塔里木河下游地区近50年景观格局动态变化及驱动力研究
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摘要
景观格局分析是景观生态学研究的核心问题。本文分析了塔里木河下游大西海子至台特玛湖段,断流前--断流期--输水后的这三个时段近50年景观格局动态变化过程,对景观变化的驱动机制进行了探讨。评价塔里木河下游生态修复潜力和综合效益。旨在为干旱区生态恢复提供数据基础和可持续发展提供空间决策依据。
本研究选取垂直输水主河道中心线,向两岸各延伸12km范围作为研究靶区,采用1959年、1973年、1989年、2000年和2008年航空和卫星遥感影像。在遥感处理软件ENVI4.6中进行几何校正;利用地理信息系统软件ArcMap9.2对影像进行目视解译,选择典型样线进行野外验证调查。在ArcMap9.2, ENVI4.6等图像处理软件的支持下,对解译数据进行拓扑、属性引导、剪切、投影转换、矢量向栅格数据转换等,最后得到研究区1959年、1973年、1989年、2000年和2008年各类景观的栅格数据,将景观分类结果用Arcview3.2中加载空间分析模块方法变成Grid格式,导入景观统计软件Fragstats3.3提取景观信息。应用ArcGIS软件平台,建立景观类型的1959～1973年、1973～1989年、1989～2000年和2000～2008年转移矩阵,并定量分析研究区景观结构的动态变化。随后,选取自然和人文因素进行了景观变化的驱动因素分析并对景观变化与驱动因素间进行了相关性分析。结果表明:气候变化、水情变化和耕地面积变化是研究区景观格局变化的最主要驱动力。
论文的主要结论如下:
(1)近50年来,人为对自然水资源时空格局的改变是生态环境退化与受损的重要原因。过量引用地表水资源导致下游河流及台特玛湖干枯;过量抽取地下水导致地下水埋深下降和地下水源枯竭;随中上游人口数量急增,耕地面积也不断增大。不正确的灌溉和不合理的农业技术措施导致地下水矿化度增高发生的次生盐渍化加剧,加上区域性气候变化共同作用,导致景观斑块密度、最大斑块指数及面积加权形状指数持续增大,斑块间的最邻近距离减小,景观中不同斑块类型的团聚、延伸程度减小,进而导致整体景观异质性增加,景观破碎化程度加深,分离度减小,景观的多样性减小。
(2)2000年开始生态输水后,塔里木河下游生态与环境有所改善。地下水埋深逐渐抬升,矿化度逐渐降低。自然植被恢复面积明显;2008年乔木林、灌木林、草本植物和水域面积比2000年分别增加138.95km~2、116.60 km~2、119.95 km~2和19.93 km~2,增加百分比为3.8%、2.3%、2.4%和0.4%;裸地和沙地面积比2000年分别减小114.08 km~2和341.35 km~2,减少百分比为2.3%和6.6%,说明生态输水效果非常显著。
The spatial pattern analysis is the core question in landscape ecology research. In this paper analysis of landscape pattern and dynamic process in class level and landscape level of before blinding、during blinding and after convey water a three stage in recent 50 years from Dashkol reservoir to Tetima lake of lower reaches of Tarim river , and we discussed the drive forces of landscape changes. Quantitative evaluation recover process of natural vegetation、potential of ecological restore and composite results. Provide data base for enrich study of arid area ecological restore and contribute to theory and decision of space for sustainable development.
This research selection toward the cross-straits 12 km from center line of perpendicularity course of river center for study region and by choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing data of the year 1959,1973,1989,2000 and 2008 for data source. Firstly, the preparative works were including geographic correction, the geographic correction was calculated by ENVI4.6 software, based on field investigation and supplementary data were visual interpretive by GIS (geographic information system) software ArcMap9.2. Secondly, landscape pattern index were calculated by putting grid data into software Fragstats3.3. Then, under the support of software ArcMap9.2, ENVI4.6 and ArcView3.2, the vector data was converted to grid data which was gotten from the interactive method under several processes, including topology, cutting, and projection conversion. Finally, the study analyzed the dynamic changes of landscape structure by using conversion matrixes of landscape types, including1959to 1973, 1973to 1990, 1990to 2000and2000to 2008. Consequently, by adopting artificial and natural factors, another correlation analysis between landscape changes and driving forces for this study analyzed driving forces of the changes of landscape pattern. The result indicated that the climate change、water inflow change and expand of area under cultivation is a principal driving force of the landscape pattern changes.
Conclusion:
(1) The past 50 years, man-made structure on the spatial and temporal changes in natural water resources environmental degradation and ecological damage is an important reason. References lead to excessive surface water downstream of the river and Tetima Lake dried up; Excessive pumping of groundwater leading to depletion of groundwater sources or groundwater level decline; With the rapid increase in the upper reaches of the population, while the cultivated area on which food production is also growing. Incorrect irrigation and agricultural technical measures unreasonable degree of mineralization of groundwater increased dramatically while the secondary salinization occurred, together with the interaction of regional climate change, resulting in landscape patch density, largest patch index and area-weighted mean shape index continued to increase, the nearest-neighbor distance between patches decreased, the landscape of different patch types of reunions, extended degree of decrease, leading to increase in the overall landscape heterogeneity, deepening the degree of landscape fragmentation, separation decreases, reduce the diversity of the landscape.
(2) Ecological water transport in 2000, the Tarim River ecology and environment improvement. Area of significant natural vegetation, to the 2008 forest, shrub, herb and water area in 2000 increased 138.95km~2, 116.60km~2, 119.95km~2 and 19.93km~2; Increase the percentage of 3.8%, 2.3%, 2.4% and 0.4%; The bare and sandy area in 2000 were reduced 114.08km~2 and 341.35km~2, reduce the percentage of 2.3% and 6.6%, Description of ecological effects of clear.
本研究选取垂直输水主河道中心线,向两岸各延伸12km范围作为研究靶区,采用1959年、1973年、1989年、2000年和2008年航空和卫星遥感影像。在遥感处理软件ENVI4.6中进行几何校正;利用地理信息系统软件ArcMap9.2对影像进行目视解译,选择典型样线进行野外验证调查。在ArcMap9.2, ENVI4.6等图像处理软件的支持下,对解译数据进行拓扑、属性引导、剪切、投影转换、矢量向栅格数据转换等,最后得到研究区1959年、1973年、1989年、2000年和2008年各类景观的栅格数据,将景观分类结果用Arcview3.2中加载空间分析模块方法变成Grid格式,导入景观统计软件Fragstats3.3提取景观信息。应用ArcGIS软件平台,建立景观类型的1959～1973年、1973～1989年、1989～2000年和2000～2008年转移矩阵,并定量分析研究区景观结构的动态变化。随后,选取自然和人文因素进行了景观变化的驱动因素分析并对景观变化与驱动因素间进行了相关性分析。结果表明:气候变化、水情变化和耕地面积变化是研究区景观格局变化的最主要驱动力。
论文的主要结论如下:
(1)近50年来,人为对自然水资源时空格局的改变是生态环境退化与受损的重要原因。过量引用地表水资源导致下游河流及台特玛湖干枯;过量抽取地下水导致地下水埋深下降和地下水源枯竭;随中上游人口数量急增,耕地面积也不断增大。不正确的灌溉和不合理的农业技术措施导致地下水矿化度增高发生的次生盐渍化加剧,加上区域性气候变化共同作用,导致景观斑块密度、最大斑块指数及面积加权形状指数持续增大,斑块间的最邻近距离减小,景观中不同斑块类型的团聚、延伸程度减小,进而导致整体景观异质性增加,景观破碎化程度加深,分离度减小,景观的多样性减小。
(2)2000年开始生态输水后,塔里木河下游生态与环境有所改善。地下水埋深逐渐抬升,矿化度逐渐降低。自然植被恢复面积明显;2008年乔木林、灌木林、草本植物和水域面积比2000年分别增加138.95km~2、116.60 km~2、119.95 km~2和19.93 km~2,增加百分比为3.8%、2.3%、2.4%和0.4%;裸地和沙地面积比2000年分别减小114.08 km~2和341.35 km~2,减少百分比为2.3%和6.6%,说明生态输水效果非常显著。
The spatial pattern analysis is the core question in landscape ecology research. In this paper analysis of landscape pattern and dynamic process in class level and landscape level of before blinding、during blinding and after convey water a three stage in recent 50 years from Dashkol reservoir to Tetima lake of lower reaches of Tarim river , and we discussed the drive forces of landscape changes. Quantitative evaluation recover process of natural vegetation、potential of ecological restore and composite results. Provide data base for enrich study of arid area ecological restore and contribute to theory and decision of space for sustainable development.
This research selection toward the cross-straits 12 km from center line of perpendicularity course of river center for study region and by choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing data of the year 1959,1973,1989,2000 and 2008 for data source. Firstly, the preparative works were including geographic correction, the geographic correction was calculated by ENVI4.6 software, based on field investigation and supplementary data were visual interpretive by GIS (geographic information system) software ArcMap9.2. Secondly, landscape pattern index were calculated by putting grid data into software Fragstats3.3. Then, under the support of software ArcMap9.2, ENVI4.6 and ArcView3.2, the vector data was converted to grid data which was gotten from the interactive method under several processes, including topology, cutting, and projection conversion. Finally, the study analyzed the dynamic changes of landscape structure by using conversion matrixes of landscape types, including1959to 1973, 1973to 1990, 1990to 2000and2000to 2008. Consequently, by adopting artificial and natural factors, another correlation analysis between landscape changes and driving forces for this study analyzed driving forces of the changes of landscape pattern. The result indicated that the climate change、water inflow change and expand of area under cultivation is a principal driving force of the landscape pattern changes.
Conclusion:
(1) The past 50 years, man-made structure on the spatial and temporal changes in natural water resources environmental degradation and ecological damage is an important reason. References lead to excessive surface water downstream of the river and Tetima Lake dried up; Excessive pumping of groundwater leading to depletion of groundwater sources or groundwater level decline; With the rapid increase in the upper reaches of the population, while the cultivated area on which food production is also growing. Incorrect irrigation and agricultural technical measures unreasonable degree of mineralization of groundwater increased dramatically while the secondary salinization occurred, together with the interaction of regional climate change, resulting in landscape patch density, largest patch index and area-weighted mean shape index continued to increase, the nearest-neighbor distance between patches decreased, the landscape of different patch types of reunions, extended degree of decrease, leading to increase in the overall landscape heterogeneity, deepening the degree of landscape fragmentation, separation decreases, reduce the diversity of the landscape.
(2) Ecological water transport in 2000, the Tarim River ecology and environment improvement. Area of significant natural vegetation, to the 2008 forest, shrub, herb and water area in 2000 increased 138.95km~2, 116.60km~2, 119.95km~2 and 19.93km~2; Increase the percentage of 3.8%, 2.3%, 2.4% and 0.4%; The bare and sandy area in 2000 were reduced 114.08km~2 and 341.35km~2, reduce the percentage of 2.3% and 6.6%, Description of ecological effects of clear.
引文
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