栽培苜蓿（Medicago）茎生长的有限无限型研究
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摘要
在半干旱地区灌溉和雨养栽培试验区的研究发现,苜蓿茎的生长习性在一定条件下呈现有限型、无限型和中间类型。无限型苜蓿营养器官生长与生殖器官生长的并进时间长,二者对光合产物的竞争性强烈,而有限型反之。成熟期营养生长停止后,如果供给充裕的水分和养分,无限型苜蓿营养器官生长会重新占有优势;而有限型苜蓿根颈新枝会强烈生长,发生新枝和宿存枝混生的现象。典型的中间类型苜蓿在灌溉栽培条件下表现出无限生长习性,在少雨干旱的栽培条件下,具有有限生长习性特点。
依据苜蓿生长型典型品种所具有的生长特点,选择能够反映类别差异的成熟期封顶枝比例、根颈新枝数量、根颈新枝高度、最长一级次生侧枝长度和4个时期测定的生殖器官与营养器官重量比值共8个变量进行聚类分析,然后根据典型品种在动态聚类图中的位置以及观测经验,确定各供试材料的类别,最后进行判别分析,对个别材料的类型进行调整。结果40个供试材料可分为三类,其中无限型供试材料有13个,中间型有18个,有限型有9个。选择的分析变量从不同方面反映了生长型的差异,聚类分析分类结果的准确率为97.5%。
研究分析了植株茎生长性状与生长型的关系,结果营养期有限型植株(包括再生草)的生长速度高于无限型,在一定阶段差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。
秋季种植40个供试材料,第二年返青期测定田间根系性状,发现无限型供试材料的主根粗度比中间型和有限型的主根粗度低32.43%和34.43%,侧根数低83.87%和71.68%,其中无限型的侧根数与有限型和中间型的侧根数差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。主根长度和毛根数在生长型间差异不大。生长季结束时观测田间根系类型,发现可以分为分枝型、侧根型、毛根型、横向分根型和其它类型。茎生长型与根系类型的独立性测验得:x~2=42.72＞x~2_(0.995)(6)=16.812,说明不同的生长型具有不同比例的根系类型。
在大田和营养土栽培条件下测定叶片细胞膜相对透性、叶片脯氨酸含量和根系相对含水量,生长型间差异不显著。有限无限型生育期差异是否影响生理生化指标变化有待进一步研究。
综上所述,苜蓿茎生长的有限无限型是重要的生态性状,很大程度上反映了品种对水因子或栽培条件的适应性。了解苜蓿品种的生长型,有利于在生产中制定与品种生长发育特点相适应的栽培、管理及利用措施,有助于引种过程中对目标品种的区域生态适应性和栽培条件的要求做出初步判断,同时也是育种中制定育种路线和确定识别标记的重要依据。
Under irrigation and semi-drought cultivated conditions,it was found that there was determinate, indeterminate and intermediate growth habit type of alfalfa stems.Overlapping period of vegetative organ growth and reproductive organ growth in indeterminate types was longer than that of determinate types,and these two periods competed intensely for photosynthates,however it was reverse in determinate types.When nutrition growth was to end and supplied with sufficient water and fertile,the old branch of indeterminate alfalfa crown would form new growing point again,continued to develop and taking dominant possession;but the new branch of determinate alfalfa crown would develop quickly and formed configuration of new branch mixed old one.Under condition of drought,the growth habit of a typically intermediate tested material was determinate,While,under condition of enough water and fertilizer,which was indeterminate habit.
Based on growth trait of typical cultivars of Alfalfa growth habit type,We firstly found that 8 indexes,including proportion of growth-end top stem in mature period,quantity and height of new twig at shoot base,the proportion of nutrition organ to reproductive organ at four growth stages and the length of the longest secondary adnation branch could be chosen as the identification indexes for alfalfa stem growth habit type.Based on this indexes and the stem growth trait of typical cultivars of alfalfa, we classified the alfalfa stem growth habit type using cluster analysis and discriminatory analysis.The results showed that 40 alfalfa varieties were divided to 3 clusters,in which 12 varieties belong to indeterminate type,19 varieties belong to Intermediate type,and 9 varieties belong to determinate type with accurate ratio of 97.5%.It was proposed that indexes could reflect different aspect growth habits of Alfalfa,but the optimal time for determining need to study further.
We determined root system characters in green returning period of 40 tested materials which was planted in last autumn,and found the main root diameter of indeterminate habit type was less than that of intermediate type and determinate type by 32.43%and 34.43%.The number of lateral root of indeterminate type was less significantly than intermediate type and determinate type by 83.87%and 71.68%.But the length of main root and the number of hair root among the three growth types were not significant.When growth season was to end,we found the root could be divided by ramification root form,lateral root form,hair root form,transversal branch form and other forms.Analyzing the co-relation between root system type of early growth stagy and stem growth habit,the independence test was x~2 =42.72＞x~2_(0.995)(6) =16.812 with significant difference(p=0.05),showed that different growth habit have different proportional of root forms.
From study of plant characters and growth types,it was found that there was some roles on plant height and growth rate among different growth types(including regeneration grass),which reflected the growth habits of each growth habits.
The relative plasma membrane permeability,proline content in the leaf and water content in root were measured both for field and nutrition soil cultivated plants,and these indexes were not significantly different among habit types.Whether the physiology and biochemistry indexes were affected or not by the difference of growth period between determinate and indeterminate habit type need further investigation.
The relationship research between plant character and growth type showed that the growth rate was higher in determinate type(including regeneration grass) than that of indeterminate type during vegetative period,and significantly higher at some growth stage(p≤0.05).
This study indicated that growth habit of Alfalfa stem is an important ecological character,which was controlled by water factor mainly and other cultivated conditions.Distinctions of Alfalfa growth habit characters will helpful for us to make appropriate measurements to cultivated utilization and field management corresponding to different growth habit type,made advance study on seed breeding and hybrid vigor utilization..
依据苜蓿生长型典型品种所具有的生长特点,选择能够反映类别差异的成熟期封顶枝比例、根颈新枝数量、根颈新枝高度、最长一级次生侧枝长度和4个时期测定的生殖器官与营养器官重量比值共8个变量进行聚类分析,然后根据典型品种在动态聚类图中的位置以及观测经验,确定各供试材料的类别,最后进行判别分析,对个别材料的类型进行调整。结果40个供试材料可分为三类,其中无限型供试材料有13个,中间型有18个,有限型有9个。选择的分析变量从不同方面反映了生长型的差异,聚类分析分类结果的准确率为97.5%。
研究分析了植株茎生长性状与生长型的关系,结果营养期有限型植株(包括再生草)的生长速度高于无限型,在一定阶段差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。
秋季种植40个供试材料,第二年返青期测定田间根系性状,发现无限型供试材料的主根粗度比中间型和有限型的主根粗度低32.43%和34.43%,侧根数低83.87%和71.68%,其中无限型的侧根数与有限型和中间型的侧根数差异达显著水平(P＜0.05)。主根长度和毛根数在生长型间差异不大。生长季结束时观测田间根系类型,发现可以分为分枝型、侧根型、毛根型、横向分根型和其它类型。茎生长型与根系类型的独立性测验得:x~2=42.72＞x~2_(0.995)(6)=16.812,说明不同的生长型具有不同比例的根系类型。
在大田和营养土栽培条件下测定叶片细胞膜相对透性、叶片脯氨酸含量和根系相对含水量,生长型间差异不显著。有限无限型生育期差异是否影响生理生化指标变化有待进一步研究。
综上所述,苜蓿茎生长的有限无限型是重要的生态性状,很大程度上反映了品种对水因子或栽培条件的适应性。了解苜蓿品种的生长型,有利于在生产中制定与品种生长发育特点相适应的栽培、管理及利用措施,有助于引种过程中对目标品种的区域生态适应性和栽培条件的要求做出初步判断,同时也是育种中制定育种路线和确定识别标记的重要依据。
Under irrigation and semi-drought cultivated conditions,it was found that there was determinate, indeterminate and intermediate growth habit type of alfalfa stems.Overlapping period of vegetative organ growth and reproductive organ growth in indeterminate types was longer than that of determinate types,and these two periods competed intensely for photosynthates,however it was reverse in determinate types.When nutrition growth was to end and supplied with sufficient water and fertile,the old branch of indeterminate alfalfa crown would form new growing point again,continued to develop and taking dominant possession;but the new branch of determinate alfalfa crown would develop quickly and formed configuration of new branch mixed old one.Under condition of drought,the growth habit of a typically intermediate tested material was determinate,While,under condition of enough water and fertilizer,which was indeterminate habit.
Based on growth trait of typical cultivars of Alfalfa growth habit type,We firstly found that 8 indexes,including proportion of growth-end top stem in mature period,quantity and height of new twig at shoot base,the proportion of nutrition organ to reproductive organ at four growth stages and the length of the longest secondary adnation branch could be chosen as the identification indexes for alfalfa stem growth habit type.Based on this indexes and the stem growth trait of typical cultivars of alfalfa, we classified the alfalfa stem growth habit type using cluster analysis and discriminatory analysis.The results showed that 40 alfalfa varieties were divided to 3 clusters,in which 12 varieties belong to indeterminate type,19 varieties belong to Intermediate type,and 9 varieties belong to determinate type with accurate ratio of 97.5%.It was proposed that indexes could reflect different aspect growth habits of Alfalfa,but the optimal time for determining need to study further.
We determined root system characters in green returning period of 40 tested materials which was planted in last autumn,and found the main root diameter of indeterminate habit type was less than that of intermediate type and determinate type by 32.43%and 34.43%.The number of lateral root of indeterminate type was less significantly than intermediate type and determinate type by 83.87%and 71.68%.But the length of main root and the number of hair root among the three growth types were not significant.When growth season was to end,we found the root could be divided by ramification root form,lateral root form,hair root form,transversal branch form and other forms.Analyzing the co-relation between root system type of early growth stagy and stem growth habit,the independence test was x~2 =42.72＞x~2_(0.995)(6) =16.812 with significant difference(p=0.05),showed that different growth habit have different proportional of root forms.
From study of plant characters and growth types,it was found that there was some roles on plant height and growth rate among different growth types(including regeneration grass),which reflected the growth habits of each growth habits.
The relative plasma membrane permeability,proline content in the leaf and water content in root were measured both for field and nutrition soil cultivated plants,and these indexes were not significantly different among habit types.Whether the physiology and biochemistry indexes were affected or not by the difference of growth period between determinate and indeterminate habit type need further investigation.
The relationship research between plant character and growth type showed that the growth rate was higher in determinate type(including regeneration grass) than that of indeterminate type during vegetative period,and significantly higher at some growth stage(p≤0.05).
This study indicated that growth habit of Alfalfa stem is an important ecological character,which was controlled by water factor mainly and other cultivated conditions.Distinctions of Alfalfa growth habit characters will helpful for us to make appropriate measurements to cultivated utilization and field management corresponding to different growth habit type,made advance study on seed breeding and hybrid vigor utilization..
引文
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