塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省岩浆动力学及含矿性研究
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摘要
塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省位于中国西北边陲新疆维吾尔自治区南部,是我国继峨眉山大火成岩省之后又一个被认为与地慢柱活动有关的大火成岩省。它蕴含着丰富的地球动力学信息和良好的油气及矿产资源勘查开发前景,具有十分重要的科学意义。本论文通过对塔里木大火成岩省不同的岩石类型和塔里木大陆溢流玄武岩中早二叠世岩浆锆石系统的Hf同位素地球化学研究、塔里木大火成岩省不同地区玄武岩系统的铂族元素(PGE)地球化学研究和巴楚瓦吉里塔格含钒钛磁铁矿杂岩体的成岩成矿机制研究,在塔里木大火成岩省岩浆动力学与成矿方面取得了如下一些重要的新认识。
1.根据野外地质特征和岩石地球化学特征差异等研究,将出露的塔里木大火成岩省主要岩石单元划分为五个,其岩石类型包括三类玄武岩和两类侵入岩。从早期的玄武岩到晚期的侵入岩类,其Sr-Nd-Hf同位素成分特征总体呈现出从富集地慢组分(87Sr/86Sri>0.705,εNd(t)<1,εHf(t)<2.5)向亏损地幔组分(87Sr/86Sri<0.705, εNd(t)>1,εHf(t)>2.5)演化的趋势,表明塔里木大火成岩省的岩浆源区性质发生了明显的变化。结合对塔里木玄武岩中早二叠世岩浆锆石的Hf同位素地球化学研究,认为这一演化趋势很可能与柱地幔和岩石圈地慢之间的持续相互作用有着十分密切的关系,并提出了一个上涌的地慢柱不断向位于岩石圈地慢底部的塔里木大火成岩省岩浆源区注入亏损地幔物质、持续改变其同位素地球化学特征并最终形成塔里木大火成岩省各主要岩石类型的岩浆演化新模型。另外,根据塔里木玄武岩中早二叠世岩浆锆石的εHf(t)值(-6.8～-1.1)总体低于其寄主玄武岩(-2.3～2.1)和塔里木大火成岩省中其他已知的各类主要岩石(0.5～8.8),推测这些锆石可能来自于比玄武岩形成略早的隐伏岩体,是被玄武岩母岩浆所捕获的捕虏晶。
2.塔里木大火成岩省不同地区的玄武岩普遍极度亏损铂族元素(∑PGEs<1ppb, Cu/Pd>105),表明塔里木玄武岩的母岩浆在最终喷发出地表之前曾经发生硫过饱和。综合分析对比各种可能因素后提出地幔源区低程度(约5%左右)部分熔融是造成塔里木玄武岩母岩浆硫过饱和的最主要原因,并认为地幔源区的部分熔融程度在塔里木大火成岩省的岩浆硫化物矿床成矿过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。虽然Th-Nb和Nb-La等微量元素的地球化学特征指示塔里木不同地区玄武岩遭受了塔里木地块基底岩石不同程度的地壳同化混染作用影响,但是地壳混染并没有触发玄武岩母岩浆的硫过饱和,这可能是由于塔里木地块基底岩石中没有足够的含硫物质。研究还发现柯坪地区玄武岩母岩浆喷发过程中的岩浆补给和混合作用有可能导致玄武质岩浆在地壳中再次硫饱和并使PGE等亲硫元素在岩浆流动通道中的特定部位富集,因此认为仍有必要进一步加强对塔里木大火成岩省不同地区的岩浆硫化物矿床找矿勘查和研究工作。
3.通过对巴楚瓦吉里塔格含钒钛磁铁矿基性—超基性层状侵入岩体和金伯利质隐爆角砾岩的地质及岩石地球化学研究,认为它们很可能皆来自位于塔里木地块岩石圈地幔根部与软流圈地幔顶部之间交界部位的亏损型地幔源区。其中含钒钛磁铁矿基性—超基性层状侵入岩体是地慢源区较低程度(<10%)部分熔融所产生的富铁富钛原始岩浆上涌至地壳后在一个冷却速率较低的岩浆系统中经过缓慢的原地分离结晶作用而形成的。而金伯利质隐爆角砾岩具有高度富集稀土(∑REEs>960ppm)和Th、U等不相容元素以及富含角闪石、金云母等含水矿物的特点,指示其母岩浆在形成过程中可能受到了岩石圈地慢流体交代作用的影响。另外,巴楚地区较薄的岩石圈厚度可能是导致其金刚石含矿性较差的主要原因。
The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province (TLIP), located in the southern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the northwestern China, is another most important Large Igneous Province genetically linked with a mantle plume after the finding and study of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province in China by the geologists. It has an important scientific significance and a good support on the exploration of mineral resources and oil and gas. Systematic studies of Hf isotopes on various rock types of the TLIP and Early Permian magmatic zircons in the Tarim continental flood basalts (CFBs), platinum-group elements (PGE) on the Tarim CFBs in different areas of the TLIP, and geneses on the Wajilitag intrusive complex containing the Fe-Ti-V oxide ore deposit in the Bachu area have been carried out in this study; and the results can provide some good information to better understand the magma dynamics and ore potential of the TLIP.
Through the study of geological, petrological and geochemical characteristics, the TLIP can be subdivided into five major igneous rock units (three earlier-formed basaltic units and two later-formed intrusive rock units). There is an evolutional trend of the Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes from enriched mantle components in the earlier basalts (87Sr/86Sri>0.705, εNd(t)<1, εHf(t)<2.5) towards depleted mantle components in the later intrusive rocks (87Sr/86Sri<0.705, εNd(t)>1, εHf(t)>2.5), indicating a remarkable change of the magma source materials. Combined with Hf isotope studies of the Early Permian magmatic zircons in the Tarim CFBs, it is considered that successive interactions between the plume and lithospheric mantle probably played an important role for the generation of the TLIP. A new and improved magmatic evolution model is proposed, which a rising mantle plume was continuously injecting depleted mantle components to the magma source region of the TLIP at the bottom of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle under the Tarim Block, changing its isotopic compositions and finally producing the various igneous rock units in the TLIP. Besides, the Early Permian magmatic zircons in the Tarim CFBs have lower εHf(t) values (-6.8～-1.1) than either their host basalts (-2.3～2.1) or other known igneous rocks (0.5～8.8) of the TLIP. These zircons were probably formed in the concealed pluton shortly prior to the extrusion of basalts, and were captured by the latter as xenocrysts.
The Tarim CFBs in different areas of the Tarim Basin are extremely depieted in PGE (∑PGEs<1ppb, Cu/Pd>105), suggesting that their parental magmas were likely to have been S-saturated before the final eruption. Our studies denote that the S-saturation of the basaltic magmas was mainly attributed to the low-degree (ca.5%) partial melting in their mantle source; and the degree of partial melting played an important role on the forming of magmatic sulfide deposit in the TLIP. Although the trace elements geochemical proxies (Th-Nb and Nb-La) indicate that the Tarim CFBs in different areas have suffered variable degrees of crustal assimilation by the Tarim basement rocks, this process did not trigger S-saturation for the basaltic magmas. It is probably because that the Tarim basement rocks do not contain enough sulfur. However, the magma mixing by magma chamber replenishment during the basalt eruptions in the Keping area may induce secondary S-saturation for the basaltic magmas in the crust, causing PGE enrichment in some parts of the magma conduit. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the exploration and research on the potential magmatic sulfide deposit in the TLIP.
Through the study of geology, petrology and geochemistry on the Wajilitag Fe-Ti-V oxide ore-bearing layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion and kimberlitic brecciated rocks in the Bachu area. we argue that these rocks were probably derived from a common depleted mantle source at the boundary between the lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle. The Fe-Ti-V oxide ore-bearing layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion was produced by low-degree (<10%) partial melting from the mantle source and formed in a slowly cooling fractional crystallization process in the crust level. The kimberlitic brecciated rocks are highly enriched in rare earth elements (∑REEs>960ppm) and incompatible elements (e.g., Th and U), and contain lots of hornblendes and phlogopites. indicating that their parent magma may be affected by fluid metasomatism of lithospheric mantle. The relatively thin lithospheric thickness in the Bachu area is probably the main reason to explain poor potentiality for diamonds in the kimberlitic brecciated rocks.
1.根据野外地质特征和岩石地球化学特征差异等研究,将出露的塔里木大火成岩省主要岩石单元划分为五个,其岩石类型包括三类玄武岩和两类侵入岩。从早期的玄武岩到晚期的侵入岩类,其Sr-Nd-Hf同位素成分特征总体呈现出从富集地慢组分(87Sr/86Sri>0.705,εNd(t)<1,εHf(t)<2.5)向亏损地幔组分(87Sr/86Sri<0.705, εNd(t)>1,εHf(t)>2.5)演化的趋势,表明塔里木大火成岩省的岩浆源区性质发生了明显的变化。结合对塔里木玄武岩中早二叠世岩浆锆石的Hf同位素地球化学研究,认为这一演化趋势很可能与柱地幔和岩石圈地慢之间的持续相互作用有着十分密切的关系,并提出了一个上涌的地慢柱不断向位于岩石圈地慢底部的塔里木大火成岩省岩浆源区注入亏损地幔物质、持续改变其同位素地球化学特征并最终形成塔里木大火成岩省各主要岩石类型的岩浆演化新模型。另外,根据塔里木玄武岩中早二叠世岩浆锆石的εHf(t)值(-6.8～-1.1)总体低于其寄主玄武岩(-2.3～2.1)和塔里木大火成岩省中其他已知的各类主要岩石(0.5～8.8),推测这些锆石可能来自于比玄武岩形成略早的隐伏岩体,是被玄武岩母岩浆所捕获的捕虏晶。
2.塔里木大火成岩省不同地区的玄武岩普遍极度亏损铂族元素(∑PGEs<1ppb, Cu/Pd>105),表明塔里木玄武岩的母岩浆在最终喷发出地表之前曾经发生硫过饱和。综合分析对比各种可能因素后提出地幔源区低程度(约5%左右)部分熔融是造成塔里木玄武岩母岩浆硫过饱和的最主要原因,并认为地幔源区的部分熔融程度在塔里木大火成岩省的岩浆硫化物矿床成矿过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。虽然Th-Nb和Nb-La等微量元素的地球化学特征指示塔里木不同地区玄武岩遭受了塔里木地块基底岩石不同程度的地壳同化混染作用影响,但是地壳混染并没有触发玄武岩母岩浆的硫过饱和,这可能是由于塔里木地块基底岩石中没有足够的含硫物质。研究还发现柯坪地区玄武岩母岩浆喷发过程中的岩浆补给和混合作用有可能导致玄武质岩浆在地壳中再次硫饱和并使PGE等亲硫元素在岩浆流动通道中的特定部位富集,因此认为仍有必要进一步加强对塔里木大火成岩省不同地区的岩浆硫化物矿床找矿勘查和研究工作。
3.通过对巴楚瓦吉里塔格含钒钛磁铁矿基性—超基性层状侵入岩体和金伯利质隐爆角砾岩的地质及岩石地球化学研究,认为它们很可能皆来自位于塔里木地块岩石圈地幔根部与软流圈地幔顶部之间交界部位的亏损型地幔源区。其中含钒钛磁铁矿基性—超基性层状侵入岩体是地慢源区较低程度(<10%)部分熔融所产生的富铁富钛原始岩浆上涌至地壳后在一个冷却速率较低的岩浆系统中经过缓慢的原地分离结晶作用而形成的。而金伯利质隐爆角砾岩具有高度富集稀土(∑REEs>960ppm)和Th、U等不相容元素以及富含角闪石、金云母等含水矿物的特点,指示其母岩浆在形成过程中可能受到了岩石圈地慢流体交代作用的影响。另外,巴楚地区较薄的岩石圈厚度可能是导致其金刚石含矿性较差的主要原因。
The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province (TLIP), located in the southern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the northwestern China, is another most important Large Igneous Province genetically linked with a mantle plume after the finding and study of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province in China by the geologists. It has an important scientific significance and a good support on the exploration of mineral resources and oil and gas. Systematic studies of Hf isotopes on various rock types of the TLIP and Early Permian magmatic zircons in the Tarim continental flood basalts (CFBs), platinum-group elements (PGE) on the Tarim CFBs in different areas of the TLIP, and geneses on the Wajilitag intrusive complex containing the Fe-Ti-V oxide ore deposit in the Bachu area have been carried out in this study; and the results can provide some good information to better understand the magma dynamics and ore potential of the TLIP.
Through the study of geological, petrological and geochemical characteristics, the TLIP can be subdivided into five major igneous rock units (three earlier-formed basaltic units and two later-formed intrusive rock units). There is an evolutional trend of the Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes from enriched mantle components in the earlier basalts (87Sr/86Sri>0.705, εNd(t)<1, εHf(t)<2.5) towards depleted mantle components in the later intrusive rocks (87Sr/86Sri<0.705, εNd(t)>1, εHf(t)>2.5), indicating a remarkable change of the magma source materials. Combined with Hf isotope studies of the Early Permian magmatic zircons in the Tarim CFBs, it is considered that successive interactions between the plume and lithospheric mantle probably played an important role for the generation of the TLIP. A new and improved magmatic evolution model is proposed, which a rising mantle plume was continuously injecting depleted mantle components to the magma source region of the TLIP at the bottom of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle under the Tarim Block, changing its isotopic compositions and finally producing the various igneous rock units in the TLIP. Besides, the Early Permian magmatic zircons in the Tarim CFBs have lower εHf(t) values (-6.8～-1.1) than either their host basalts (-2.3～2.1) or other known igneous rocks (0.5～8.8) of the TLIP. These zircons were probably formed in the concealed pluton shortly prior to the extrusion of basalts, and were captured by the latter as xenocrysts.
The Tarim CFBs in different areas of the Tarim Basin are extremely depieted in PGE (∑PGEs<1ppb, Cu/Pd>105), suggesting that their parental magmas were likely to have been S-saturated before the final eruption. Our studies denote that the S-saturation of the basaltic magmas was mainly attributed to the low-degree (ca.5%) partial melting in their mantle source; and the degree of partial melting played an important role on the forming of magmatic sulfide deposit in the TLIP. Although the trace elements geochemical proxies (Th-Nb and Nb-La) indicate that the Tarim CFBs in different areas have suffered variable degrees of crustal assimilation by the Tarim basement rocks, this process did not trigger S-saturation for the basaltic magmas. It is probably because that the Tarim basement rocks do not contain enough sulfur. However, the magma mixing by magma chamber replenishment during the basalt eruptions in the Keping area may induce secondary S-saturation for the basaltic magmas in the crust, causing PGE enrichment in some parts of the magma conduit. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the exploration and research on the potential magmatic sulfide deposit in the TLIP.
Through the study of geology, petrology and geochemistry on the Wajilitag Fe-Ti-V oxide ore-bearing layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion and kimberlitic brecciated rocks in the Bachu area. we argue that these rocks were probably derived from a common depleted mantle source at the boundary between the lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle. The Fe-Ti-V oxide ore-bearing layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion was produced by low-degree (<10%) partial melting from the mantle source and formed in a slowly cooling fractional crystallization process in the crust level. The kimberlitic brecciated rocks are highly enriched in rare earth elements (∑REEs>960ppm) and incompatible elements (e.g., Th and U), and contain lots of hornblendes and phlogopites. indicating that their parent magma may be affected by fluid metasomatism of lithospheric mantle. The relatively thin lithospheric thickness in the Bachu area is probably the main reason to explain poor potentiality for diamonds in the kimberlitic brecciated rocks.
引文
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