甘肃省小独山钨矿床成矿模式及找矿预测研究
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摘要
小独山钨矿床位于甘肃省敦煌市北西,是一个以白钨矿为主的石英脉型钨矿床。本文利用构造学、矿床学及成矿预测学的相关理论,对小独山钨矿床地质特征、控矿构造、矿床成因、控矿因素、成矿规律及找矿预测等方面进行了研究,得出以下认识：
通过分析矿床的大地构造背景及构造演化历史,认为矿区含矿裂隙的力学性质早期具张性,后以剪性为主。
通过对矿床地质的调查和观测,认为小独山钨矿床为岩浆期后热液充填(交代)石英脉型白(黑)钨矿床。主要成矿元素W来自矿区深边部晚期侵入的酸性岩体,Ca元素可能由矿脉围岩提供。
在矿区及周边地区出露有酸性岩体,如花岗岩、花岗斑岩、钾长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩等,这些岩体稀土配分曲线大致相近,表明这些岩体可能同源但侵入时代不同。小独山钨矿床的形成可能与晚期侵入的花岗岩体有关。
矿区内Ⅰ矿带脉体产状基本一致,Ⅱ矿带矿脉是否出露地表及沿走向延伸的长短与近东西向断层切割有关。由于断层的切割作用,Ⅱ矿带矿脉仅在断层抬升盘出露地表,矿脉沿走向的长度受控于相邻断层的间距,因而在Ⅱ矿带的北西和南东两侧深部,仍有北西向矿脉存在,它们是已出露地表的矿脉带的沿走向延伸部分。
经地表观测发现,在Ⅰ矿带南东端,微细脉发育,含矿围岩由黄褐色逐渐过渡到深灰色。在矿带中段和北西段,含矿石英脉相对变厚,金属元素硫化物增多,矿脉可能向北西方向侧伏。造成矿脉侧伏的原因,可能是成矿物质来自矿区北部的隐伏岩体,矿液自北西向南东且自下而上沿裂隙充填成矿
经化探原生晕测量,Sn、Bi与主成矿元素W具较强的正相关关系,可作为找矿指示元素。经物探测量,在矿区北部圈出了大的异常带,这些异常可能是隐伏的矽卡岩或者基性岩体引起。
综合物、化探成果和矿体分布特征,共预测了三个找矿远景区,并阐述了预测依据。
Xiaodushan tungsten deposit is a quartz-vein type of scheelite deposit, located in northwest of Dunhuang, Gansu province.
In this paper, the geological features of ore deposit, ore-controlling structures, ore genesis, ore-controlling factors, metallogenic regularity are studied by collecting relevant information, conducting a geological survey and doing some test.
By analyzing the geotectonic background and tectonic evolution history of the deposits. It is considered that the ore bearing fractures is tensional at first, and then became shear joint.
In terms of ore genesis, Xiaodushan tungsten deposit is a post-magmatic hydrothermal quartz vein scheelite deposit. W element is from the late intrusive acid rock of the edge of deep mine, and Ca element is probably from the wall rock of ore veins.
There is acid rock body in mining area and surrounding area, such as granite, granite-porphyry, moyite and granodiorite. It is belived that the formation of the deposit is related to late intrusive granite body, and the rock may be homologous but invaded in different times by analysis of rare earth elements.
The veins in I belt are basically the same occurrence. Whether the veins of II belt exposed at the surface and the length along the strike is related to cutting action by EW faults. There may still exist northwest-weins in the deep zoon of the southeast and northwest of II belt.
Metallogenic material is from concealed rock body in the north of mining area. The ore solution filled from northwest to southeast and from below, it leads to the metallogenic belt has the lateral trending to northwestwards.
There is a strong positive correlation among Sn、Bi and W enement. Sn、Bi element can be used as ore indicator elements. There is a large anomaly belt has been irised out in the north of mining area by using geophysical prospecting, this anomaly may be caused by concealed basic body or skarn rock.
通过分析矿床的大地构造背景及构造演化历史,认为矿区含矿裂隙的力学性质早期具张性,后以剪性为主。
通过对矿床地质的调查和观测,认为小独山钨矿床为岩浆期后热液充填(交代)石英脉型白(黑)钨矿床。主要成矿元素W来自矿区深边部晚期侵入的酸性岩体,Ca元素可能由矿脉围岩提供。
在矿区及周边地区出露有酸性岩体,如花岗岩、花岗斑岩、钾长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩等,这些岩体稀土配分曲线大致相近,表明这些岩体可能同源但侵入时代不同。小独山钨矿床的形成可能与晚期侵入的花岗岩体有关。
矿区内Ⅰ矿带脉体产状基本一致,Ⅱ矿带矿脉是否出露地表及沿走向延伸的长短与近东西向断层切割有关。由于断层的切割作用,Ⅱ矿带矿脉仅在断层抬升盘出露地表,矿脉沿走向的长度受控于相邻断层的间距,因而在Ⅱ矿带的北西和南东两侧深部,仍有北西向矿脉存在,它们是已出露地表的矿脉带的沿走向延伸部分。
经地表观测发现,在Ⅰ矿带南东端,微细脉发育,含矿围岩由黄褐色逐渐过渡到深灰色。在矿带中段和北西段,含矿石英脉相对变厚,金属元素硫化物增多,矿脉可能向北西方向侧伏。造成矿脉侧伏的原因,可能是成矿物质来自矿区北部的隐伏岩体,矿液自北西向南东且自下而上沿裂隙充填成矿
经化探原生晕测量,Sn、Bi与主成矿元素W具较强的正相关关系,可作为找矿指示元素。经物探测量,在矿区北部圈出了大的异常带,这些异常可能是隐伏的矽卡岩或者基性岩体引起。
综合物、化探成果和矿体分布特征,共预测了三个找矿远景区,并阐述了预测依据。
Xiaodushan tungsten deposit is a quartz-vein type of scheelite deposit, located in northwest of Dunhuang, Gansu province.
In this paper, the geological features of ore deposit, ore-controlling structures, ore genesis, ore-controlling factors, metallogenic regularity are studied by collecting relevant information, conducting a geological survey and doing some test.
By analyzing the geotectonic background and tectonic evolution history of the deposits. It is considered that the ore bearing fractures is tensional at first, and then became shear joint.
In terms of ore genesis, Xiaodushan tungsten deposit is a post-magmatic hydrothermal quartz vein scheelite deposit. W element is from the late intrusive acid rock of the edge of deep mine, and Ca element is probably from the wall rock of ore veins.
There is acid rock body in mining area and surrounding area, such as granite, granite-porphyry, moyite and granodiorite. It is belived that the formation of the deposit is related to late intrusive granite body, and the rock may be homologous but invaded in different times by analysis of rare earth elements.
The veins in I belt are basically the same occurrence. Whether the veins of II belt exposed at the surface and the length along the strike is related to cutting action by EW faults. There may still exist northwest-weins in the deep zoon of the southeast and northwest of II belt.
Metallogenic material is from concealed rock body in the north of mining area. The ore solution filled from northwest to southeast and from below, it leads to the metallogenic belt has the lateral trending to northwestwards.
There is a strong positive correlation among Sn、Bi and W enement. Sn、Bi element can be used as ore indicator elements. There is a large anomaly belt has been irised out in the north of mining area by using geophysical prospecting, this anomaly may be caused by concealed basic body or skarn rock.
引文
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[3]盛继福.国内外钨矿资源对比.中国钨业,1995,11：13-21
[4]黄小娥,史维全.我国钨矿地质勘查新进展.中国钨业,2007,22(3)：6-9
[5]黄小娥.我国钨矿找矿的新发现及其启示.中国钨业,2009,24(5)：33-37
[6]洪明洋.我国钨矿资源开采利用现状及可持续发展战略.中国钨业,2004,19(5)：52-55
[7]刘学军.我国钨矿资源开发利用现状.中国钨业,2003,18(2)：17-22
[8]Allen M B, Windley B F & Zhang C. Paleozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tianshan, Central Asia. Tectonophysics,1992 220:89-115
[9]Zhou Jiyuan, Zhang Bin, Zhang Chaowen. Geology of the Silver Rhenium-Molybdenum, Gold and Copper Deposits in the Eastern Tianshan and Its Adjacent Regions.1996,26:46-58
[10]Phillip Crowson. Minerals handbook 1990～1991. Londdon,1991,143:62-79
[11]李四光.地质力学概论.北京：科学出版社,1973.45-54
[12]黄汲清.中国主要地质构造单位.北京：地质出版社,1994.12-19
[13]杨合群,李英,杨建国等.北山造山带的基本成矿特征.西北地质,2006,29(2)：78-95
[14]吴华.东天山地壳演化及其内生金属成矿作用：[博士学位论文].北京,中国地质大学,2006
[15]张发容,牛卯胜.甘肃北山地区成矿带划分及基本特征.甘肃地质学报,2003.12(1)：51-57
[16]甘肃省地质矿产局.甘肃省区域地质志.北京：地质出版社,1989.171-243
[17]李华芹,吴华,陈富文等.东天山白山铼钼矿区燕山期成岩成矿作用同位素年代学证据.地质学报,2005.79(2)：249-255
[18]邢延安,陈殿义.新疆白干湖钨锡矿床简介.吉林地质,2004,23(3)：64-66
[19]程松林,王新昆,吴华等.新疆北山晚古生代内生金属矿床成矿系列研究.新疆地质,2008,26(1)：43-48
[20]王虹,刘拓,王庆明等.新疆天山-北山成矿带区域地球化学特征.地球科学 与环境学报,2007,29(2)：141-144
[21]Maarten J D, Christien T, Moctar D, et al. Scent of supercontinent Gondwana's ores as chemical traces-tin, tungsten and the Neoproterozoic Laurentia-Gondwana connection.Journal of Africanearth sciences 1999,25:91-113
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