输电费用计算及分摊的研究与系统开发
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摘要
在输电网开放的电力市场运营模式下,输电网是电力交易的唯一载体,是具有成本的稀缺资源。电网公司有权对输电网的成本进行回收,以正确的输电价格信号指导输电资源参与全社会的资源优化配置,明确电网用户所分配的输电费用的精确数据。
本文以输电费用计算系统的设计与开发为背景,对输电成本及其分摊进行研究。输电费用计算问题分为两层:输电成本的分析及计算和输电费用的分摊。为了更好的对输电费用进行计算和分摊,详细分析输电成本构成的含义及成本如何计算,对输电成本的组成进行重组和定义。将输电成本分为固定成本(包括折旧费、财务费、辅助设施费和管理维护费)、变动成本(网损费)和附加成本(扩建费),给出各个成本组成的具体计算公式。根据电力交易时间的长短,对固定成本采用修正后再收费。对扩建费的含义进行深入研究的基础上,提出将附加成本作为发展成本来计算,由新增用户和现有部分用户承担。
输电费用的分摊历来是输电费用计算问题中研究的热点。在讨论典型输电费用分摊方法的基础上,比较合同路径法、邮票法、边界潮流法、兆瓦—公里法、逐线计算法、潮流追踪法、长期边际成本法和短期边际成本法,指出各种方法的优缺点和适用环境。根据我国电力市场的发展状况以及各种方法适用对象,提出对输电成本的不同组成采用不同的分摊方法:固定成本采用潮流跟踪法计算分摊份额;变动成本采用短期边际成本法计算各个节点的网损费用;附加成本采用长期边际成本法计算用户的长期边际成本。
最后结合现代计算机信息技术和电力市场技术支持系统,基于输电成本计算和费用分摊理论,设计开发了输电费用计算系统,详细地描述该系统数据库的设计和核心模块的功能以及实现方法。该系统是以J2EE为平台、采用B/S与C/S相结合的方式、基于关口表数据库的实时在线计算系统,采用分布式三层结构,具有很好的兼容性和可扩展性,能方便地升级以满足电力市场发展的需要。输电费用计算系统的成功开发,对我国电力市场的发展有着重要的实际应用意义。
Under the transmission grid opening of power market operation pattern, the transmission grid is the only carrier of electric power transaction and the scarce resource that has cost. The transmission grid companies have right to reclaim the transmission grid cost, and guide the transmission resource participate in the source optimization disposition of the entire social by the correct transmission price signal, and ensure the precise transmission price of each user.
The paper introduces the design and realization of the transmission pricing computation system and researches the computation of the transmission cost and its allocation. The issue of the transmission computing is divided into two levels: the analysis and computation of the transmission cost and the allocation of the transmission cost. In order to make the computation and allocation of the transmission cost more convenient, the paper detailedly analyzes the meanings of the transmission cost’s constitution and the cost computing, and reorganizes and definies the transmission cost. Transmission cost is formed into fixed cost which includes the amortization fund, the financial expense, the ancillary facilities spend and the management spend, and variable cost which is grid loss charge and additional cost which is extension expense. The paper produces the concrete formula of each cost composition. According to the different types of power transactions, fixed cost is amended before being charged. In the foundation of the thorough research to the meaning of the extension expense, the paper proposes the additional cost be taken as development cost. The additional cost is charged to the new added users and the existing partial users.
The transmission cost allocation is always a hotspot in the transmission calculation. The paper discusses the existing methods of the transmission allocation, and contrastively analyzes contract route method, post stamp method, boundary load method, MW-km method, one by one line method, flow tracing method, Long-Run Marginal Cost and Short-Run Marginal Cost and points out the advantage and disadvantage of each method and their suitable application environment. According to the development condition of China power market as well as the suitable environment of each method, the paper points out that the different allocation method should be applied to different transmission cost. The flow tracing method is applied to allocate the fixed cost. The method of marginal loss coefficient is applied to allocate variable costs. The Marginal cost is applied to calculate additional costs.
At last, the paper designs the computation system of the transmission cost, combing the modern information technology and technical support systems and basing on the analysis and computation of the transmission cost and its allocation. The paper particularly describes the database design and the function as well as the realization method of the system core module. The system is based on J2EE, offering B/S and C/S application, grounding on the point meter database. A distributed three-layers architecture is applied in the prensent system which has good compatibility and expansibility. The system can be upgraded conveniently to meet the demands of the developing electric market. The successful realization of the system is very important to the power market reform of china.
本文以输电费用计算系统的设计与开发为背景,对输电成本及其分摊进行研究。输电费用计算问题分为两层:输电成本的分析及计算和输电费用的分摊。为了更好的对输电费用进行计算和分摊,详细分析输电成本构成的含义及成本如何计算,对输电成本的组成进行重组和定义。将输电成本分为固定成本(包括折旧费、财务费、辅助设施费和管理维护费)、变动成本(网损费)和附加成本(扩建费),给出各个成本组成的具体计算公式。根据电力交易时间的长短,对固定成本采用修正后再收费。对扩建费的含义进行深入研究的基础上,提出将附加成本作为发展成本来计算,由新增用户和现有部分用户承担。
输电费用的分摊历来是输电费用计算问题中研究的热点。在讨论典型输电费用分摊方法的基础上,比较合同路径法、邮票法、边界潮流法、兆瓦—公里法、逐线计算法、潮流追踪法、长期边际成本法和短期边际成本法,指出各种方法的优缺点和适用环境。根据我国电力市场的发展状况以及各种方法适用对象,提出对输电成本的不同组成采用不同的分摊方法:固定成本采用潮流跟踪法计算分摊份额;变动成本采用短期边际成本法计算各个节点的网损费用;附加成本采用长期边际成本法计算用户的长期边际成本。
最后结合现代计算机信息技术和电力市场技术支持系统,基于输电成本计算和费用分摊理论,设计开发了输电费用计算系统,详细地描述该系统数据库的设计和核心模块的功能以及实现方法。该系统是以J2EE为平台、采用B/S与C/S相结合的方式、基于关口表数据库的实时在线计算系统,采用分布式三层结构,具有很好的兼容性和可扩展性,能方便地升级以满足电力市场发展的需要。输电费用计算系统的成功开发,对我国电力市场的发展有着重要的实际应用意义。
Under the transmission grid opening of power market operation pattern, the transmission grid is the only carrier of electric power transaction and the scarce resource that has cost. The transmission grid companies have right to reclaim the transmission grid cost, and guide the transmission resource participate in the source optimization disposition of the entire social by the correct transmission price signal, and ensure the precise transmission price of each user.
The paper introduces the design and realization of the transmission pricing computation system and researches the computation of the transmission cost and its allocation. The issue of the transmission computing is divided into two levels: the analysis and computation of the transmission cost and the allocation of the transmission cost. In order to make the computation and allocation of the transmission cost more convenient, the paper detailedly analyzes the meanings of the transmission cost’s constitution and the cost computing, and reorganizes and definies the transmission cost. Transmission cost is formed into fixed cost which includes the amortization fund, the financial expense, the ancillary facilities spend and the management spend, and variable cost which is grid loss charge and additional cost which is extension expense. The paper produces the concrete formula of each cost composition. According to the different types of power transactions, fixed cost is amended before being charged. In the foundation of the thorough research to the meaning of the extension expense, the paper proposes the additional cost be taken as development cost. The additional cost is charged to the new added users and the existing partial users.
The transmission cost allocation is always a hotspot in the transmission calculation. The paper discusses the existing methods of the transmission allocation, and contrastively analyzes contract route method, post stamp method, boundary load method, MW-km method, one by one line method, flow tracing method, Long-Run Marginal Cost and Short-Run Marginal Cost and points out the advantage and disadvantage of each method and their suitable application environment. According to the development condition of China power market as well as the suitable environment of each method, the paper points out that the different allocation method should be applied to different transmission cost. The flow tracing method is applied to allocate the fixed cost. The method of marginal loss coefficient is applied to allocate variable costs. The Marginal cost is applied to calculate additional costs.
At last, the paper designs the computation system of the transmission cost, combing the modern information technology and technical support systems and basing on the analysis and computation of the transmission cost and its allocation. The paper particularly describes the database design and the function as well as the realization method of the system core module. The system is based on J2EE, offering B/S and C/S application, grounding on the point meter database. A distributed three-layers architecture is applied in the prensent system which has good compatibility and expansibility. The system can be upgraded conveniently to meet the demands of the developing electric market. The successful realization of the system is very important to the power market reform of china.
引文
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[7] Mcnamara F, Dale L A. Impact of Open Trading on Transmission Systems. Electra, 1998, (176): 105-115
[8] Richard D.Christie, Bruch F.Wollenberg, IVAR Wangensteen. Transmission Management in the Deregulated Environment. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2000, 88(2): 170-195
[9] 蔡兴国,刘玉军.边际成本法在输电定价中的应用.电力系统自动化,2000,24 (6):21-23
[10] 方印.电力市场下的最优潮流和输电费用研究:[西安交通大学硕士学位论文].西安:西安交通大学,2001:7-8
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[12] 华栋.浅谈输电服务的定价模式及方法.华北电业,2001,(2):11-12
[13] 谢 开 , 于 尔 铿 , 刘 广 一 , 等 . 电 力 市 场 的 输 电 服 务 ( 一 ). 电 网 技 术 ,1997,21(3):63-68
[14] Wakefield R A, Graves J S, Vojdani A F. A Transmission Services Costing Framework. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1997, 12(2): 622-628
[15] 姚建刚,章建,银车来.电力市场运营及其软件开发.北京:中国电力出版社,2002:192-207
[16] 汤振飞,唐国庆,与尔铿,等.电力市场输电定价.中国电机工程学报,2001,21(10):91-95
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