我国野生动物产品拍卖机制研究
摘要
本文在充分肯定近年来我国野生动物保护管理工作的瞩目成就的同时，为了进一步推动保护利用事业的可持续发展，解决有关矛盾，深入研究了野生动物经营利用领域及其管理中存在的几个关键问题：有限的野生动物资源与中医药业发展的突出矛盾；落后的裘皮交易方式对我国毛皮动物养殖业发展的严重阻碍；资金短缺对我国野生动物保护事业的制约等。
从以科学发展观引领野生动物保护利用事业发展出发，需要改变单纯保护观念，需要推动野生动物养殖业，需要科学合理地利用资源。提出建立拍卖这样的“公开、公平、公正”的资源配置机制，发挥其对合理配置资源的积极作用，保障重点领域、重点产业对资源的需求，充分挖掘商品的潜在价值，实现资源的有序流通，服务于社会和经济的可持续发展等。
鉴于拍卖作为国际上裘皮交易的主要方式以及目前国际上各个裘皮拍卖行的成功经验和关键作用，系统研究了我国建立裘皮拍卖行的机制、办法；鉴于国际上对保护濒危野生动物不再坚守死板的禁令方式，并已允许一些国家销售库存的野生动物产品的形势以及我国的具体情况，深入研究了通过拍卖处理我国罚没和库存等特殊野生动物产品的政策和办法。
根据WTO要求我国建立公平交易、优质优价的市场竞争体系，而我国落后的裘皮贸易方式很难适应形势发展的要求等状况，为推动引入裘皮拍卖机制，论述了我国建立国际裘皮拍卖行所具有的6个优势作用：形成公开、公平、公正的市场竞争环境；指导养殖场及时调整品种结构；降低交易成本和交易风险；实现专业化、规模化、标准化饲养；及时掌握市场的供求信息；提高国产皮张竞争力。同时，基于我国的毛皮动物养殖业规模大、裘皮市场大和成为世界裘皮加工业中心等条件，论述了在我国建立国际裘皮拍卖行的可行性。
对罚没和库存的野生动物产品，提出了销毁只能表示政府打击犯罪的决心、会使产品更加稀少、会刺激黑市价格上涨、会事与愿违地导致恶性循环、会不利于濒危物种保护等一系列不主张销毁的理由；同时，在提出禁贸并不能从根本上解决濒危物种保护，和在有效监管的前提下，对罚没和库存野生
动物产品加以利用等建议的基础_匕通过对有关lyI际公约的规避，通过对野
生动物及其产品标记，通过建立野生动物及其产品有效的市场准入机制，通
过制定相关的管理措施和采取先进的管理方式等，论述了拍卖罚没和库存野
生动物产品能够充分挖掘其潜在价值，有利于促进中医药业和传统工艺品业
的可持续发展，有助于解决保护资金短缺等问题。
在对野生动物产品拍卖准备、实施、佣金的交付、拍卖标的风险转移、
拍卖标的瑕疵、担保请求等相关问题进行讨论的基础上，提出了我国野生动
物产品拍卖管理实施条例的建议稿。
In order to push the lasting development of protection enterprise to go step further and solve the related contradictories, this article not only affirmed the projecting achievements of protection enterprise, but also researched some key problems that exist in the areas of wild animals utilization: the contradictories between limited resources of wild animals and high developing of Chinese traditional medicine causes; the backward trading method of fur which restrict the aquaculture of fur animals in China; the shortage of fund in our protection enterprise of wild animals.
We should change the sense of simply protection, to push the developing of aquaculture of wildlife and use the sources scientifically base on guiding the protection enterprise of wildlife from scientifically developing senses. Posing to establish the "Open, Fair, Just" mechanism, Bringing its positive function in disposing the sources rational, protecting the demand for sources from key industries and areas, exploiting the potential value of commodities fully, realizing the sources running orderly and servicing the lasting development of society and economy.
We research the mechanism and method of establishing fur auction house in our country because of the successful experiences and key function of auction around the world and auction as the main trading method of fur. We also research the policies and methods of dealing with the special forfeiture and stock of wildlife products because people won't insist the rigid prohibitions of endangered wild animals and allow some countries to sale the stock of wildlife products.
According to the requirements of establishing the fair trading, high quality and top price market competitive system from WTO, but it is hard for our backward trading mode of Fur to suit the developing of topographical, in order to bring in the auction mechanism of Fur, discussing six superiorities of establishing Fur auction house in China: forming the "Open, Fair, Just" market environment; Guiding the aquaculture to adjust the variety structure in time; lowing the trading cost and trading risk; realizing the specialization dimension and standard feeding; controling the supply and demand of market in time; rising the competition of Fur made in domestic. Meanwhile, revealing the possibility of establishing the international Fur auction house in our country due to our large scale of aquaculture and the large potential market of fur.
Posing to destroy the forfeiture and stock of wildlife products only showing the determination to strike the commit offense of government, but will decease the product and stimulate the price in black market to rise astonishing, lead to the vicious circle and against the sense of protect the endangered wild animals, all of above are violated your original intention. At the same time, posing to ban trading endangered
wildlife can't solve the problems of protecting them essence. At the premise of efficient management and utilization of the forfeiture and stock of wildlife products, expounding to auction the products can exploit their potential value thorough, it is also helpful to promote the lasting development of Chinese traditional medicine and handicraft industry and solve the problem of fund shortage, through avoiding the related international convention, through marking the wildlife and their related products, through establishing the efficient mechanism of market-enter grant for wild -life and their related products, through formulating the related manage measures and adopting the advance manage method.
The suggesting manuscript about supervise implement regulations of wild animals and related products was put forward on the bases of discussing the auction preparation, realization, the defray of commission, the risk transfer of the auction sign, the flaw of the auction sign and the request of guarantee.
从以科学发展观引领野生动物保护利用事业发展出发，需要改变单纯保护观念，需要推动野生动物养殖业，需要科学合理地利用资源。提出建立拍卖这样的“公开、公平、公正”的资源配置机制，发挥其对合理配置资源的积极作用，保障重点领域、重点产业对资源的需求，充分挖掘商品的潜在价值，实现资源的有序流通，服务于社会和经济的可持续发展等。
鉴于拍卖作为国际上裘皮交易的主要方式以及目前国际上各个裘皮拍卖行的成功经验和关键作用，系统研究了我国建立裘皮拍卖行的机制、办法；鉴于国际上对保护濒危野生动物不再坚守死板的禁令方式，并已允许一些国家销售库存的野生动物产品的形势以及我国的具体情况，深入研究了通过拍卖处理我国罚没和库存等特殊野生动物产品的政策和办法。
根据WTO要求我国建立公平交易、优质优价的市场竞争体系，而我国落后的裘皮贸易方式很难适应形势发展的要求等状况，为推动引入裘皮拍卖机制，论述了我国建立国际裘皮拍卖行所具有的6个优势作用：形成公开、公平、公正的市场竞争环境；指导养殖场及时调整品种结构；降低交易成本和交易风险；实现专业化、规模化、标准化饲养；及时掌握市场的供求信息；提高国产皮张竞争力。同时，基于我国的毛皮动物养殖业规模大、裘皮市场大和成为世界裘皮加工业中心等条件，论述了在我国建立国际裘皮拍卖行的可行性。
对罚没和库存的野生动物产品，提出了销毁只能表示政府打击犯罪的决心、会使产品更加稀少、会刺激黑市价格上涨、会事与愿违地导致恶性循环、会不利于濒危物种保护等一系列不主张销毁的理由；同时，在提出禁贸并不能从根本上解决濒危物种保护，和在有效监管的前提下，对罚没和库存野生
动物产品加以利用等建议的基础_匕通过对有关lyI际公约的规避，通过对野
生动物及其产品标记，通过建立野生动物及其产品有效的市场准入机制，通
过制定相关的管理措施和采取先进的管理方式等，论述了拍卖罚没和库存野
生动物产品能够充分挖掘其潜在价值，有利于促进中医药业和传统工艺品业
的可持续发展，有助于解决保护资金短缺等问题。
在对野生动物产品拍卖准备、实施、佣金的交付、拍卖标的风险转移、
拍卖标的瑕疵、担保请求等相关问题进行讨论的基础上，提出了我国野生动
物产品拍卖管理实施条例的建议稿。
In order to push the lasting development of protection enterprise to go step further and solve the related contradictories, this article not only affirmed the projecting achievements of protection enterprise, but also researched some key problems that exist in the areas of wild animals utilization: the contradictories between limited resources of wild animals and high developing of Chinese traditional medicine causes; the backward trading method of fur which restrict the aquaculture of fur animals in China; the shortage of fund in our protection enterprise of wild animals.
We should change the sense of simply protection, to push the developing of aquaculture of wildlife and use the sources scientifically base on guiding the protection enterprise of wildlife from scientifically developing senses. Posing to establish the "Open, Fair, Just" mechanism, Bringing its positive function in disposing the sources rational, protecting the demand for sources from key industries and areas, exploiting the potential value of commodities fully, realizing the sources running orderly and servicing the lasting development of society and economy.
We research the mechanism and method of establishing fur auction house in our country because of the successful experiences and key function of auction around the world and auction as the main trading method of fur. We also research the policies and methods of dealing with the special forfeiture and stock of wildlife products because people won't insist the rigid prohibitions of endangered wild animals and allow some countries to sale the stock of wildlife products.
According to the requirements of establishing the fair trading, high quality and top price market competitive system from WTO, but it is hard for our backward trading mode of Fur to suit the developing of topographical, in order to bring in the auction mechanism of Fur, discussing six superiorities of establishing Fur auction house in China: forming the "Open, Fair, Just" market environment; Guiding the aquaculture to adjust the variety structure in time; lowing the trading cost and trading risk; realizing the specialization dimension and standard feeding; controling the supply and demand of market in time; rising the competition of Fur made in domestic. Meanwhile, revealing the possibility of establishing the international Fur auction house in our country due to our large scale of aquaculture and the large potential market of fur.
Posing to destroy the forfeiture and stock of wildlife products only showing the determination to strike the commit offense of government, but will decease the product and stimulate the price in black market to rise astonishing, lead to the vicious circle and against the sense of protect the endangered wild animals, all of above are violated your original intention. At the same time, posing to ban trading endangered
wildlife can't solve the problems of protecting them essence. At the premise of efficient management and utilization of the forfeiture and stock of wildlife products, expounding to auction the products can exploit their potential value thorough, it is also helpful to promote the lasting development of Chinese traditional medicine and handicraft industry and solve the problem of fund shortage, through avoiding the related international convention, through marking the wildlife and their related products, through establishing the efficient mechanism of market-enter grant for wild -life and their related products, through formulating the related manage measures and adopting the advance manage method.
The suggesting manuscript about supervise implement regulations of wild animals and related products was put forward on the bases of discussing the auction preparation, realization, the defray of commission, the risk transfer of the auction sign, the flaw of the auction sign and the request of guarantee.
引文
[1] 万自明．中国野生动植物进出口管理实用手册．北京．中国林业出版社，2001
[2] 马建章．贾竞波．野生动物管理学．哈尔滨．东北林业大学出版社，1990
[3] 濒危物种通讯，2003(1)：5，中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会
[4] 王远昌．八十只死老虎怎么办．大地，2002(10)
[5] 郭寅峰，邹学英．陈焰等．保护中国的生物多样性．北京．中国环境科学出版社，1996
[6] 孙丹平．中药你能否“可持续”．北京青年报，2003—6—5
[7] 程振源，高鸿桢．拍卖在农产品中的应用研究．统计与决策 2003 (5)：8
[8] 刘杰，李国花．发挥拍卖市场作用初探．现代财经1999(5)：28
[9] 马越，姚伟彪．适应市场经济体制要求搞好海关罚没物资的拍卖工作．中国海关，1996(1)：12—13
[10] 景松岩，张伟等．毛皮学．哈尔滨．东北林业大学出版社，1993
[11] 张伟等．论我国建立国际裘皮拍卖行的必要性．东北林业大学学报 2003(6)，56
[12] 王晓东．最大动物制品走私案震惊全国．北京青年报，2004—3—15
[13] 任宝平译．大象、犀牛角非法贸易经济学．世界自然保护联盟通讯 2001(1)：5
[14] WilliamH. Kaempfer, AntonD. Lowenberg. TheIvoryBandwagon. Independent Review. 1999 2(Fa11):217—239
[15] 沈燕清．中医药业在美国的发展与传播南洋问题研究．中医药杂志1999(2)：61
[16] 侨报，1998—6—13
[17] 林泽许．加入WTO我国医疗卫生机构将何为．中国卫生政策，2002，145(4)：27—29
[18] 汪少颖．中药知识产权该如何保护．中国中医药报，2002(4)：25
[19] 万自明．中医药与野生动植物的保护．大自然，2001(1)：32—36
[20] Barbier, E. Burgess, J. Swanson. Elephants, Economics and Ivory, Policies for the Regulation of the Ivory Trade, 1999
[21] Simmons, Kreuter. Banning Ivory Sales is No Way to Save the Elephant. Ecology, Liberty and Property, a Free Market Enviornmental Reader. CEI Institute. 2000. Pg. 118
[22] Vorhies, Frank and Deborah Nolte Vorhies. Managing the African Elephant as a Resource. Working paper. Ecoplus, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1993
[23] Ivory Trade Reserch Group findings, wildnelafrica. co. za
[24] Bonnet, Raymond. At the Hand of Man: Peril and Hope for Africa' s Wildlife. New York, 1993
[25] Kreuter, Urs p., and Randy T. Simmons. Who Owns the Elephant? The Political Economy of Saving the Africa Elephant. In Wildlife in the Marketplace, 1995, 65—147.
[26] Simmons, Randy T., and Urs P. Kreuter. 1989. Herd Mentality: Banning Ivory Sales is No Way to Save the Elephant. Policy Review 50:46—49
[27] Mcpherson, MichaelA., and MichaelL. Nieswiadony. 1998. African Elephant: the Effect of Property Rights and Political Stability. Working Paper. Department of Economics, University of North Texas, July.
[28] 籍玉林．我国毛皮动物养殖业的现状及发展趋势．农牧产品开发，2000(8)：5；9—10
[29] 徐丛．发展毛皮动物养殖业的主要对策．经济动物学报，2001(1)：3；19—20
[30] 我国裘皮进出口概况，国际经贸消息，2002—07—19
[31] 李如雪．裘皮强国之路还有多远，国际商报，2004—01—29
[32] 潘紫辰，张伟等．发展野生动物产业的必要性．东北林业大学学报，2001，31(6)，59
[33] 王利明，崔建远．1996，合同法新论，北京，中国政法大学出版社
[34] 德国民事诉讼法第806条；强制拍卖和强制管理法第56条：瑞士债务法第234条：日本民法典第570条；我国台湾地区“强制执行法”第69、113条
[2] 马建章．贾竞波．野生动物管理学．哈尔滨．东北林业大学出版社，1990
[3] 濒危物种通讯，2003(1)：5，中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会
[4] 王远昌．八十只死老虎怎么办．大地，2002(10)
[5] 郭寅峰，邹学英．陈焰等．保护中国的生物多样性．北京．中国环境科学出版社，1996
[6] 孙丹平．中药你能否“可持续”．北京青年报，2003—6—5
[7] 程振源，高鸿桢．拍卖在农产品中的应用研究．统计与决策 2003 (5)：8
[8] 刘杰，李国花．发挥拍卖市场作用初探．现代财经1999(5)：28
[9] 马越，姚伟彪．适应市场经济体制要求搞好海关罚没物资的拍卖工作．中国海关，1996(1)：12—13
[10] 景松岩，张伟等．毛皮学．哈尔滨．东北林业大学出版社，1993
[11] 张伟等．论我国建立国际裘皮拍卖行的必要性．东北林业大学学报 2003(6)，56
[12] 王晓东．最大动物制品走私案震惊全国．北京青年报，2004—3—15
[13] 任宝平译．大象、犀牛角非法贸易经济学．世界自然保护联盟通讯 2001(1)：5
[14] WilliamH. Kaempfer, AntonD. Lowenberg. TheIvoryBandwagon. Independent Review. 1999 2(Fa11):217—239
[15] 沈燕清．中医药业在美国的发展与传播南洋问题研究．中医药杂志1999(2)：61
[16] 侨报，1998—6—13
[17] 林泽许．加入WTO我国医疗卫生机构将何为．中国卫生政策，2002，145(4)：27—29
[18] 汪少颖．中药知识产权该如何保护．中国中医药报，2002(4)：25
[19] 万自明．中医药与野生动植物的保护．大自然，2001(1)：32—36
[20] Barbier, E. Burgess, J. Swanson. Elephants, Economics and Ivory, Policies for the Regulation of the Ivory Trade, 1999
[21] Simmons, Kreuter. Banning Ivory Sales is No Way to Save the Elephant. Ecology, Liberty and Property, a Free Market Enviornmental Reader. CEI Institute. 2000. Pg. 118
[22] Vorhies, Frank and Deborah Nolte Vorhies. Managing the African Elephant as a Resource. Working paper. Ecoplus, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1993
[23] Ivory Trade Reserch Group findings, wildnelafrica. co. za
[24] Bonnet, Raymond. At the Hand of Man: Peril and Hope for Africa' s Wildlife. New York, 1993
[25] Kreuter, Urs p., and Randy T. Simmons. Who Owns the Elephant? The Political Economy of Saving the Africa Elephant. In Wildlife in the Marketplace, 1995, 65—147.
[26] Simmons, Randy T., and Urs P. Kreuter. 1989. Herd Mentality: Banning Ivory Sales is No Way to Save the Elephant. Policy Review 50:46—49
[27] Mcpherson, MichaelA., and MichaelL. Nieswiadony. 1998. African Elephant: the Effect of Property Rights and Political Stability. Working Paper. Department of Economics, University of North Texas, July.
[28] 籍玉林．我国毛皮动物养殖业的现状及发展趋势．农牧产品开发，2000(8)：5；9—10
[29] 徐丛．发展毛皮动物养殖业的主要对策．经济动物学报，2001(1)：3；19—20
[30] 我国裘皮进出口概况，国际经贸消息，2002—07—19
[31] 李如雪．裘皮强国之路还有多远，国际商报，2004—01—29
[32] 潘紫辰，张伟等．发展野生动物产业的必要性．东北林业大学学报，2001，31(6)，59
[33] 王利明，崔建远．1996，合同法新论，北京，中国政法大学出版社
[34] 德国民事诉讼法第806条；强制拍卖和强制管理法第56条：瑞士债务法第234条：日本民法典第570条；我国台湾地区“强制执行法”第69、113条