异构无线网络协作接入的多速率控制
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摘要
未来的无线网络是多种技术、多种网络共存所形成的具有多种接入方式、多种传输速率、多种服务质量和多种业务类型的异构网络联合体。因此，通过异构网络的协作接入进行高速、高效通信是逐步实现随时随地通信的有效方法。同时，多模终端的日益普及为多网络同时接入和传输提供了可能，高速协作传输可满足人们对高服务质量多媒体数据业务的需求。因此，为了实现网络资源的有效配置，如何根据网络状态、传输能力和用户需求进行协作接入和速率控制是异构网络融合的关键课题之一。同时，协作接入应该考虑网络的异构性，在高速传输的同时保证网络和终端用户的共赢，其研究在国内外受到广泛关注。
基于以上研究背景，协作接入时如何进行速率分配和速率控制成为异构网络资源管理的难点问题。本文围绕这一主题展开研究，以搏弈论、排队论和优化理论等数学方法为基础，分别从网络的吞吐量收益、传输时间、接入时间代价等方面提出了一系列合理的速率分配和速率控制策略。同时，本文还提出了一种基于智能AP的协作接入和合作传输场景，并对协作接入的网络接口和协作速率分配的流程进行了规范化设计。本文的主要学术贡献在于：
（1）基于吞吐量最大的协作速率分配
协作接入的目的是利用多网络进行合作传输，从而提高传输速率和多媒体业务流的服务质量，各网络在竞争中实现合作。如果把网络看作理性参与者，协作接入的速率分配可以看作是异构网络通过反复协商达成的共赢结果。考虑到网络传输能力的异构性，本文以吞吐量作为网络收益函数，用非对称协商对策论对速率分配问题进行了建模，证明了该函数是一个凸函数，并利用拉格朗日乘数法进行了求解，仿真分析说明该算法的比例公平性指数最优。
（2）基于传输时间最短的协作速率分配
传输时间的长短会影响网络中可并发业务流的数量。考虑到网络传输能力的异构性，本文以传输时间作为网络收益函数，用非对称协商对策论对速率分配进行了建模，证明了该函数是一个凸函数，并利用拉格朗日乘数法进行了求解。仿真分析说明该算法的网络传输时间最短，适合应急通信等快速传输场景。
（3）基于无线随机接入代价函数的协作速率分配
随机接入的退避机制决定了碰撞率随接入用户数的增多而快速增大。因此，盲目追求资源分配的公平性对数据流进行拆分和并行传输相当于增加了网络的用户数，会导致随机接入网络的性能快速下降。本文用信道利用率描述网络状态，构造相应的价格函数对速率分配进行协调，按照以最小接入代价获取最大吞吐量收益的原则对速率分配进行了建模和数学求解。实验结果说明该算法可避免重载随机网络中用户数的增加，减少接入等待时间，提高接入效率和服务质量。
（4）基于势博弈的速率控制
无线信道的本质决定了它的传输能力和传输时延变化很快。为了保证服务质量，移动终端需要对传输速率进行自适应调整，使之跟随网络容量的变化而变化。本文选择一个非合作的博弈模型，通过构建代价函数提出了一个符合势博弈的速率控制算法，利用其纳什均衡的唯一性可求解最优的传输速率。实验结果证明该算法在不同的无线接入网络中都可以有效提高网络容量的利用率。
（5）基于智能AP的协作接入
本文提出了一种基于智能AP的协作接入场景。智能AP通过ZigBee链接把网络状态信息发送到移动终端，借助该信息可在移动终端实现分布式速率分配和速率控制。同时，互联网的高速下行数据流在智能AP中可根据网络状态实现协作速率分配和协作传输。因此，本文介绍了智能AP的软硬件模块和相应的设计思路，并对协作接入的网络接口和速率分配的流程进行了规范化设计。
综上所述，本文深入研究了异构无线网络的协作接入和相应的速率分配、速率控制问题，所得成果将为异构无线网络融合的资源管理提供了部分理论依据和技术基础。
Wireless network in future is a combination of heterogeneous networks with variousaccess methods, which can support different services with various transmission rates.Therefore, cooperative access through heterogeneous networks is an efficient solution tohigh-speed and high-efficient communication in any place at any time. Moreover, multi-modeterminals and their popularization make it possible to access heterogeneous networks andtransmit through them once at a time, where cooperative transmission in high speed cansatisfy the need for multi-media services with high QoS. Therefore, how to realizecooperative access and hence rate allocation, rate control according to network status,network capability and the traffic requirement is one of the key problems of heterogeneousnetwork fusion. Moreover, the win-win between networks and terminal users should beguaranteed in cooperative access with the heterogeneity being taken into account. And therelated research has been attracted a wide spread attention.
Holding such background, how to realize rate allocation and rate control in cooperativeaccess is a difficult problem in the management of heterogeneous network resource. Thisthesis will focus on this topic with the mathematic help of game theory, queue theory,optimization theory and so on. From network throughput gain, transmission time and accesscost, a series of rational rate allocation schemes are proposed. The major contributions of thisthesis are as the following:(1) Rate allocation based on network throughput gain
If we consider the networks as rational players, they would like choose collectively anoutcome in the negotiating method to benefit all the individuals, which is a progress ofbargaining. With the heterogeneity of network transmission capability being taken intoaccount, the thesis formulates the rate allocation as a weighted bargaining game. Moreover,with the maximized throughput gain as the optimal objective, the closed form of the NashBargaining Solution is derived with the Lagrange multipliers method. Simulation resultsdemonstrate that the presented framework is more efficient with completely balanced trafficso as to make full use of the heterogeneous network resource and prevent network saturationas much as possible.(2) Rate allocation based on network transmission time
The static rate allocation over networks is formulated as a weighted bargaining gameframework, where the heterogeneity of the transmission capabilities of different networks istaken into account. With the minimized transmission time as the optimal objective, the utility function is proved to be convex and the closed Nash Bargaining Solution is derived with theLagrange multipliers method. Moreover, an algorithm is presented to realize rate allocation inthe multi-mode device. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is moreefficient with the least transmission time and suitable for the emergency communicationscenario.(3) Rate allocation based on a pricing function in wireless random access networks
Collision probability and access delay will increase with the competitive host number inwireless random access networks. With the pricing function based on channel utilization todescribe access delay cost, a method of rate allocation is presented to achieve the maximumtotal network payoff at a minimum access cost. Simulation results show the proposed methodcan serve as an access selection method and distribute the traffic to networks according toboth network status and channel efficiency. Performance analysis indicates it makes atrade-off between access delay and fairness. Access to heavier loaded random access networkscan be avoided so as to increase access efficiency.(4) Rate control based on potential game
Transmission capability and thus transmission delay varies quickly in wireless channel.To satisfy the quality of service, transmission rate should be self-adaptively adjusted. Thethesis formulates the rate control in a noncooperative game framework and proposes apotential game based rate control alogrithom, which can obtain the optimal transmission ratewith the uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium. Experiment results show such a method canimprove the network utilization in different wireless access networks.(5) Cooperative access with intelligent AP
The thesis proposes a cooperative access scenario based on intelligent AP. With theinformation of network status being sent to the mobile terminal through a ZigBee link, adistributed rate allocation and rate control can be realized in the mobile terminal. Hereafter,the software and hardware infraustructure of intelligent AP has been introduced. TheStandardized design of network interfaces in cooperative access and the flow chart of rateallocation have also been presented in the end.
In summary, this thesis conducts a research deeply into cooperative access and rateallocation over heterogeneous wireless networks. The results of the research work willprovide partial theoretical evidences and technical bases for the development of futurewireless network fusion.
基于以上研究背景，协作接入时如何进行速率分配和速率控制成为异构网络资源管理的难点问题。本文围绕这一主题展开研究，以搏弈论、排队论和优化理论等数学方法为基础，分别从网络的吞吐量收益、传输时间、接入时间代价等方面提出了一系列合理的速率分配和速率控制策略。同时，本文还提出了一种基于智能AP的协作接入和合作传输场景，并对协作接入的网络接口和协作速率分配的流程进行了规范化设计。本文的主要学术贡献在于：
（1）基于吞吐量最大的协作速率分配
协作接入的目的是利用多网络进行合作传输，从而提高传输速率和多媒体业务流的服务质量，各网络在竞争中实现合作。如果把网络看作理性参与者，协作接入的速率分配可以看作是异构网络通过反复协商达成的共赢结果。考虑到网络传输能力的异构性，本文以吞吐量作为网络收益函数，用非对称协商对策论对速率分配问题进行了建模，证明了该函数是一个凸函数，并利用拉格朗日乘数法进行了求解，仿真分析说明该算法的比例公平性指数最优。
（2）基于传输时间最短的协作速率分配
传输时间的长短会影响网络中可并发业务流的数量。考虑到网络传输能力的异构性，本文以传输时间作为网络收益函数，用非对称协商对策论对速率分配进行了建模，证明了该函数是一个凸函数，并利用拉格朗日乘数法进行了求解。仿真分析说明该算法的网络传输时间最短，适合应急通信等快速传输场景。
（3）基于无线随机接入代价函数的协作速率分配
随机接入的退避机制决定了碰撞率随接入用户数的增多而快速增大。因此，盲目追求资源分配的公平性对数据流进行拆分和并行传输相当于增加了网络的用户数，会导致随机接入网络的性能快速下降。本文用信道利用率描述网络状态，构造相应的价格函数对速率分配进行协调，按照以最小接入代价获取最大吞吐量收益的原则对速率分配进行了建模和数学求解。实验结果说明该算法可避免重载随机网络中用户数的增加，减少接入等待时间，提高接入效率和服务质量。
（4）基于势博弈的速率控制
无线信道的本质决定了它的传输能力和传输时延变化很快。为了保证服务质量，移动终端需要对传输速率进行自适应调整，使之跟随网络容量的变化而变化。本文选择一个非合作的博弈模型，通过构建代价函数提出了一个符合势博弈的速率控制算法，利用其纳什均衡的唯一性可求解最优的传输速率。实验结果证明该算法在不同的无线接入网络中都可以有效提高网络容量的利用率。
（5）基于智能AP的协作接入
本文提出了一种基于智能AP的协作接入场景。智能AP通过ZigBee链接把网络状态信息发送到移动终端，借助该信息可在移动终端实现分布式速率分配和速率控制。同时，互联网的高速下行数据流在智能AP中可根据网络状态实现协作速率分配和协作传输。因此，本文介绍了智能AP的软硬件模块和相应的设计思路，并对协作接入的网络接口和速率分配的流程进行了规范化设计。
综上所述，本文深入研究了异构无线网络的协作接入和相应的速率分配、速率控制问题，所得成果将为异构无线网络融合的资源管理提供了部分理论依据和技术基础。
Wireless network in future is a combination of heterogeneous networks with variousaccess methods, which can support different services with various transmission rates.Therefore, cooperative access through heterogeneous networks is an efficient solution tohigh-speed and high-efficient communication in any place at any time. Moreover, multi-modeterminals and their popularization make it possible to access heterogeneous networks andtransmit through them once at a time, where cooperative transmission in high speed cansatisfy the need for multi-media services with high QoS. Therefore, how to realizecooperative access and hence rate allocation, rate control according to network status,network capability and the traffic requirement is one of the key problems of heterogeneousnetwork fusion. Moreover, the win-win between networks and terminal users should beguaranteed in cooperative access with the heterogeneity being taken into account. And therelated research has been attracted a wide spread attention.
Holding such background, how to realize rate allocation and rate control in cooperativeaccess is a difficult problem in the management of heterogeneous network resource. Thisthesis will focus on this topic with the mathematic help of game theory, queue theory,optimization theory and so on. From network throughput gain, transmission time and accesscost, a series of rational rate allocation schemes are proposed. The major contributions of thisthesis are as the following:(1) Rate allocation based on network throughput gain
If we consider the networks as rational players, they would like choose collectively anoutcome in the negotiating method to benefit all the individuals, which is a progress ofbargaining. With the heterogeneity of network transmission capability being taken intoaccount, the thesis formulates the rate allocation as a weighted bargaining game. Moreover,with the maximized throughput gain as the optimal objective, the closed form of the NashBargaining Solution is derived with the Lagrange multipliers method. Simulation resultsdemonstrate that the presented framework is more efficient with completely balanced trafficso as to make full use of the heterogeneous network resource and prevent network saturationas much as possible.(2) Rate allocation based on network transmission time
The static rate allocation over networks is formulated as a weighted bargaining gameframework, where the heterogeneity of the transmission capabilities of different networks istaken into account. With the minimized transmission time as the optimal objective, the utility function is proved to be convex and the closed Nash Bargaining Solution is derived with theLagrange multipliers method. Moreover, an algorithm is presented to realize rate allocation inthe multi-mode device. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is moreefficient with the least transmission time and suitable for the emergency communicationscenario.(3) Rate allocation based on a pricing function in wireless random access networks
Collision probability and access delay will increase with the competitive host number inwireless random access networks. With the pricing function based on channel utilization todescribe access delay cost, a method of rate allocation is presented to achieve the maximumtotal network payoff at a minimum access cost. Simulation results show the proposed methodcan serve as an access selection method and distribute the traffic to networks according toboth network status and channel efficiency. Performance analysis indicates it makes atrade-off between access delay and fairness. Access to heavier loaded random access networkscan be avoided so as to increase access efficiency.(4) Rate control based on potential game
Transmission capability and thus transmission delay varies quickly in wireless channel.To satisfy the quality of service, transmission rate should be self-adaptively adjusted. Thethesis formulates the rate control in a noncooperative game framework and proposes apotential game based rate control alogrithom, which can obtain the optimal transmission ratewith the uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium. Experiment results show such a method canimprove the network utilization in different wireless access networks.(5) Cooperative access with intelligent AP
The thesis proposes a cooperative access scenario based on intelligent AP. With theinformation of network status being sent to the mobile terminal through a ZigBee link, adistributed rate allocation and rate control can be realized in the mobile terminal. Hereafter,the software and hardware infraustructure of intelligent AP has been introduced. TheStandardized design of network interfaces in cooperative access and the flow chart of rateallocation have also been presented in the end.
In summary, this thesis conducts a research deeply into cooperative access and rateallocation over heterogeneous wireless networks. The results of the research work willprovide partial theoretical evidences and technical bases for the development of futurewireless network fusion.
引文
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