林木根系固土护坡力学基础研究
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摘要
本文通过野外调查和室内分析对我国黄土高原地区主要造林树种刺槐、油松的根系形态分布规律进行了研究,分析了刺槐、油松根系的垂直分布类型；采用轴向均匀拉伸方式研究了五个树种根系抗拉力学特性,分析了油松根径与其抗拉特性关系,并分析了取样时间、树种、根长和拉伸速率等因素对根系抗拉强度的影响。采用三轴压缩试验,评价了根系不同布置方式对土壤抗剪强度的增强作用。并运用有限元数值分析方法研究了林木根系对土体应力应变传递的影响；采用较为成熟的边坡稳定性分析模型BSTEM分析了坡高、坡度、土壤黏聚力、土壤内摩擦角、树龄和树种等因素对边坡稳定性的影响。
主要研究成果如下：
(1)油松和刺槐的水平根基径与胸径、主根与胸径、根系生物量与胸径之间均呈幂函数关系；刺槐根系长度和根系生物量比油松显著要大。随着深度的增加,刺槐根系的分布呈现水平分布,而油松的根系更趋向扎往深处。但两个树种根系垂直分布类型均属于深根型。
(2)油松根系抗拉强度随着直径的增加而减小,成幂函数关系；油松根系最大抗拉力随直径的增加而递增,同样满足幂函数关系。随着直径的增加,油松根系抗拉强度、延伸率和弹性模量均相应降低,力学性能也随之降低。
(3)根系抗拉强度随根长的增加而降低,二者间满足线性关系。两次取样时间、两个拉伸速率10 mm/min和400 mm/min对根系的抗拉强度没有显著影响；五个树种的抗拉强度排序为榆树>白桦>蒙古栎>油松>落叶松。
(4)根系能有效地提高土壤抗剪强度；土壤含水量增加显著降低了土壤的黏聚力,导致土壤抗剪强度下降；三轴压缩试验在评价植物根系影响土壤抗剪强度方面能发挥重要作用。有限元数值模拟与三轴压缩实验相结合,能较好地分析造林边坡的应力应变场变化和根系增强作用。
(5)坡高、坡度增加,造林边坡稳定性显著降低。土壤黏聚力增大,造林边坡稳定性明显提高。土壤内摩擦角增大,造林边坡稳定性基本没有变化,其影响可以忽略不计。
In this dissertation, vertical distribution types of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis were analyzed by field and laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. Root tensile properties of five woody plants were tested by axial tensile tests. The relation of Pinus tabulaeformis root diameter and tensile property was studied. The effects of sampling time, species, root length and test speed on maximum tensile force and tensile strength of roots were also evaluated. And then effect of different layout of roots in soil samples on soil reinforcement was assessed with triaxial compression test. Finite element method was used to analyze transition of strain-stress in soil samples. BSTEM is a fledged model for stability analysis of slope with plants. Effects of slope height, slope gradient, soil cohesion, internal friction angle, tree age and species on slope stability were studied with BSTEM.
The major results were summarized as follow:
(1) There were power function relations between basal diameter, main root, root biomass and diameter at breast height coordinate of horizontal roots of Pinus tabuleeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia. Root length and biomass were bigger in Robinia pseudoacacia than Pinus tabuleeformis. Both of the two species were deep-rooted plants while more proportion of Chinese pine roots was in deep soil compared with black locust.
(2) There were power function relations between root maximum tensile force, tensile strength of Pinus tabuleeformis and root diameter. With root diameter increasing, maximum tensile force of Pinus tabuleeformis increased while tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus decreased.
(3) Tensile strength decreased with increased root length. A linear relation existed between them. Sampling time had no significant effect on root tensile strength. Two test speeds,10 mm/min and 400 mm/min, also had no significant effect. The order of tensile strength of five species was:Ulmus pumila L.> Betula platyphylla Suk.> Quercus mongolicus Fisch.> Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.> Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.
(4) Triaxial compression tests verified roots can effectively improve soil shear strength. With increasing soil water content, soil cohesion decreased significantly. Triaxial compression test played an important role in evaluating soil reinforcement by roots. Combined triaxial compression test, finite element method could analyze well stress and strain variation in forested slope and root reinforcement.
(5) When slope height and gradient increased, slope stability declined obviously. When soil cohesion increased, slope stability improved significantly. When soil internal friction angle added, minimum safety factor had indetectable change. Its effect could be ignored.
主要研究成果如下：
(1)油松和刺槐的水平根基径与胸径、主根与胸径、根系生物量与胸径之间均呈幂函数关系；刺槐根系长度和根系生物量比油松显著要大。随着深度的增加,刺槐根系的分布呈现水平分布,而油松的根系更趋向扎往深处。但两个树种根系垂直分布类型均属于深根型。
(2)油松根系抗拉强度随着直径的增加而减小,成幂函数关系；油松根系最大抗拉力随直径的增加而递增,同样满足幂函数关系。随着直径的增加,油松根系抗拉强度、延伸率和弹性模量均相应降低,力学性能也随之降低。
(3)根系抗拉强度随根长的增加而降低,二者间满足线性关系。两次取样时间、两个拉伸速率10 mm/min和400 mm/min对根系的抗拉强度没有显著影响；五个树种的抗拉强度排序为榆树>白桦>蒙古栎>油松>落叶松。
(4)根系能有效地提高土壤抗剪强度；土壤含水量增加显著降低了土壤的黏聚力,导致土壤抗剪强度下降；三轴压缩试验在评价植物根系影响土壤抗剪强度方面能发挥重要作用。有限元数值模拟与三轴压缩实验相结合,能较好地分析造林边坡的应力应变场变化和根系增强作用。
(5)坡高、坡度增加,造林边坡稳定性显著降低。土壤黏聚力增大,造林边坡稳定性明显提高。土壤内摩擦角增大,造林边坡稳定性基本没有变化,其影响可以忽略不计。
In this dissertation, vertical distribution types of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis were analyzed by field and laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. Root tensile properties of five woody plants were tested by axial tensile tests. The relation of Pinus tabulaeformis root diameter and tensile property was studied. The effects of sampling time, species, root length and test speed on maximum tensile force and tensile strength of roots were also evaluated. And then effect of different layout of roots in soil samples on soil reinforcement was assessed with triaxial compression test. Finite element method was used to analyze transition of strain-stress in soil samples. BSTEM is a fledged model for stability analysis of slope with plants. Effects of slope height, slope gradient, soil cohesion, internal friction angle, tree age and species on slope stability were studied with BSTEM.
The major results were summarized as follow:
(1) There were power function relations between basal diameter, main root, root biomass and diameter at breast height coordinate of horizontal roots of Pinus tabuleeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia. Root length and biomass were bigger in Robinia pseudoacacia than Pinus tabuleeformis. Both of the two species were deep-rooted plants while more proportion of Chinese pine roots was in deep soil compared with black locust.
(2) There were power function relations between root maximum tensile force, tensile strength of Pinus tabuleeformis and root diameter. With root diameter increasing, maximum tensile force of Pinus tabuleeformis increased while tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus decreased.
(3) Tensile strength decreased with increased root length. A linear relation existed between them. Sampling time had no significant effect on root tensile strength. Two test speeds,10 mm/min and 400 mm/min, also had no significant effect. The order of tensile strength of five species was:Ulmus pumila L.> Betula platyphylla Suk.> Quercus mongolicus Fisch.> Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.> Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.
(4) Triaxial compression tests verified roots can effectively improve soil shear strength. With increasing soil water content, soil cohesion decreased significantly. Triaxial compression test played an important role in evaluating soil reinforcement by roots. Combined triaxial compression test, finite element method could analyze well stress and strain variation in forested slope and root reinforcement.
(5) When slope height and gradient increased, slope stability declined obviously. When soil cohesion increased, slope stability improved significantly. When soil internal friction angle added, minimum safety factor had indetectable change. Its effect could be ignored.
引文
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