AVS视频编码关键技术研究及其在达芬奇平台上的实现
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摘要
AVS是由我国自主制定，拥有自主知识产权的新一代视频编码标准。它以当前国际上最先进的H.264框架为基础，强调自主知识产权，同时充分考虑了实现的复杂度，其编码效率与H.264相当，而算法复杂度仅为H.264的70%。AVS具有如下特点：(1)性能高，编码效率是MPEG-2的2倍以上，与H.264的编码效率处于同一水平；(2)复杂度低，算法复杂度比H.264明显低，软硬件实现成本都低于H.264；(3)我国掌握主要知识产权，专利授权模式简单，费用低。在这些优势的助推下, AVS已逐步成为全球范围内最有可能成为事实标准的第二代音视频编码标准，它必将在未来我国的视频应用领域发挥极为重要的作用。尽管如此，AVS提出的比较晚，其应用还不是很成熟，处于应用起步阶段，但在国家有关部门的大力支持下以及众多厂家加入，目前AVS已经打造出一条从AVS编码器、AVS-IPTV系统到AVS解码器、AVS解码芯片的完整产业链，随着AVS相关产业的成熟，其应用具有广阔前景。
虽然AVS的编码复杂度比H.264低了很多，但其运算复杂度依然很高，因此实时编解码器的实现面临巨大的挑战，需要寻找高效的优化算法，以减少巨大的计算量。本文从实时视频应用的角度，对AVS编码过程中的帧内预测、帧间预测、运动估计、变换量化以及AVS编码器在达芬奇平台上的实现进行了研究。具体研究内容包括：
首先，为了有效的提高编码效率，本文将结构相似度引入拉格朗日代价函数，对失真度量的表示进行修正，并在大量实验的基础上，建立了拉格朗日参数的经验公式。该算法平均可节约13.22%的比特率；尤其对于静止块较多的序列，在QP=10时，节省码率达到30%以上。与此同时，重建的图像质量仅下降0.14%，可忽略不计。
其次，为了降低AVS帧内预测模式选择的复杂度，在深入分析帧内预测原理以及预测模式选择过程的基础上，提出了一种基于SATD准则和空间相关性的快速帧内预测算法来优化帧内模式的选择过程。首先，利用SATD准则确定候选模式，大幅度降低了帧内预测模式选择的数量；然后，利用相邻宏块预测模式相关性，进一步减少了亮度块候选模式数量；最后，在模式选择过程中结合全零块提前中止原则，提高模式选择速度。该算法平均提高编码速度54.34%。
再次，为了降低匹配准则计算复杂度，提出了改进的基于直方图的部分失真搜索(IHPDS)算法。该算法首先将块划分为1×4子块，利用直方图分析子块复杂度，然后根据复杂度决定各子块计算顺序，最后依据子块复杂度大小自适应调整累加部分失真的阈值，从而增加提前退出失真计算的可能性，有效地降低了运动估计复杂度。在不考虑额外开销的情况下，IHPDS算法比PDS算法减少94%的计算量。IHPDS算法可平均节约68%的实际运动估计时间。
然后，针对视频编码中DCT变换后有较多系数量化为零的特点，根据全零块统计特性得出了基于统计特性的全零块检测阈值，而后利用高斯模型推导出了ZQDCT系数检测阈值，并结合基于统计特性的全零块检测阈值，提出了基于高斯模型的ZQDCT系数检测算法，该算法可有效地降低DCT、Q、IQ、IDCT的计算量，平均减少20%左右的变换量化时间。
最后，设计开发了基于DM6446的视频编码硬件平台，并将AVS编码器成功移植到DM6446上，同时基于达芬奇软件架构完成了算法的封装与集成，在DM6446上实现了AVS视频编码。
AVS is a new generation of video coding standard, which is formulated by Chinaand has the independent intellectual property rights. It is based on the framework ofH.264and emphasizes the independent intellectual property rights. Theimplementation complexity is taken into fully account in AVS, so that thecomputational complexity of AVS is only70%of H.264, while coding efficiency isequal to that of H.264. AVS has the following characteristics:(1) high-performance,its coding efficiency is2times more than MPEG-2, equal to that of H.264;(2) lowcomplexity, the algorithmic complexity is significantly lower than H.264resulting inlower costs of hardware and software implementation;(3) mastering the mainintellectual property rights, patent licensing model is simple and low cost. By virtue ofthese advantages, the AVS has gradually become a global scale standard, which ismost likely to be the defacto standard for second-generation audio and video codingstandard, and it will play an extremely important role in the future of videoapplications.
However, due to the relatively late proposal, its application is not very mature,and still in the initial stage. With the vigorous support by national departmentsconcerned and many manufacturers, a complete industrial chain, from AVS encoder,AVS-IPTV system to the AVS decoder and the AVS decoder chip, is constructed. Along with development of relative industry, AVS has a broad application prospect.
Though encoding complexity of AVS is lower than H.264, its computationalcomplexity is still high. So the real-time coding is facing challenges, and the efficientoptimization algorithm is needed to reduce the huge amount of calculation. In order toput AVS into the real-time applications, some procedures in AVS coding process areinvestigated that includes: intra prediction, inter prediction, motion estimation,transform and quantization, as well as its realization on the DaVinci platform. Themain works and achievements are as follows:
First, in order to improve coding efficiency, SSIM is introduced into Lagrangiancost function to correct expression of distortion metric. Based on a large amount ofexperiments, empirical formula of Lagrangian parameter is established. The bit rate isaveragely reduced by13.22%. Especially, when the sequences have massivestationary blocks, the bite rate is saved more than30%with QP=10. At the same time,quality of reconstructed image is decreased by0.14%which could be ignored.
Then, after the theory of the intra prediction and the process of the intra modedecision are analyzed, the fast intra prediction algorithm based on sum of absolutetransformed differences (SATD) criterion and spatial correlation is proposed tooptimize intra mode decision and reduce the complexity. First, some candidate modesare selected based on block’s SATD which decreases the number of intra predictionmode. Then, mode correlation of neighbor blocks is used to reduce the complexity ofluminance blocks. Finally, early termination principle based on all zero blockdetection is adopted in process of intra mode decision for improving the speed ofmode decision. Encoding time of the proposed approach is averagely reduced by54.34%.
Third, in order to reduce the calculation complexity of matching criterion,improved histogram based partial distortion search (IHPDS) algorithm is presented. Inthis algorithm, block is firstly divided into1×4sub-blocks and the complexity ofsub-blocks is analyzed by histogram. Then the calculation order of sub-blocks isdetermined based on the complexity. Finally, the threshold of accumulated partialdistortion is adaptively changed according to the complexity of sub-blocks to increase the probability of early termination of distortion calculation and effectively reduce thecomplexity of motion estimation. The computational costs of IHPDS are averagelyreduced by94%, taking no account of overhead computation. The actual motionestimation time of IHPDS is saved by68%on average.
Furthermore, according to the characteristics of DCT transform coefficients thata substantial number of transform coefficients are quantized to zeros in video coding,in order to improve the detection rate of the all-zero blocks, all-zero block detectionthreshold based on the statistical characteristics of all-zero blocks is obtained. Andthen zero quantized DCT (ZQDCT) coefficients detection threshold is derived basedon Gaussian model, meanwhile ZQDCT coefficients detection algorithm based onGaussian model is proposed by combining the all-zero block detection threshold andZQDCT coefficients detection threshold. The DCT, Q, IQ, IDCT calculation isreduced and its time is averagely saved by20%.
Finally, the video encoding hardware platform is designed based on DM6446,and AVS encoder is successfully ported to the DM6446. At the same time, thepackaging and integration of the algorithm based on DaVinci software framework hasbeen done, AVS video coding is realized on the DM6446.
虽然AVS的编码复杂度比H.264低了很多，但其运算复杂度依然很高，因此实时编解码器的实现面临巨大的挑战，需要寻找高效的优化算法，以减少巨大的计算量。本文从实时视频应用的角度，对AVS编码过程中的帧内预测、帧间预测、运动估计、变换量化以及AVS编码器在达芬奇平台上的实现进行了研究。具体研究内容包括：
首先，为了有效的提高编码效率，本文将结构相似度引入拉格朗日代价函数，对失真度量的表示进行修正，并在大量实验的基础上，建立了拉格朗日参数的经验公式。该算法平均可节约13.22%的比特率；尤其对于静止块较多的序列，在QP=10时，节省码率达到30%以上。与此同时，重建的图像质量仅下降0.14%，可忽略不计。
其次，为了降低AVS帧内预测模式选择的复杂度，在深入分析帧内预测原理以及预测模式选择过程的基础上，提出了一种基于SATD准则和空间相关性的快速帧内预测算法来优化帧内模式的选择过程。首先，利用SATD准则确定候选模式，大幅度降低了帧内预测模式选择的数量；然后，利用相邻宏块预测模式相关性，进一步减少了亮度块候选模式数量；最后，在模式选择过程中结合全零块提前中止原则，提高模式选择速度。该算法平均提高编码速度54.34%。
再次，为了降低匹配准则计算复杂度，提出了改进的基于直方图的部分失真搜索(IHPDS)算法。该算法首先将块划分为1×4子块，利用直方图分析子块复杂度，然后根据复杂度决定各子块计算顺序，最后依据子块复杂度大小自适应调整累加部分失真的阈值，从而增加提前退出失真计算的可能性，有效地降低了运动估计复杂度。在不考虑额外开销的情况下，IHPDS算法比PDS算法减少94%的计算量。IHPDS算法可平均节约68%的实际运动估计时间。
然后，针对视频编码中DCT变换后有较多系数量化为零的特点，根据全零块统计特性得出了基于统计特性的全零块检测阈值，而后利用高斯模型推导出了ZQDCT系数检测阈值，并结合基于统计特性的全零块检测阈值，提出了基于高斯模型的ZQDCT系数检测算法，该算法可有效地降低DCT、Q、IQ、IDCT的计算量，平均减少20%左右的变换量化时间。
最后，设计开发了基于DM6446的视频编码硬件平台，并将AVS编码器成功移植到DM6446上，同时基于达芬奇软件架构完成了算法的封装与集成，在DM6446上实现了AVS视频编码。
AVS is a new generation of video coding standard, which is formulated by Chinaand has the independent intellectual property rights. It is based on the framework ofH.264and emphasizes the independent intellectual property rights. Theimplementation complexity is taken into fully account in AVS, so that thecomputational complexity of AVS is only70%of H.264, while coding efficiency isequal to that of H.264. AVS has the following characteristics:(1) high-performance,its coding efficiency is2times more than MPEG-2, equal to that of H.264;(2) lowcomplexity, the algorithmic complexity is significantly lower than H.264resulting inlower costs of hardware and software implementation;(3) mastering the mainintellectual property rights, patent licensing model is simple and low cost. By virtue ofthese advantages, the AVS has gradually become a global scale standard, which ismost likely to be the defacto standard for second-generation audio and video codingstandard, and it will play an extremely important role in the future of videoapplications.
However, due to the relatively late proposal, its application is not very mature,and still in the initial stage. With the vigorous support by national departmentsconcerned and many manufacturers, a complete industrial chain, from AVS encoder,AVS-IPTV system to the AVS decoder and the AVS decoder chip, is constructed. Along with development of relative industry, AVS has a broad application prospect.
Though encoding complexity of AVS is lower than H.264, its computationalcomplexity is still high. So the real-time coding is facing challenges, and the efficientoptimization algorithm is needed to reduce the huge amount of calculation. In order toput AVS into the real-time applications, some procedures in AVS coding process areinvestigated that includes: intra prediction, inter prediction, motion estimation,transform and quantization, as well as its realization on the DaVinci platform. Themain works and achievements are as follows:
First, in order to improve coding efficiency, SSIM is introduced into Lagrangiancost function to correct expression of distortion metric. Based on a large amount ofexperiments, empirical formula of Lagrangian parameter is established. The bit rate isaveragely reduced by13.22%. Especially, when the sequences have massivestationary blocks, the bite rate is saved more than30%with QP=10. At the same time,quality of reconstructed image is decreased by0.14%which could be ignored.
Then, after the theory of the intra prediction and the process of the intra modedecision are analyzed, the fast intra prediction algorithm based on sum of absolutetransformed differences (SATD) criterion and spatial correlation is proposed tooptimize intra mode decision and reduce the complexity. First, some candidate modesare selected based on block’s SATD which decreases the number of intra predictionmode. Then, mode correlation of neighbor blocks is used to reduce the complexity ofluminance blocks. Finally, early termination principle based on all zero blockdetection is adopted in process of intra mode decision for improving the speed ofmode decision. Encoding time of the proposed approach is averagely reduced by54.34%.
Third, in order to reduce the calculation complexity of matching criterion,improved histogram based partial distortion search (IHPDS) algorithm is presented. Inthis algorithm, block is firstly divided into1×4sub-blocks and the complexity ofsub-blocks is analyzed by histogram. Then the calculation order of sub-blocks isdetermined based on the complexity. Finally, the threshold of accumulated partialdistortion is adaptively changed according to the complexity of sub-blocks to increase the probability of early termination of distortion calculation and effectively reduce thecomplexity of motion estimation. The computational costs of IHPDS are averagelyreduced by94%, taking no account of overhead computation. The actual motionestimation time of IHPDS is saved by68%on average.
Furthermore, according to the characteristics of DCT transform coefficients thata substantial number of transform coefficients are quantized to zeros in video coding,in order to improve the detection rate of the all-zero blocks, all-zero block detectionthreshold based on the statistical characteristics of all-zero blocks is obtained. Andthen zero quantized DCT (ZQDCT) coefficients detection threshold is derived basedon Gaussian model, meanwhile ZQDCT coefficients detection algorithm based onGaussian model is proposed by combining the all-zero block detection threshold andZQDCT coefficients detection threshold. The DCT, Q, IQ, IDCT calculation isreduced and its time is averagely saved by20%.
Finally, the video encoding hardware platform is designed based on DM6446,and AVS encoder is successfully ported to the DM6446. At the same time, thepackaging and integration of the algorithm based on DaVinci software framework hasbeen done, AVS video coding is realized on the DM6446.
引文
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