial phrases, location verbs and location preposition inspected in detail, on this basis with the parties and other issues related to sentence for further discussion. Thesis grammar belong to Chinese history dating study, the whole thesis is a "description - explain" the course of the study.
The full text of a total of five chapters, about 140,000 words.
Thesis of the Preface are part of the first chapter, this part of the first section of the Chinese space and location of the problem and the pre-Qin Chinese space and location research questions were introduced, and the significance of the research projects described. Section II are mainly involved in research-related issues, including research subjects and scope of instructions and symbols indicate corpus. Section III set out the steps of the research thesis and research methods.
Expression of both parties with the terms related with the verb, preposition relevant. Simple noun or a simple verb, preposition that can not be completely expressed by the parties, and only combine the two in order to better understand the space and location. Pre-Qin Chinese space and location by the expression of the same. With the terms expressed by the relevant parties involved in place, spacial expression, spatial phrases; with verbs, prepositions related party involving the expression of location verbs and location preposition. These elements, at our Chapters II and III made a detailed analysis and description.
Chapter II discussed with our terms expressed by the relevant parties, including the place, spacial expression, spatial phrases etc. Place can do object of the location verbs and location preposition that case happened, things exist and things tend to have a space area of the noun or pronoun characteristics, cognitive psychology are "intended as" the "backing", usually express the relative static and immovable things. Pre-Qin Place are divided into the premises it means the words and said the word on behalf of the two types of premises. It refers to are indeed the word of the premises has the meaning of the term, specific and post-secondary and non-professionals were divided. Professionals who have the country names, place names, town names, mountain, water, etc.; non-exclusive, including the name of palace architecture, mountain, water, territory, and so on. Pre-Qin Chinese actually refers to the word of the premises were the premises of post-secondary words and non-exclusive premises of the words with similar syntactic function, but similar does not mean the same. Pre-Qin Chinese professionals mainly for object, attribute, subject and complement; non-exclusive premises of the word can be object, attribute, subject, complement and adverbial, adverbial is designed to make the word of the premises do not have syntactic features.
When the premises for the subject and attributive words, the premises just was not obvious, we are usually unable to determine that they are not the premises. Said premises on behalf of the word refers to the premises of the pronoun form, we are also called pronoun premises. Premises, including two types of pronouns:Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns. Table premises mainly demonstrative pronoun "此", "是", "之", "斯", "之", "彼", such pronouns are not specialized form of premises; Pronouns main "恶", "安" ,"焉", "何", "曷", "奚", "胡",於", "爰" .Among them, "恶", "安" ,"焉" is mainly used to asked about the premises; ""何", "曷", "奚", "胡" non-specialized form of premises;於", "爰" is not commonly used. "诗经" asked to have a premises "于以", "于以" not only asked about the premises, can also be asked about the instrument. "于以" semantic is "于何以何" omission, but in order to meet the "诗经" rhythm required only once a together. As the place table or instrument table, depending on subsequent A sentence may be.
Azimuth direction or express words are things the relative position of the word. Pre-Qin Chinese spacial expression can be used alone, but also can be used in other word or phrase behind, have some of the attached. Pre-Qin Chinese spacial expression, including simple directions and synthetic speech two types of bearings, and the number of each category is limited. Simple directions from one-syllable words are composed of word direction, the pre-Qin Chinese simply position the main word there is "east, west, south, north, before, after, left, right, up, down, inside and outside, middle, the side next to" 16, concrete is divided into single-table and table space and the space, time, two types of abstract scope. Single-sheet position of the word space in this category only with the noun phrase constitutes a spatial position of the phrase table, there are "East, West, North and South," "left, right," "side, next to." And table space, time, abstract the scope of this type of simple azimuth direction Phrases Words can not only table space can also be table time, the scope of the abstract, as that depends largely on what kind of position in front of the word composition, the main word in this category there is "up and down", "inside and outside," "before and after," "Medium, Inter." Pre-Qin Place serve as a simple sentence elements position, the most common are for attributive and adverbial, can also serve as object and predicate , for the subject and the complement of a relatively small number. Synthesis azimuth two-syllable words are posed by the position of the word, the pre-Qin Chinese synthetic azimuth degree of vocabulary words are different, can be divided into once a specific, add after "方", the former add "正", "少", the former add "以","之" several categories. Pre-Qin Chinese, mainly used for synthesis of azimuth word attributive, adverbial, object, subject, predicate for the use case less, it is difficult to see the situation for the complement.
Place and spacial expression used together constitute a position, the position of the pre-Qin period main two categories are "place + spacial expression", this type of position again Phrases can be divided into three specific categories: place + spacial expression; place +之+ spacial expression; place +以+ spacial expression. The category mainly for orientation Phrases complement, adverbial, object, subject and attribute, can not be predicate. The other is "spacial expression + place " mainly "medium + place ", such usage in Chinese history is a very special situation grammar. Appear at the end of the sentence of "medium + noun" rhyme from the perspective of interpretation, however, the perspective of the interpretation of rhyme must have are the limitations, there are a lot of "medium + noun" is on the end of non-sentence. We believe that the position of the pre-Qin period the word "Medium" is not the emergence of grammar on the requirements, but also did not provide much of the semantic content, it is natural that they will not be on grammar and semantic constraints, it constitutes a noun phrase position, word order also very flexible and can appear in the term before the term can also appear in the post. Semantic up, "noun + medium " = "medium + noun."
Pre-Qin Chinese, refers to all the people associated with them, and material usage, we call the space and location of the allegations. Space and location Metonymic allegations, including allegations of alleged and culture. The pre-Qin period, "the first step," "Majesty", "left and right" through "metonymy" means associated with the alleged person. Cultural allegations are referring to because of cultural reasons, the expression space and location of the word to refer to other elements of the pre-Qin period, spacial expression "East" has to mean "Spring" usage.
Chapter III of us with a verb, preposition expressed by the relevant parties, including location verbs and location preposition. Location verbs means the requirements of the verb with a space and location of the argument for the object of a verb, belong to the transitive verb syntax. Verb bring the premises in accordance with the different semantic object, we will be divided into location verbs exist, arrive, "cis, along the" trend and direction of several categories. Pre-Qin period, the premises after the verb object directly with the premises, but the pre-Qin Chinese verbs can have a number of premises belt "in the (in) + premises Object", and semantically equivalent to "location verbs + object." We believe that, although the premises of the object express the same semantic role, but do not add add "in the (in)" express different semantic relations. Premises before the object does not add "in the (in)" express the premises and the premises verb close relationship with the semantic object, while the premises before the object "in (to)," said the two semantic relations were relatively loose in order to distinguish between these two different semantic relations, so there are two different kinds of usage. In addition, the rhythm on the requirements of syntax, economic principles of language are also relevant in this situation grammar. Location preposition are premises primer-mediated component of prepositions, the Pre-Qin Chinese location preposition mainly mediated primer acts thing or action is located, and from, by, in the final analysis point. Where mainly“于(於)”、“乎”、“自”、“从”、“道”; by from the main there is“自”、“从”、“由”、“于(於)”、“乎”、“道”、“以”; by the main there is“自”、“从”、“于(於)”; attributed point, there are“于(於)”、“在”、“乎”. Pre-Qin Chinese location preposition with the following characteristics: 1, premises development preposition main premises are the grammar of the verb, and every degree of premises nor grammar preposition; 2, the premises are mainly distributed in the two prepositions Location: before the verb and verb after, and the distribution of the verb at the premises after the preposition in larger quantities and higher frequency of use; 3, the relationship between synonymous preposition more premises, the premises, many prepositions can be one level more common; 4, the premises could object of preposition in advance.
Pre-Qin Chinese prepositional phrases different premises has a different word order, we think this is the "abstract principle" and "the principle of copying " common work results.“于”、“於”、“乎”and L constitute a prepositional phrase on the premises after the verb, mainly "abstract principles" play a role, in order to pursue the language of symbols and tidy. "于(於) + L" is located in front of the verb usage, very few use cases, are a temporary phenomenon Pragmatics. Can only be located in front of the verb "location preposition + L" is used to express the main action where the starting point and through, and there is no express end of the usage of action, it is consistent with "the principle of chronological order."自+ L" can be located before the verb can also be located after the verb is "abstract principle" and "the principle of copying" common work results. "自+ L" Word Order Change are the requirements of pragmatics, this request is in order to emphasize the focus and seek a flexible and rhyming sentences.
Pre-Qin period, complement the premises, the premises, between the object and adverbial premises close contact, all of them and express things, actions relating to the premises, but the difference between each other is existing, and this distinction with location verbs and location preposition also there is a certain relationship. Complement verbs used in the premises after the conduct of actions to add notes; premises object can only be used after the verb in the premises, the premises are the premises of the verb dominant element; premises adverbials in the verb before, including for Jiebin Phrases for adverbials adverbials and noun two types of movement and restrictions on behavior modification.
Chapter IV with the space and location of the sentence related research. Pre-Qin period, and side-related sentence, including common and special Sentence. Common sentence refers to the pre-Qin literature there is substantial use case, a higher frequency of occurrence, has become one of the basic syntactic rules of the sentence. Common sentence patterns in the major components of word order has been basically stereotypes, these basic word order in a large extent, confirms the Chinese mainly SVO language. Patterns special at the pre-Qin literature are rarely used cases, frequency of occurrence is very low, both syntax and pragmatics mandatory part of the requirements part of the sentence. With the pre-Qin period compared to the other sentence, sentence exist, sentence "所", passive "于(於)+ L" relatively unique, so we put them as cases to study. The existence of pre-Qin Chinese sentence include "有/无" words, "在" words, as well as some other unmarked sentence exist, and exist in modern Chinese sentence difference is that the Pre-existence of the function of the main sentence are narrative rather than descriptive. "所" in the words "有所VP /无所VP" is the verb "有/无" and the form of alleged "所VP" consisting of verb-object structure, this sentence is "所" justice of the basic premises on the development of up. "于(於) + L" is the passive form, required for their transformation, transform the premise that L must be homogeneous, when L when viewed doer, the "于(於)+ L" are passive.
Chapter V Conclusion of the thesis are. First, the full text of summing up the article to further clarify the context; Second, the study pointed out the inadequacies and the need for further reflection.
“系统观”主要体现在对先秦方所表达的研究采取“两手抓”的研究思路上,即方所的表达既与名词有关又与动词、介词有关。单纯的名词或单纯的动词、介词都不能完全地表达方所,只有将二者结合起来才能更好地认识方所。与名词有关的方所表达,涉及处所词、方位词、方位短语等;与动词、介词有关的方所表达,涉及处所动词、处所介词等。方所成分还可以进入句子,构成不同的句式。先秦与方所相关的句式,具体有常见句式和非常见句式两种。与先秦时期的其他句式相比,存在句、“所”字句、被动式“于(於)+L”相对较为特殊,我们把它们作为个案来研究。
本文研究的另一个思路是描写和解释相结合。描写方面,我们对处所词、方位词、方位短语、处所动词、处所介词的定义、分类、句法功能等相关内容作了具体的分析和说明,并对先秦与方所相关的句式进行了细致的分类。除了描写之外,我们对相关问题也作了一定程度的解释,如询问方式的“恶”、“安”、“焉”语法化的条件、《诗经》中用“于以”询问方所和工具的原因、方位短语“中+名词”出现的原因、处所动词既能带处所宾语又能带“于(於)+处所宾语”的原因、处所介词词组语序变化的原因、“于(於)+L”表被动的条件等。为使描写和解释让人信服,我们还对相关问题进行了统计,文中列举了6个表格,文末附录部分还归纳出了《〈左传〉专名处所词音义频次对照表》。
This paper studies the use of space and location questions the relevance of theories and methods, on the premises of the Pre-Qin place, spacial expression, spatial phrases, location verbs and location preposition inspected in detail, on this basis with the parties and other issues related to sentence for further discussion. Thesis grammar belong to Chinese history dating study, the whole thesis is a "description - explain" the course of the study.
The full text of a total of five chapters, about 140,000 words.
Thesis of the Preface are part of the first chapter, this part of the first section of the Chinese space and location of the problem and the pre-Qin Chinese space and location research questions were introduced, and the significance of the research projects described. Section II are mainly involved in research-related issues, including research subjects and scope of instructions and symbols indicate corpus. Section III set out the steps of the research thesis and research methods.
Expression of both parties with the terms related with the verb, preposition relevant. Simple noun or a simple verb, preposition that can not be completely expressed by the parties, and only combine the two in order to better understand the space and location. Pre-Qin Chinese space and location by the expression of the same. With the terms expressed by the relevant parties involved in place, spacial expression, spatial phrases; with verbs, prepositions related party involving the expression of location verbs and location preposition. These elements, at our Chapters II and III made a detailed analysis and description.
Chapter II discussed with our terms expressed by the relevant parties, including the place, spacial expression, spatial phrases etc. Place can do object of the location verbs and location preposition that case happened, things exist and things tend to have a space area of the noun or pronoun characteristics, cognitive psychology are "intended as" the "backing", usually express the relative static and immovable things. Pre-Qin Place are divided into the premises it means the words and said the word on behalf of the two types of premises. It refers to are indeed the word of the premises has the meaning of the term, specific and post-secondary and non-professionals were divided. Professionals who have the country names, place names, town names, mountain, water, etc.; non-exclusive, including the name of palace architecture, mountain, water, territory, and so on. Pre-Qin Chinese actually refers to the word of the premises were the premises of post-secondary words and non-exclusive premises of the words with similar syntactic function, but similar does not mean the same. Pre-Qin Chinese professionals mainly for object, attribute, subject and complement; non-exclusive premises of the word can be object, attribute, subject, complement and adverbial, adverbial is designed to make the word of the premises do not have syntactic features.
When the premises for the subject and attributive words, the premises just was not obvious, we are usually unable to determine that they are not the premises. Said premises on behalf of the word refers to the premises of the pronoun form, we are also called pronoun premises. Premises, including two types of pronouns:Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns. Table premises mainly demonstrative pronoun "此", "是", "之", "斯", "之", "彼", such pronouns are not specialized form of premises; Pronouns main "恶", "安" ,"焉", "何", "曷", "奚", "胡",於", "爰" .Among them, "恶", "安" ,"焉" is mainly used to asked about the premises; ""何", "曷", "奚", "胡" non-specialized form of premises;於", "爰" is not commonly used. "诗经" asked to have a premises "于以", "于以" not only asked about the premises, can also be asked about the instrument. "于以" semantic is "于何以何" omission, but in order to meet the "诗经" rhythm required only once a together. As the place table or instrument table, depending on subsequent A sentence may be.
Azimuth direction or express words are things the relative position of the word. Pre-Qin Chinese spacial expression can be used alone, but also can be used in other word or phrase behind, have some of the attached. Pre-Qin Chinese spacial expression, including simple directions and synthetic speech two types of bearings, and the number of each category is limited. Simple directions from one-syllable words are composed of word direction, the pre-Qin Chinese simply position the main word there is "east, west, south, north, before, after, left, right, up, down, inside and outside, middle, the side next to" 16, concrete is divided into single-table and table space and the space, time, two types of abstract scope. Single-sheet position of the word space in this category only with the noun phrase constitutes a spatial position of the phrase table, there are "East, West, North and South," "left, right," "side, next to." And table space, time, abstract the scope of this type of simple azimuth direction Phrases Words can not only table space can also be table time, the scope of the abstract, as that depends largely on what kind of position in front of the word composition, the main word in this category there is "up and down", "inside and outside," "before and after," "Medium, Inter." Pre-Qin Place serve as a simple sentence elements position, the most common are for attributive and adverbial, can also serve as object and predicate , for the subject and the complement of a relatively small number. Synthesis azimuth two-syllable words are posed by the position of the word, the pre-Qin Chinese synthetic azimuth degree of vocabulary words are different, can be divided into once a specific, add after "方", the former add "正", "少", the former add "以","之" several categories. Pre-Qin Chinese, mainly used for synthesis of azimuth word attributive, adverbial, object, subject, predicate for the use case less, it is difficult to see the situation for the complement.
Place and spacial expression used together constitute a position, the position of the pre-Qin period main two categories are "place + spacial expression", this type of position again Phrases can be divided into three specific categories: place + spacial expression; place +之+ spacial expression; place +以+ spacial expression. The category mainly for orientation Phrases complement, adverbial, object, subject and attribute, can not be predicate. The other is "spacial expression + place " mainly "medium + place ", such usage in Chinese history is a very special situation grammar. Appear at the end of the sentence of "medium + noun" rhyme from the perspective of interpretation, however, the perspective of the interpretation of rhyme must have are the limitations, there are a lot of "medium + noun" is on the end of non-sentence. We believe that the position of the pre-Qin period the word "Medium" is not the emergence of grammar on the requirements, but also did not provide much of the semantic content, it is natural that they will not be on grammar and semantic constraints, it constitutes a noun phrase position, word order also very flexible and can appear in the term before the term can also appear in the post. Semantic up, "noun + medium " = "medium + noun."
Pre-Qin Chinese, refers to all the people associated with them, and material usage, we call the space and location of the allegations. Space and location Metonymic allegations, including allegations of alleged and culture. The pre-Qin period, "the first step," "Majesty", "left and right" through "metonymy" means associated with the alleged person. Cultural allegations are referring to because of cultural reasons, the expression space and location of the word to refer to other elements of the pre-Qin period, spacial expression "East" has to mean "Spring" usage.
Chapter III of us with a verb, preposition expressed by the relevant parties, including location verbs and location preposition. Location verbs means the requirements of the verb with a space and location of the argument for the object of a verb, belong to the transitive verb syntax. Verb bring the premises in accordance with the different semantic object, we will be divided into location verbs exist, arrive, "cis, along the" trend and direction of several categories. Pre-Qin period, the premises after the verb object directly with the premises, but the pre-Qin Chinese verbs can have a number of premises belt "in the (in) + premises Object", and semantically equivalent to "location verbs + object." We believe that, although the premises of the object express the same semantic role, but do not add add "in the (in)" express different semantic relations. Premises before the object does not add "in the (in)" express the premises and the premises verb close relationship with the semantic object, while the premises before the object "in (to)," said the two semantic relations were relatively loose in order to distinguish between these two different semantic relations, so there are two different kinds of usage. In addition, the rhythm on the requirements of syntax, economic principles of language are also relevant in this situation grammar. Location preposition are premises primer-mediated component of prepositions, the Pre-Qin Chinese location preposition mainly mediated primer acts thing or action is located, and from, by, in the final analysis point. Where mainly“于(於)”、“乎”、“自”、“从”、“道”; by from the main there is“自”、“从”、“由”、“于(於)”、“乎”、“道”、“以”; by the main there is“自”、“从”、“于(於)”; attributed point, there are“于(於)”、“在”、“乎”. Pre-Qin Chinese location preposition with the following characteristics: 1, premises development preposition main premises are the grammar of the verb, and every degree of premises nor grammar preposition; 2, the premises are mainly distributed in the two prepositions Location: before the verb and verb after, and the distribution of the verb at the premises after the preposition in larger quantities and higher frequency of use; 3, the relationship between synonymous preposition more premises, the premises, many prepositions can be one level more common; 4, the premises could object of preposition in advance.
Pre-Qin Chinese prepositional phrases different premises has a different word order, we think this is the "abstract principle" and "the principle of copying " common work results.“于”、“於”、“乎”and L constitute a prepositional phrase on the premises after the verb, mainly "abstract principles" play a role, in order to pursue the language of symbols and tidy. "于(於) + L" is located in front of the verb usage, very few use cases, are a temporary phenomenon Pragmatics. Can only be located in front of the verb "location preposition + L" is used to express the main action where the starting point and through, and there is no express end of the usage of action, it is consistent with "the principle of chronological order."自+ L" can be located before the verb can also be located after the verb is "abstract principle" and "the principle of copying" common work results. "自+ L" Word Order Change are the requirements of pragmatics, this request is in order to emphasize the focus and seek a flexible and rhyming sentences.
Pre-Qin period, complement the premises, the premises, between the object and adverbial premises close contact, all of them and express things, actions relating to the premises, but the difference between each other is existing, and this distinction with location verbs and location preposition also there is a certain relationship. Complement verbs used in the premises after the conduct of actions to add notes; premises object can only be used after the verb in the premises, the premises are the premises of the verb dominant element; premises adverbials in the verb before, including for Jiebin Phrases for adverbials adverbials and noun two types of movement and restrictions on behavior modification.
Chapter IV with the space and location of the sentence related research. Pre-Qin period, and side-related sentence, including common and special Sentence. Common sentence refers to the pre-Qin literature there is substantial use case, a higher frequency of occurrence, has become one of the basic syntactic rules of the sentence. Common sentence patterns in the major components of word order has been basically stereotypes, these basic word order in a large extent, confirms the Chinese mainly SVO language. Patterns special at the pre-Qin literature are rarely used cases, frequency of occurrence is very low, both syntax and pragmatics mandatory part of the requirements part of the sentence. With the pre-Qin period compared to the other sentence, sentence exist, sentence "所", passive "于(於)+ L" relatively unique, so we put them as cases to study. The existence of pre-Qin Chinese sentence include "有/无" words, "在" words, as well as some other unmarked sentence exist, and exist in modern Chinese sentence difference is that the Pre-existence of the function of the main sentence are narrative rather than descriptive. "所" in the words "有所VP /无所VP" is the verb "有/无" and the form of alleged "所VP" consisting of verb-object structure, this sentence is "所" justice of the basic premises on the development of up. "于(於) + L" is the passive form, required for their transformation, transform the premise that L must be homogeneous, when L when viewed doer, the "于(於)+ L" are passive.
Chapter V Conclusion of the thesis are. First, the full text of summing up the article to further clarify the context; Second, the study pointed out the inadequacies and the need for further reflection.
引文
①陆俭明、沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:372.
①陆俭明、沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:372.
②李佐丰.先秦汉语实词[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003:185.
③丁声树.现代汉语语法讲话[M].北京:商务印书馆,1961:69.
④赵元任著,吕叔湘译.汉语口语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979:237.
①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:247.
②“连续统”的有关论述可以参见沈家煊(1999),有的学者把“连续统”称之为“连绵性”,如屈承熹、纪宗仁(1999)。
③李佐丰.先秦汉语实词[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003:185.
④张文国.《左传》名词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998:43.
①陆俭明、沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:439-440.
①张文国.《左传》名词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998:106.
②为便于了解先秦专名处所词的情况,我们对《左传》专名处所词进行了穷尽性的考察,制成了《〈左传〉专名处所词音义频次对照表》,详见附录。
①本文关于国名、地名、邑名等的注释主要参考了《十三经注疏》、《诸子集成》以及相关文献的译注。
②吕嵩崧.壮族地名中的修辞格与具象思维[J].广西民族研究,2007(3):109.
①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:247.
②唐启运.论古代汉语的处所方位名词[J].华南师范大学学报,1992(1).
③向熹.简明汉语史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:133.
④这里我们说的是不带介词“于”的实指性处所词直接作补语。
①马建忠.马氏文通[M].北京:商务印书馆,1930:52-53.
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③向熹.简明汉语史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:59.
④李佐丰.先秦汉语实词[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003:246.
⑤吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1942:195-198.
①马建忠.马氏文通[M].北京:商务印书馆,1930:77.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:280-290.
②吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1942:194.
③向熹.简明汉语史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:70-80.
④李佐丰.先秦汉语实词[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003:251.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:285-290.
①张世禄.先秦汉语方位词的语法功能[J].河北大学学报,1995(1): 59.
①唐启运.论古代汉语的处所方位名词[J].华南师范大学学报,1992(1).
②张世禄.先秦汉语方位词的语法功能[J].河北大学学报,1996(2).
③储泽祥等.关于“处所范围原则”的试用范围[J].云梦学刊,1996(2).
④张静.先秦汉语方位词研究[D].西南师范大学2005届硕士毕业论文.
⑤邹韶华.语用频率效应研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2001: 84.
⑥汪维辉.方位词“里”考源[J].古汉语研究,1999(2):34-38.
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④张德鑫.方位词的文化考察[J].世界汉语教学,1996(3):62-63.
①董莲池.说文解字考正[M].北京:作家出版社,2005:113-116.
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③张静.“旁”的词义演变考[J].枣庄学院学报,2006(1).
①甘露.甲骨文数量、方所范畴研究[D].西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2001.
①唐启运.论古代汉语的处所方位名词[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),1992(1):86-87.
①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:246.
②张世禄.先秦汉语方位词的语法功能[J].河北大学学报,1996(2):60.
③张玉金.西周汉语语法研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004:32.
④甘露.甲骨文数量、方所范畴研究[D].西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2001.
⑤张静.先秦汉语方位词研究[D].西南师范大学2005届硕士毕业论文.
①徐正考.《论衡》同义词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:19.
②徐正考.《论衡》同义词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:20.
③孙玮.《孟子》复音词考察——兼谈古汉语复音词的判别标准[J].甘肃联合大学学报(社会科学版),2006(4):63.
①早期,黄绮(1954)和郑奠(1964)分别讨论过这种现象。
②伍宗文.先秦汉语复音词研究[M].巴蜀书社,2001:343-344.
③徐正考、王冰.《论衡》同素异序同义词并用与演变分析,载于《华夏文化论坛》(第二辑)[C].长春:吉林大学出版社,2007:119-123.
①陆俭明.同类词连用规则刍议——从方位词“东、南、西、北”两两组合规则谈起[J].中国语文,1994(5):330.
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②刘晓梅.汉语中一种特殊的语序:“中+名词”[J].语言应用研究,2007(1).
①邢公畹.《诗经》“中”字倒置问题[J].大公报·文史周刊,1947年第三十六期.
②俞敏.倒句探源[J].语言研究,1981(1).
①张觉.荀子译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995:207-209.
②杨天宇.仪礼译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:100.
③程俊英.诗经译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:12.
④辛志凤、蒋玉斌.墨子译注[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2003:255-256.
①邬国义等.国语译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1994:590-593.
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④李民、王健.尚书译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:290.
①刘晓梅.汉语中一种特殊的语序:“中”+名词[J].语言应用研究,2007(1).
②储泽祥.汉语空间方位短语历史演变的几个特点[J].古汉语研究,1996(1).
③沈家煊.语法化研究综观[J].外语教学与研究,1994(4).
④现代汉语中的“中道”、“中流”、“中途”在汉语史上都出现过,可参看前文提到的《先秦汉语“中+名词”方位短语一览表》,但我们仍然不能肯定地说这些词没有仿古的可能。
⑤陆俭明、沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:426.
①参见张双棣等(2000:8)和张德鑫(1996:70)。
②李民、王健.尚书译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:4.
③张双棣等.吕氏春秋译注[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:4.
①以下关于表“顺、沿”类处所动词的分析和说明主要参考了马贝加(2002:96-106)。
①见刘丹青(2005:300)。刘丹青所讲的方所动词、方所介词,即我们说的处所动词、处所介词。刘丹青还从语言类型学视角把方位词看作是介词的一种,传统意义上的介词被他看作是前置词,方位词被他看作是后置词,这里他提到的方所义前置词即我们所讲的处所介词。
②马贝加.近代汉语介词[M].北京:中华书局,2002:96-106.
③杨树达.高等国文法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984:100-101.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:386-388.
②陈克炯.试论先秦汉语补语与动词的类——兼谈“动补句”的句法句型特点[J].语言研究,1997(2):54-56.
③刘丹青.赋元实词与语法化,载《汉语语法化研究》[C].北京:商务印书馆,2005:299-300.
④参见李崇兴(1992:249-250)和蒋绍愚(2005:125)。
①冯胜利.汉语韵律句法学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000:153.
①冯胜利.汉语韵律句法学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000:169-170.
②徐正考、史维国.语言的经济原则在汉语语法历时发展中的表现[J].语文研究, 2008(1):10.
①马贝加.近代汉语介词[M].北京:中华书局,2002:33.
①马贝加.近代汉语介词[M].北京:中华书局,2002:23.
①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:247-248.
①刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学关照[J].语言研究,2004:41-42.
①甘露.甲骨文处所词研究[J].殷都学刊,2005(4).
①处所补语主要有两种:一种是“于(於)”字结构作补语,这时前边的动词可以是内动词也可以是外动词(包括处所动词);另一种是表处所的名词性成分(包括处所词、方位词、方位短语等)作补语,这时前边的动词不可以是处所动词。
②祝敏彻.先秦两汉时期的动词补语[J].语言学论丛,1958年第二辑:24-25.
③这里的“于(於)”字结构包括“乎、诸、自”等,即“P处所+L”用于动词之后。
①史维国.说可能补语前不能加修饰语[J].汉语学习,2006(2):78.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:366.
①刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):39.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:359-360.
②刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):40-41.
③俞敏.倒句探源[J].语言研究,1981(1).
①刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):41-42.
②例(88)可参见管燮初:《左传》句法研究[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1994:222-223.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958.
①张双棣等.《吕氏春秋》译注[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:56.
②刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):41.
①张觉.荀子译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995:195.
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②李先耕.十三经中的“所”字[J].第四十届汉藏语言暨语言学会论文,2007.
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①见唐钰明(2002:260-261)。唐钰明在表述时,把处所词、方位词、方位短语(如“版筑之间”、“鲁”)统统称为处所名词。
②王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958.
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③丁声树.现代汉语语法讲话[M].北京:商务印书馆,1961:69.
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①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:247.
②“连续统”的有关论述可以参见沈家煊(1999),有的学者把“连续统”称之为“连绵性”,如屈承熹、纪宗仁(1999)。
③李佐丰.先秦汉语实词[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003:185.
④张文国.《左传》名词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998:43.
①陆俭明、沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:439-440.
①张文国.《左传》名词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998:106.
②为便于了解先秦专名处所词的情况,我们对《左传》专名处所词进行了穷尽性的考察,制成了《〈左传〉专名处所词音义频次对照表》,详见附录。
①本文关于国名、地名、邑名等的注释主要参考了《十三经注疏》、《诸子集成》以及相关文献的译注。
②吕嵩崧.壮族地名中的修辞格与具象思维[J].广西民族研究,2007(3):109.
①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:247.
②唐启运.论古代汉语的处所方位名词[J].华南师范大学学报,1992(1).
③向熹.简明汉语史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:133.
④这里我们说的是不带介词“于”的实指性处所词直接作补语。
①马建忠.马氏文通[M].北京:商务印书馆,1930:52-53.
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③向熹.简明汉语史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:59.
④李佐丰.先秦汉语实词[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003:246.
⑤吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1942:195-198.
①马建忠.马氏文通[M].北京:商务印书馆,1930:77.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:280-290.
②吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1942:194.
③向熹.简明汉语史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:70-80.
④李佐丰.先秦汉语实词[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,2003:251.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:285-290.
①张世禄.先秦汉语方位词的语法功能[J].河北大学学报,1995(1): 59.
①唐启运.论古代汉语的处所方位名词[J].华南师范大学学报,1992(1).
②张世禄.先秦汉语方位词的语法功能[J].河北大学学报,1996(2).
③储泽祥等.关于“处所范围原则”的试用范围[J].云梦学刊,1996(2).
④张静.先秦汉语方位词研究[D].西南师范大学2005届硕士毕业论文.
⑤邹韶华.语用频率效应研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2001: 84.
⑥汪维辉.方位词“里”考源[J].古汉语研究,1999(2):34-38.
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①董莲池.说文解字考正[M].北京:作家出版社,2005:113-116.
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③张静.“旁”的词义演变考[J].枣庄学院学报,2006(1).
①甘露.甲骨文数量、方所范畴研究[D].西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2001.
①唐启运.论古代汉语的处所方位名词[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),1992(1):86-87.
①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:246.
②张世禄.先秦汉语方位词的语法功能[J].河北大学学报,1996(2):60.
③张玉金.西周汉语语法研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004:32.
④甘露.甲骨文数量、方所范畴研究[D].西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2001.
⑤张静.先秦汉语方位词研究[D].西南师范大学2005届硕士毕业论文.
①徐正考.《论衡》同义词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:19.
②徐正考.《论衡》同义词研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:20.
③孙玮.《孟子》复音词考察——兼谈古汉语复音词的判别标准[J].甘肃联合大学学报(社会科学版),2006(4):63.
①早期,黄绮(1954)和郑奠(1964)分别讨论过这种现象。
②伍宗文.先秦汉语复音词研究[M].巴蜀书社,2001:343-344.
③徐正考、王冰.《论衡》同素异序同义词并用与演变分析,载于《华夏文化论坛》(第二辑)[C].长春:吉林大学出版社,2007:119-123.
①陆俭明.同类词连用规则刍议——从方位词“东、南、西、北”两两组合规则谈起[J].中国语文,1994(5):330.
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①储泽祥.汉语空间方位短语历史演变的几个特点[J].古汉语研究,1996(1).
②刘晓梅.汉语中一种特殊的语序:“中+名词”[J].语言应用研究,2007(1).
①邢公畹.《诗经》“中”字倒置问题[J].大公报·文史周刊,1947年第三十六期.
②俞敏.倒句探源[J].语言研究,1981(1).
①张觉.荀子译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995:207-209.
②杨天宇.仪礼译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:100.
③程俊英.诗经译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:12.
④辛志凤、蒋玉斌.墨子译注[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2003:255-256.
①邬国义等.国语译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1994:590-593.
②程俊英.诗经译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:286-287.
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④李民、王健.尚书译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:290.
①刘晓梅.汉语中一种特殊的语序:“中”+名词[J].语言应用研究,2007(1).
②储泽祥.汉语空间方位短语历史演变的几个特点[J].古汉语研究,1996(1).
③沈家煊.语法化研究综观[J].外语教学与研究,1994(4).
④现代汉语中的“中道”、“中流”、“中途”在汉语史上都出现过,可参看前文提到的《先秦汉语“中+名词”方位短语一览表》,但我们仍然不能肯定地说这些词没有仿古的可能。
⑤陆俭明、沈阳.汉语和汉语研究十五讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:426.
①参见张双棣等(2000:8)和张德鑫(1996:70)。
②李民、王健.尚书译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:4.
③张双棣等.吕氏春秋译注[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:4.
①以下关于表“顺、沿”类处所动词的分析和说明主要参考了马贝加(2002:96-106)。
①见刘丹青(2005:300)。刘丹青所讲的方所动词、方所介词,即我们说的处所动词、处所介词。刘丹青还从语言类型学视角把方位词看作是介词的一种,传统意义上的介词被他看作是前置词,方位词被他看作是后置词,这里他提到的方所义前置词即我们所讲的处所介词。
②马贝加.近代汉语介词[M].北京:中华书局,2002:96-106.
③杨树达.高等国文法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1984:100-101.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:386-388.
②陈克炯.试论先秦汉语补语与动词的类——兼谈“动补句”的句法句型特点[J].语言研究,1997(2):54-56.
③刘丹青.赋元实词与语法化,载《汉语语法化研究》[C].北京:商务印书馆,2005:299-300.
④参见李崇兴(1992:249-250)和蒋绍愚(2005:125)。
①冯胜利.汉语韵律句法学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000:153.
①冯胜利.汉语韵律句法学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2000:169-170.
②徐正考、史维国.语言的经济原则在汉语语法历时发展中的表现[J].语文研究, 2008(1):10.
①马贝加.近代汉语介词[M].北京:中华书局,2002:33.
①马贝加.近代汉语介词[M].北京:中华书局,2002:23.
①李崇兴.处所词发展历史的初步考察,载《近代汉语》[C].商务印书馆,1992:247-248.
①刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学关照[J].语言研究,2004:41-42.
①甘露.甲骨文处所词研究[J].殷都学刊,2005(4).
①处所补语主要有两种:一种是“于(於)”字结构作补语,这时前边的动词可以是内动词也可以是外动词(包括处所动词);另一种是表处所的名词性成分(包括处所词、方位词、方位短语等)作补语,这时前边的动词不可以是处所动词。
②祝敏彻.先秦两汉时期的动词补语[J].语言学论丛,1958年第二辑:24-25.
③这里的“于(於)”字结构包括“乎、诸、自”等,即“P处所+L”用于动词之后。
①史维国.说可能补语前不能加修饰语[J].汉语学习,2006(2):78.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:366.
①刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):39.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958:359-360.
②刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):40-41.
③俞敏.倒句探源[J].语言研究,1981(1).
①刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):41-42.
②例(88)可参见管燮初:《左传》句法研究[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1994:222-223.
①王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958.
①张双棣等.《吕氏春秋》译注[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:56.
②刘丹青.先秦汉语语序特点的类型学观照[J].语言研究,2004(1):41.
①张觉.荀子译注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995:195.
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②李先耕.十三经中的“所”字[J].第四十届汉藏语言暨语言学会论文,2007.
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①见唐钰明(2002:260-261)。唐钰明在表述时,把处所词、方位词、方位短语(如“版筑之间”、“鲁”)统统称为处所名词。
②王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:科学出版社,1958.
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