妙笔藏深机 拨云见明月
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摘要
对《失乐园》的争论的根源在于对于作品尤其是对撒旦形象不同的解读或“误读”。弥尔顿既旨在“证明上帝于人之公正性”，为什么却把撒旦描绘得如此高大光辉?这无疑是对上帝绝对权威的挑战。这种大逆不道给弥尔顿招来了猛烈的批评。那么弥尔顿的真正意图是什么?
要拨开关于失乐园主题纷扰杂乱的迷雾，就必须走出文本，进入更宽广的视野。本文基于文本，结合17世纪大背景下的政治、文化及宗教等因素，深入探索弥尔顿创作的两大主要思想渊源：基督教清教传统及文艺复兴人文主义思想传统，得出这样的结论：弥尔顿之所以在篇章之初把撒旦的形象描写的辉煌伟大，不是为了把他当成一个英雄来颂扬，而是为了与之后的亚当即人来对比，凸显人的优秀品质并阐释正确的人与上帝关系。
但弥尔顿确实在《失乐园》中赋予撒旦以极大的笔墨渲染，这在无形中造成了一个事实，即撒旦确实是一个事实性的英雄。精神分析学对于作家创作心理的分析为这一看似矛盾的文学现象提供了阐释。17世纪英国革命的挫败使弥尔顿的“志”受到压抑，只能通过间接的文学形式得以补偿，他在描绘撒旦时的精彩投入使自己也陷了进去，而他本人也正是依靠他自己所创造的撒旦精神，与命运做不屈不挠的抗争，才得以完成并出版这部鸿篇巨制。
The controversies on Paradise Lost derive from different interpreting or misunderstanding of the work, especially of the image of Satan. It seems incomprehensible when Milton pronounces that he is to justify the ways of God to man while depicting Satan as a brilliant hero, which is a bold challenge of God's supreme authority in a Christianity-oriented society, and by which Milton has invited fierce criticism ever since its publication.
The readers have long been puzzled by the author's true intention. To unravel this problem, we must look beyond the text and into a wider horizon. A literary work should be interpreted in the context of the social and cultural reality in which it is written so as to get a better and specific understanding. An examination of the two great traditions which influence Milton will render this conclusion sensible: that Milton intends to carve a relief of Man against Satan and prescribe a proper relationship of Man and God.
But Milton does create a factual hero out of Satan through his brilliant description. A psychoanalysis of the authors' creation throws a light into this apparent paradox. The failure of the English Revolution thwarted Milton's political and religious ambition. To relieve his mental repression, he channeled his energy into the composition of Paradise Lost. He is compensated of his repressed ambition by creating and identifying with the character Satan. It is the rebellious and unyielding spirit of Satan that upholds him to fight against fate and complete his monumental epic.
要拨开关于失乐园主题纷扰杂乱的迷雾，就必须走出文本，进入更宽广的视野。本文基于文本，结合17世纪大背景下的政治、文化及宗教等因素，深入探索弥尔顿创作的两大主要思想渊源：基督教清教传统及文艺复兴人文主义思想传统，得出这样的结论：弥尔顿之所以在篇章之初把撒旦的形象描写的辉煌伟大，不是为了把他当成一个英雄来颂扬，而是为了与之后的亚当即人来对比，凸显人的优秀品质并阐释正确的人与上帝关系。
但弥尔顿确实在《失乐园》中赋予撒旦以极大的笔墨渲染，这在无形中造成了一个事实，即撒旦确实是一个事实性的英雄。精神分析学对于作家创作心理的分析为这一看似矛盾的文学现象提供了阐释。17世纪英国革命的挫败使弥尔顿的“志”受到压抑，只能通过间接的文学形式得以补偿，他在描绘撒旦时的精彩投入使自己也陷了进去，而他本人也正是依靠他自己所创造的撒旦精神，与命运做不屈不挠的抗争，才得以完成并出版这部鸿篇巨制。
The controversies on Paradise Lost derive from different interpreting or misunderstanding of the work, especially of the image of Satan. It seems incomprehensible when Milton pronounces that he is to justify the ways of God to man while depicting Satan as a brilliant hero, which is a bold challenge of God's supreme authority in a Christianity-oriented society, and by which Milton has invited fierce criticism ever since its publication.
The readers have long been puzzled by the author's true intention. To unravel this problem, we must look beyond the text and into a wider horizon. A literary work should be interpreted in the context of the social and cultural reality in which it is written so as to get a better and specific understanding. An examination of the two great traditions which influence Milton will render this conclusion sensible: that Milton intends to carve a relief of Man against Satan and prescribe a proper relationship of Man and God.
But Milton does create a factual hero out of Satan through his brilliant description. A psychoanalysis of the authors' creation throws a light into this apparent paradox. The failure of the English Revolution thwarted Milton's political and religious ambition. To relieve his mental repression, he channeled his energy into the composition of Paradise Lost. He is compensated of his repressed ambition by creating and identifying with the character Satan. It is the rebellious and unyielding spirit of Satan that upholds him to fight against fate and complete his monumental epic.
引文
1．朱维之，外国文学研究，1980，(2)．
2. William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Plate 5, from Norton Anthology (6th edition), Vol. 2: 56.
3．王佐良、何其莘，英国文艺复兴时期文学史．(北京：外研社，1996)，518．
4. Stanley Fish, How Milton Works. (Harvard University Press, 2001), 22.
5. M.H. Adams gen. ed., Introduction to Paradise Lost, in Norton Anthology, 1474
6．《孟子·万章下》：“读其书，不知其人，可乎?是以论其世也，是尚友也。”
7. Aldo Scaglione, Comparative Literature as Cultural History: the Educational and Social Background of Renaissance Literature, from The Comparative Perspective on Literature, ed. Clayton Koelb & Susan Noakes. (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1988), 148.
8. ibid. 149.
9. ibid. 161
10. Stephen B. Dobranski, Milton's social life, in Dennis Danielson ed. The Cambridge Companion to Milton, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 9.
11. Frank A. Patterson gen. ed. The Works of John Milton (18 vols). (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931-38). Vol.8, 120
12. M. H. Abrams gen. ed., Introduction to John Milton in Norton Anthology, 1434
13. Christopher Gillie ed., Longman Companion to English Literaturé: Political history and institutions of England: 1066—present day, (London: Longman, 1978), 294
14. John Milton, Samson Agonistes. 210-211
15. Shakespeare, Hamlet: Ⅱ. 303-307
16. John Milton, Tenure of Kings andMagistrates, 757
17. ibid. 755
18. ibid. 93
19. ibid. 754
20. John Milton, Defensio pro populo Anglicano, 94
21. John Milton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 757
22. Friedrich August von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, (London and New York: Routledge Classics, 2001), 22.
23．梯利，西方哲学史，北京：商务出版社，253-254
24. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Part Ⅱ-Ⅱ, Q 104 A6.
25. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion. Book Ⅳ, Chapter ⅩⅩ, 1511
26. ibid. 1512
27. ibid. 1520
28. Christopher Gillie ed., Longman Companion to English Literature, (London: Longman, 1978), 17.
29. Don W. Wolfe gen. ed., The Complete English Poems of John Milton, (New Haven, 1953-82), Ⅰ: 822
30. ibid. 823
31. M. H. Abrams gen. ed., Norton Anthology, 1472
32. Stephen B. Dobranski, Milton's social life. in Dennis Danielson ed., The Cambridge Companion, 14.
33. See Paradise Lost, Ⅻ: 507-524
34. M. H. Abrams gen. ed., Norton Anthology, 1475
35．《尚书·尧典》：“诗言志”．
36．《史记·太史公自序》：诗书隐约者，欲遂其志之思也．
37．《史记·报任安公》：“故西伯拘而演周易，仲尼厄而作春秋，屈原放逐乃赋离骚，左丘失明厥有国语，孙子髌脚兵法修列，不韦迁蜀世传吕览，韩非囚秦说难孤愤．诗三百篇，大抵圣贤发愤之所为作也。此人皆意有所郁结，不得通其道，故述往事，思来者……思垂空文以自见．”
38．Sigmund Freud，Creative Authors and Daydream，from张中载(Zhang Zhongzai)等编，二十世纪西方文论选，北京：外语教学与研究社，213．
39. ibid. 213-214.
40. ibid. 218.
41. William R. Parker, Milton: A Biography (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), 1: 586.
42. ibid. 17:2
43. Helen Darbishire ed., The Early Lives of Milton, 74
Citations, parenthetically by book and line number, of Paradise Lost are from M. H. Adams ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature (6th edition), Vol. 1, (London: Norton, 1993) without special notes
Abrams, M. H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature [C]. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Norton, 1993.
Achinstein, Sharon. Milton and the Revolutionary Reader [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Cassirer, Ernst, et. al. ed. The Renaissance Philosophy of Man [M]. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1984.
Danielson, Dennis. The Cambridge Companion to Milton[C]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000.
Darbishire, Helen, ed. The Early Lives of Milton. London: Constable, 1932.
Elevton, E. O. ed. The Phenomenology of Husserl: Selected Critical Reading [C] 2nd ed. Seattle: Noesis Press. 2000.
Empson, William. Milton's God [M]. Norfolk, Connecticut: New Directions, 1961.
Evans, Martin ed. John Milton: 20th Century Perspective [C]. Routledge & New York: Standford University Press. 2002.
Fish, Stanley. How Milton Works [M]. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 2001.
Frankland, Graham. Freud's Literary Culture [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000.
Freud, Sigmund. A General Introduction to Psyshoanalysis[C]. 海口：海南出版社．2001.
Frye, Northrop. The Great Code: The Bible and Literature [M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1982.
Gardner, Helen. Religion and Literature [M]. London: Oxford. 1983.
Gillie, Christopher. Longman Companion to English Literature [M]. London: Longman. 1978.
Griffen, Dustin. Milton's Hell: Perspectives on the Fallen [J]. Milton Studies (13), 1979.
Hughes, Merritt ed. John Milton: Complete Pomes and Major Prose [C]. New York: Macmillan, 1957.
Kerrigam, William. The Sacred Complex: On the Psychogenesis of Paradise Lost [M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
Koelb, Clayton and Noakes, Susan ed. The Comparative Perspective on Literature, Ithaca and London: Comell University Press, 1988.
Le Comte, Edward. Milton Reviewed: Ten Essays [M]. New York: Garland, 1991.
Parker, William Riley. Milton: A Biography [M]. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
Parry, Graham. The Seventeenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1603—1700[M]. London: Longman. 1989.
Paskow, Alan. The Paradox of Art: a Phenomenological Investigation [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2003.
Rubinstein, Annette T. The Great Tradition in English Literature: From Shakespeare to Shaw [C]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1988.
Rumrich, John P. Milton: Unbound Controversy and Reinterpretation [M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 1996.
Schmitt & Skinner. The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy [M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 2000.
Waldock, A. J. A, Paradise Lost and its Critics [M]. Gloucester: Peter Smith. 1959.
布洛克．西方人文主义传统[M]．北京：三联出版社．1997．
冯川．文学与心理学[C]．成都：四川人民出版社．2003．
梯利．西方哲学史[C]北京：商务印书馆．2003．
胡景钟等．西方宗教哲学文选[C]．上海：上海人民出版社．2001．
梁工．基督教文学[C]．北京：宗教文化出版社．2001．
梁工．圣经与西方作家作品[M]北京：宗教文化出版社．2001．
徐克容．约翰·弥尔顿的失乐园及其他著作[C]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社．1997．
王佐良、何其莘．英国文艺复兴时期文学史[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社．1996．
张中载等．二十世纪西方文论选读[C]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社．2002．
周春生．文艺复兴时期人神对话[M]．上海：华东师范大学出版社．2002．
2. William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Plate 5, from Norton Anthology (6th edition), Vol. 2: 56.
3．王佐良、何其莘，英国文艺复兴时期文学史．(北京：外研社，1996)，518．
4. Stanley Fish, How Milton Works. (Harvard University Press, 2001), 22.
5. M.H. Adams gen. ed., Introduction to Paradise Lost, in Norton Anthology, 1474
6．《孟子·万章下》：“读其书，不知其人，可乎?是以论其世也，是尚友也。”
7. Aldo Scaglione, Comparative Literature as Cultural History: the Educational and Social Background of Renaissance Literature, from The Comparative Perspective on Literature, ed. Clayton Koelb & Susan Noakes. (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1988), 148.
8. ibid. 149.
9. ibid. 161
10. Stephen B. Dobranski, Milton's social life, in Dennis Danielson ed. The Cambridge Companion to Milton, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 9.
11. Frank A. Patterson gen. ed. The Works of John Milton (18 vols). (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931-38). Vol.8, 120
12. M. H. Abrams gen. ed., Introduction to John Milton in Norton Anthology, 1434
13. Christopher Gillie ed., Longman Companion to English Literaturé: Political history and institutions of England: 1066—present day, (London: Longman, 1978), 294
14. John Milton, Samson Agonistes. 210-211
15. Shakespeare, Hamlet: Ⅱ. 303-307
16. John Milton, Tenure of Kings andMagistrates, 757
17. ibid. 755
18. ibid. 93
19. ibid. 754
20. John Milton, Defensio pro populo Anglicano, 94
21. John Milton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 757
22. Friedrich August von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, (London and New York: Routledge Classics, 2001), 22.
23．梯利，西方哲学史，北京：商务出版社，253-254
24. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Part Ⅱ-Ⅱ, Q 104 A6.
25. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion. Book Ⅳ, Chapter ⅩⅩ, 1511
26. ibid. 1512
27. ibid. 1520
28. Christopher Gillie ed., Longman Companion to English Literature, (London: Longman, 1978), 17.
29. Don W. Wolfe gen. ed., The Complete English Poems of John Milton, (New Haven, 1953-82), Ⅰ: 822
30. ibid. 823
31. M. H. Abrams gen. ed., Norton Anthology, 1472
32. Stephen B. Dobranski, Milton's social life. in Dennis Danielson ed., The Cambridge Companion, 14.
33. See Paradise Lost, Ⅻ: 507-524
34. M. H. Abrams gen. ed., Norton Anthology, 1475
35．《尚书·尧典》：“诗言志”．
36．《史记·太史公自序》：诗书隐约者，欲遂其志之思也．
37．《史记·报任安公》：“故西伯拘而演周易，仲尼厄而作春秋，屈原放逐乃赋离骚，左丘失明厥有国语，孙子髌脚兵法修列，不韦迁蜀世传吕览，韩非囚秦说难孤愤．诗三百篇，大抵圣贤发愤之所为作也。此人皆意有所郁结，不得通其道，故述往事，思来者……思垂空文以自见．”
38．Sigmund Freud，Creative Authors and Daydream，from张中载(Zhang Zhongzai)等编，二十世纪西方文论选，北京：外语教学与研究社，213．
39. ibid. 213-214.
40. ibid. 218.
41. William R. Parker, Milton: A Biography (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), 1: 586.
42. ibid. 17:2
43. Helen Darbishire ed., The Early Lives of Milton, 74
Citations, parenthetically by book and line number, of Paradise Lost are from M. H. Adams ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature (6th edition), Vol. 1, (London: Norton, 1993) without special notes
Abrams, M. H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature [C]. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Norton, 1993.
Achinstein, Sharon. Milton and the Revolutionary Reader [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Cassirer, Ernst, et. al. ed. The Renaissance Philosophy of Man [M]. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1984.
Danielson, Dennis. The Cambridge Companion to Milton[C]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000.
Darbishire, Helen, ed. The Early Lives of Milton. London: Constable, 1932.
Elevton, E. O. ed. The Phenomenology of Husserl: Selected Critical Reading [C] 2nd ed. Seattle: Noesis Press. 2000.
Empson, William. Milton's God [M]. Norfolk, Connecticut: New Directions, 1961.
Evans, Martin ed. John Milton: 20th Century Perspective [C]. Routledge & New York: Standford University Press. 2002.
Fish, Stanley. How Milton Works [M]. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 2001.
Frankland, Graham. Freud's Literary Culture [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000.
Freud, Sigmund. A General Introduction to Psyshoanalysis[C]. 海口：海南出版社．2001.
Frye, Northrop. The Great Code: The Bible and Literature [M]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1982.
Gardner, Helen. Religion and Literature [M]. London: Oxford. 1983.
Gillie, Christopher. Longman Companion to English Literature [M]. London: Longman. 1978.
Griffen, Dustin. Milton's Hell: Perspectives on the Fallen [J]. Milton Studies (13), 1979.
Hughes, Merritt ed. John Milton: Complete Pomes and Major Prose [C]. New York: Macmillan, 1957.
Kerrigam, William. The Sacred Complex: On the Psychogenesis of Paradise Lost [M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
Koelb, Clayton and Noakes, Susan ed. The Comparative Perspective on Literature, Ithaca and London: Comell University Press, 1988.
Le Comte, Edward. Milton Reviewed: Ten Essays [M]. New York: Garland, 1991.
Parker, William Riley. Milton: A Biography [M]. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
Parry, Graham. The Seventeenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1603—1700[M]. London: Longman. 1989.
Paskow, Alan. The Paradox of Art: a Phenomenological Investigation [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2003.
Rubinstein, Annette T. The Great Tradition in English Literature: From Shakespeare to Shaw [C]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1988.
Rumrich, John P. Milton: Unbound Controversy and Reinterpretation [M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 1996.
Schmitt & Skinner. The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy [M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 2000.
Waldock, A. J. A, Paradise Lost and its Critics [M]. Gloucester: Peter Smith. 1959.
布洛克．西方人文主义传统[M]．北京：三联出版社．1997．
冯川．文学与心理学[C]．成都：四川人民出版社．2003．
梯利．西方哲学史[C]北京：商务印书馆．2003．
胡景钟等．西方宗教哲学文选[C]．上海：上海人民出版社．2001．
梁工．基督教文学[C]．北京：宗教文化出版社．2001．
梁工．圣经与西方作家作品[M]北京：宗教文化出版社．2001．
徐克容．约翰·弥尔顿的失乐园及其他著作[C]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社．1997．
王佐良、何其莘．英国文艺复兴时期文学史[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社．1996．
张中载等．二十世纪西方文论选读[C]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社．2002．
周春生．文艺复兴时期人神对话[M]．上海：华东师范大学出版社．2002．