摘要
天然免疫力相关巨噬细胞蛋白1(Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1,Nramp1),是一种在有吞噬功能细胞(如巨噬细胞、噬中性粒细胞)中特异性表达的蛋白,具有二价金属离子转运功能。Nramp1定位于晚期胞内体上,主要通过将满足病原微生物自身营养代谢或合成防御体系所必须的金属离子(如Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+))从吞噬体内转运到胞液中而实现对病原微生物的抑制,从而增强机体抵御胞内病原微生物的能力。为了检测Nramp1的转基因细胞、胚胎,培育抗胞内病原微生物(如结核杆菌、布鲁氏杆菌等)的转基因牛及后续对转基因牛的检测鉴定。我们制备了牛Nramp1-N单克隆抗体(McAb)。
本试验结果如下:
1筛选了诱导表达Nramp1-N蛋白的最佳培养条件,结果证明:在35℃摇床培养条件下,IPTG的终浓度为0.1 mmol/L,诱导时间为10 h时,Nramp1-N蛋白的表达量相对最大。使用AKTA蛋白纯化系统得到纯度较高的目的蛋白。
2用纯化的Nramp1-N蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠和家兔,采用间接ELISA方法来检测免疫后小鼠和家兔的血清抗体效价,小鼠的血清抗体效价超过1∶1×10~5,而兔的血清抗体效价达到1∶1×10~6。
3融合骨髓瘤细胞和免疫脾细胞后,采用间接ELISA法检测阳性克隆孔,检测结果:细胞克隆率达到29.2 %,阳性细胞克隆率达到46.4 %。使用有限稀释法克隆筛选后得到了两株阳性杂交瘤细胞,并分别命名为D3和F6。采用ELISA和Western Blot方法对McAb进行特异性鉴定,结果证明所获得的两株细胞株所分泌的抗体均是针对Nramp1-N蛋白的单克隆抗体。使用秋水仙素对杂交瘤细胞进行核型分析,通过观察100个中期杂交瘤细胞,统计后每个杂交瘤细胞染色体平均数目53±2对。
4应用间接ELISA方法检测所获得的细胞株培养上清和腹水的效价,D3和F6细胞培养上清效价分别为1:500和1:200;小鼠腹水效价分别为1:1×10~5和1:1×10~4。经反复冻存和传代培养后,证明其均具有稳定分泌抗体的能力。D3和F6所分泌的McAb的亲和常数分别为2×10~8,2×10~7。D3和F6细胞株分泌的抗体分别属于IgG1/κ、IgM/κ类型。
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1(Nramp1),is an iron transporter expressed exclusively within phagocytosis cells (such as macrophages and neutrophils). Nramp1 was found to localize to late endosomes, where it mediates the export of iron and manganese into the cytosol. It has been proposed that Nramp1 promotes host resistance by depleting the phagolysosome of divalent metals(such as Fe~(2+)and Mn~(2+)), which are essential for pathogen growth. It enhances the organism resists ability of intracellular pathogenic microorganisms. In order to detect transgenic cells, embryos and transgenic cloned cattle of carrying Nramp1 and breed transgenic cattle that resist intracellular pathogens (such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucellosis, etc). We prepared bovine Nramp1-N monoclonal antibody (McAb).
The experimental results are as follows:
1 We have sieved the best way of expressing Nramp1-N Fusion Protein by induction of IPTG, Shaked cultivation at 35℃, Final concentration of IPTG: 0.1 mmol/L, the time: 10 h. We obtain Nramp1-N Fusion Protein that was higher purity by AKTA protein purified systerm.
2 Using indirect ELISA to detect the titer of antibody in serum. The titer of antibody in mouse and rabbit immunized by Nramp1-N Fusion Protein reach up to 1:1×10~5 and 1:1×10~6.
3 After fusion myeloma cells and immune spleen cells, using indirect ELISA to detect masc-clone, Cloning efficiency: 29.2 %, Masc-Cloning efficiency: 46.4 %. Subclone the positive cells by limiting dilution for several times to get identical cells, we got two positive hybridoma cells named D3 and F6. Using ELISA and Western Blot to detect specificity of two McAbs. The results showed two McAbs is aim at Nramp1-N. Using Colchcine to karyotype analysis of the two hybridoma cells, The average number of chromosome of the hybridoma cell lines was 53±2.
4 The ELISA titer for bovine Nramp1-N antibodies in culture supernant was 1:500 and 1:200; The ELISA titer in ascites was 1:1×10~5 and 1:1×10~4. The antibody-serecting ability of the two hybridoma cells keep stable after serial subcultivation and resuscitation several times. The antibody-serecting ability of them keep stable after frozening and subcloning several times. Affinity constant of monoclonal Antibodys from D3 and F6 are 2×10~8 and 2×10~7. The Ig subtypes of D3 and F6 antibodies were IgG1/κand IgM/κ.
引文
林长水,张海峰,左咏梅,崔力勋. 2009.单克隆抗体研究进展.畜牧兽医科技信息, 4: 10~11
王永城,常文保. 2002.雌三醇单克隆抗体的制备与表征.北京大学学报(自然科学版), 38(4): 459~465
肖国平,陈飞,等. 2003.盐酸克伦特罗单克隆抗体的研制.动物医学与动物科学, 7: 41~42
薛庆善. 2001.体外培养的原理与技术.北京:科学出版社, 944~945
张利博,王洪梅,王长法,李秋玲,黄金明,仲跻峰,刘松财. 2009.牛Nramp1基因5’调控区序列的克隆及序列分析.中国兽医学报, 29(9): 1174~1178
张鸯. 2008.抗Zhangfei蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定. [硕士学位论文].杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
周先碗,胡晓倩. 2003.生物化学仪器分析与试验技术.北京:化学工业出版社
Alter-Koltunoff M, Goren S, Nousbeck J, Feng C G, Sher A, Ozato K, Azriel A, Levi B Z. 2008. Innate immunity to intraphagosomal pathogens is mediated by interferon regulatory factor 8.IRF-8. that stimulates the antagonizing repression by c-Myc. The journal of biological chemistry, 284(5): 2724~2733
Arias M, Rojas M, Zabaleta J, Rodriguez JI, Paris SC, Barrera LF, Garcia LF. 1997. Inhibition of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Bcg.r. and Bcg.s. M? correlates with nitric oxide production. J Infect Dis, 176(6): 1552~1558
Ascione A, Capecchi B, Campitelli L, Imperiale V, Michela F, Zamboni S. 2009. Human monoclonal antibodies in single chain fragment variable format with potent neutralization activity against influenza virus H5N1. Antiviral Res, 83 (3):238~244
Awomoyi AA, Nejentsev S, Richardson A, Hull J, Koch O. 2004. No association between interferon-gamma receptor-1 gene polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis in a Gambian population sample. Thorax, 59: 291~294
Bakker AB, Python C, Kissling CJ, Pandya P, Marissen WE, Brink MF. 2008. First administration to humans of a monoclonal antibody cocktail against rabies virus: safety, tolerability, and neutralizing activity. Vaccine, 26(47): 5922~5927
Barbara Peracino, Alessandra Balest, and Salvatore Bozzaro. 2010. Phosphoinositides differentially regulate bacterial uptake and Nramp1-induced resistance to Legionella infection in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Sci, 123: 4039 ~4051
Barreiro LB, Neyrolles O, Babb CL, Tailleux L, Quach H. 2006. Promoter variation in the DC-SIGN encoding gene CD209 is associated with tuberculosis. PLoS Med, 3:20~28
Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Whittle HC. 1998. Assessment of the interleukin 1 gene cluster and other candidate gene polymorphisms in host susceptibility to tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis, 79: 83~89
Bergholdt R, Taxvig C, Eising S, Nerup J, Pociot F. 2005. CBLB variants in type 1 diabetes and their genetic interaction with CTLA4. J Leukoc Biol, 77: 579~585
Bitzan M, Poole R, Mehran M, Sicard E, Brockus C, Thuning-Roberson C. 2009. Safety and pharmacokinetics of chimeric anti-shiga toxin 1 and antishiga toxin 2monoclonal antibodies in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents ChemotherV, 53 (7): 3081~3087
Bitzan M. 2009. Treatment options for HUS secondary to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Kidney Int Suppl, 2(112): 62~66
Blackwell JM, Searle S, Mohamed H, White JK. 2003. Divalent cation transport and susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune disease: continuation of the Ity/Lsh/Bcg/Nramp1/Slc11a1 gene story. Immunol Lett, 85(2): 197~20
Bleackley MR, Wong AY, Hudson DM, Wu CH, Macgillivray RT. 2009. Blood iron homeostasis: newly discovered proteins and iron imbalance. Transfus Med Rev, 23: 103~123
Blish CA, Jalalian-Lechak Z, Rainwater S, Nguyen MA, Dogan OC, Overbaugh J. 2009. Cross-subtype neutralization sensitivity despite monoclonal antibody resistance among early subtype A, C, and D HIV-1 envelope variants. J Virol, 83(15): 7783~7788
Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, Cook JD, Finch CA. 1979. Iron Metabolism in Man. New York: Oxford University Press
Bulat-Kardum L, Etokebe GE, Knezevic J, Balen S, Matakovic-Mileusnic N. 2006. Interferon-gamma receptor-1 genepromoter polymorphisms .G-611A; T-56C. and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol, 63: 142~150
Cainelli F, Vent S. 2002. Infections and solid organ transplant rejection: a cause-andeffect relationship? Lancet Infect Dis, 2 (9): 539~549
Cancer models in a cell-surface-antigen-density-dependent manner. BrJCancer, 89(8): 1545~1555
Canonne-Hergaux F, Gruenheid S, Ponka P, Gros P. 1999. Cellular and subcellular localization of the Nramp2 iron transporter in the intestinal brush border and regulation by dietary iron. Blood, 93: 4406~4417
Canonne-Hergaux F, Zhang AS, Ponka P, Gros P. 2001. Characterization of the iron transporter DMT1, NRAMP2/DCT1 in red blood cells of normal and anemic mk/mk mice. Blood, 98: 3823~3830
Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. 2006. A reappraisal of humoral immunity based on mechanisms of antibody-mediated protection against intracellular pathogens. Adv Immunol, 91: 1~44
Casadevall A. 2002. Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(8): 833~!841
Chen J, Deng YM. 2009. Influenza virus antigenic variation, host antibody production and new approach to control epidemics. Virol J, 6: 30
Chen X J, Chen M, Zhao H J. 1998. Immunoassay Application in Plant Science. Bejjing: China Agriculture University Press, 125~160
Chu SF, Tam CM, Wong HS, Kam KM, Lau YL. 2007. Association between RANTES functional polymorphisms and tuberculosis in Hong Kong Chinese. Genes Immun, 8: 475~479
Clarke CJ, Little D. 1996. The pathology of ovine paratuberculosis: gross and histological changes in the intestine and other tissues. J Comp Pathol, 114(4): 419~437
Collins DM, Hilbink F, West DM, Hosie BD, Cooke MM, De Lisle GW. 1993. Investigation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in sheep by faecal culture. DNA characterisation and the polymerase chain reaction. Vet Rec, 133(24): 599~600
Colomer. 2001. Herceptin: from the bench to the clinical. Cancer Inverest, 19(1): 49~55
Comstock GW. 1978. Tuberculosis in twins, a re-analysis of the Prophit survey. Am Rev Respir Dis, 117: 621~624
Cooke GS, Campbell SJ, Sillah J, Gustafson P, Bah B. 2006. Polymorphism within the interferon-gamma/receptor complex is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 174: 339~343
Corpa JM, Garrido J, García Marín J, Pérez V. 2000. Classification of lesions observed in natural cases of paratuberculosis in goats. J Comp Path, 122(4): 255~265
Coussens P. 2004. Model for immune responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle. Infect Immun, 72(6): 3089~3096
Daniel TM. 1997. Captain of death, the story of tuberculosis. University of Rochester Press.
De Lisle GW, Yates GF, Collins DM. 1993. Paratuberculosis in farmed deer: case reports and DNA characterization of isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Vet Diagn Invest, 5(4): 567~571
Delgado JC, Baena A, Thim S, Goldfeld AE. 2002. Ethnic-specific genetic associations with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis, 186:1463~1468
Deng Y, Newman B, Dunne MP, Silburn PA, Mellick GD. 2004. Case-only study of interactions between genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, P1, T1 and Z1 and smoking in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett, 366:326~331
Discman s. 1998. Antibodies stage- a comeback in cancer treatment. Science, 280: 1196~1211
Ducati RG, Ruffino-Netto A, Basso LA, Santos DS. 2006. The resumption of consumption—a review on tuberculosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 101: 697~714
Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Elsliger MA, Friesen RH, Jongeneelen M, Throsby M. 2009. Antibody recognition of a highly conserved influenza virus epitope. Science, 324(5924): 246~251
Estrada-Chávez C, Pereira-Suarez AL, Meraz M, Arriaga C, Garcia-Carranca A, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Mancilla R. 2001. High-level expression of NRAMP1 in peripheral blood cells and tuberculous granulomas from Mycobacterium bovis-infected bovines. Infect Immun, 69(11): 7165~7168
Feng J W, Li Y J, Mahmoud H, Erwin S, Philippe G, Adams L G, Joe W T. 1996. Bovine natural resistance associated macrophage protein Nramp1 gene. Genome Research, 6: 956~964
Fleming MD, Trenor CC 3rd, Su MA. 1997. Microcytic anaemia mice have a mutation in Nramp2, a candidate iron transporter gene. Nat Genet, 16: 383~386
Fleming MD, Romano MA, Su MA, Garrick LM, Garrick MD, Andrews NC. 1998. Nramp2 is mutated in the anemic Belgrade .b. rat: evidence of a role for Nramp2 in endosomal iron transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95: 1148~1153
Floros J, Lin HM, Garcia A, Salazar MA, Guo X. 2000. Surfactant protein genetic marker alleles identify a subgroup of tuberculosis in a Mexican population. J Infect Dis, 182: 1473~1478
Forbes JR, Gros P. 2003. Iron, manganese, and cobalt transport by Nramp1 .Slc11a1. and Nramp2 .Slc11a2. expressed at the plasma membrane. Blood, 102: 1884~1892
Garcia-Laorden MI, Pena MJ, Caminero JA, Garcia-Saavedra A, Campos-Herrero MI. 2006. Influence of mannose-binding lectin on HIV infection and tuberculosis in a Western-European population. Mol Immunol, 43: 2143~2150
Gomez M A,Li S,Tremblay M L,Oliver M.2007.MRAMP-1 expression modulates protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity in macrophages.The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282(50): 46190~46198
Gonzalez J, Geijo M, Garcia Pariente C, Verna A, Reyes L, Ferreras M, Juste R, Garcia Marin J, Perez V. 2005. Histopathological classification of lesions associated with natural paratuberculosis infection incattle. J Comp Path, 133(2–3): 184~196
Gruenheid S, Canonne-Hergaux F, Gauthier S, Hackam DJ, Grinstein S, Gros P. 1999. The iron transport protein NRAMP2 is an integral membrane glycoprotein that colocalizes with transferrin in recycling endosomes. J Exp Med, 189: 831~841.
Gruenheid S, Gros P. 2000. Genetic susceptibility to intracellular infections: Nramp1, macrophage function and divalent cations transport. Curr Opin Microbiol, 3: 43~48
Gruenheid S, Pinner E, Desjardins M, Gros P. 1997. Natural resistance to infection with intracellular pathogens: the Nramp1 protein is recruited to the membrane of the phagosome. J Exp Med, 185: 717~730
Gunshin H, Allerson CR, Polycarpou-Schwarz M. 2001. Irondependent regulation of the divalent metal ion transporter. FEBS Lett, 509: 309~316
Hermon-Taylor J, Bull T, Sheridan J, Cheng J, Stellakis M, Sumar N. 2000. Causation of Crohn’s disease by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Can J Gastroent, 14(6): 521~539
Hernandez-Pando R, Schon T, Orozco EH, Serafin J, Estrada-Garcia I. 2000. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine during the evolution of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 53(4): 257~265
Hessell AJ, Rakasz EG, Poignard P, Hangartner L, Landucci G, Forthal DN. 2009. Broadly neutralizing human anti-HIV antibody 2G12 is effective in protection against mucosal SHIV challenge even at low serum neutralizing titers. PLoS Pathog, 5 (5): 422~433
Hoal EG, Lewis LA, Jamieson SE, Tanzer F, Rossouw M. 2004. SLC11A1 .NRAMP1. but not SLC11A2 .NRAMP2. polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in a high-incidence community in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 8: 1464~1471
Hoal-van Helden EG, Epstein J, Victor TC, Hon D, Lewis LA. 1999. Mannose-binding protein B allele confers protection against tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Res, 45: 459~464
Hostetter J, Huffman E, Byl K, Steadham E. 2005. Inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the granulomatous intestinal lesions of naturally occurring bovine Johne’s disease. Vet Pathol, 42:241~249
Huda A, Jensen H. 2003. Comparison of histopathology, cultivation of tissues and rectal contents, and interferon gamma and serum antibody responses for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis. J Comp Path, 129(4): 259~267
John Jr JF. 2006. Drug evaluation: tefibazumab-a monoclonal antibody against staphylococcal infection. Curr Opin Mol Ther, 8 (5): 455~460
Jungi TW, Brcic M, Sager H, Dobbelaere DA, Furger A, Roditi I. 1997. Antagonistic effects of IL-4 and interferongamma .IFN-gamma. on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in bovine macrophages exposed to grampositive bacteria. Clin Exp Immunol, 109(3): 431~438
Kim HB, Lee YC, Lee SY, Jung J, Jin HS. 2006. Gene-gene interaction between IL-13 and IL-13Ralpha1 is associated with total IgE in Korean children with atopic asthma. J Hum Genet, 51: 1055~1062
Knutson MD, Vafa MR, Haile DJ, Wessling-Resnick M. 2003. Iron loading and erythrophagocytosis increase ferroportin 1 FPN1 expression in J774 macrophages. Blood, 102: 4191~4197
Koeleman BP, Lie BA, Undlien DE, Dudbridge F, Thorsby E. 2004. Genotype effects and epistasis in type 1 diabetes and HLA-DQ trans dimer associations with disease. Genes Immun, 5: 381~388
Kulkeaw K, Sakolvaree Y, Srimanote P, Tongtawe P, Maneewatch S, Sookrung N. 2009. Humanmonoclonal ScFv neutralize lethal Thai cobra, Naja kaouthia, neurotoxin. J Proteom, 72 (2): 270~282
Larsen RA, Pappas PG, Perfect J, Aberg JA, Casadevall A, Cloud GA. 2005. Phase I evaluation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of murine-derived anticryptococcal antibody 18B7 in subjects with treated cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49 (3): 952~958
Lee SG, Kim BS, Kim JH, Lee SY, Choi SO. 2004. Gene-gene interaction between interleukin-4 and interleukin-4 receptor alpha in Korean children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy, 34: 1202~1208
Li HT, Zhang TT, Zhou YQ, Huang QH, Huang J. 2006. SLC11A1 .formerly NRAMP1. gene polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility, a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 10: 3~12
Liu W, Cao WC, Zhang CY, Tian L, Wu XM. 2004. VDR and NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to tuberculosis among the Chinese Han population, a case-control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.8: 428~434
Lopez-Maderuelo D, Arnalich F, Serantes R, Gonzalez A, Codoceo R. 2003. Interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167: 970~975
Ma X, Reich RA, Wright JA, Tooker HR, Teeter LD. 2003. Association between interleukin-8 gene alleles and human susceptibility to tuberculosis disease. J Infect Dis, 188: 349~355
Ma Y, Mao X, Li J, Li H, Feng Y, Chen H. 2008. Engineering an anti-Stx2 antibody to control severe infections of EHEC O157:H7. Immunol Let, 121(2): 110~115
Maartens G, Wilkinson RJ. 2007. Tuberculosis. Lancet, 370: 2030~2043
Magliani W, Conti S, Giovati L, Maffei DL, Polonelli L. 2008. Anti-beta-glucanlike immunoprotective candidacidal antiidiotypic antibodies. Front Biosci, 13: 6920~6937
Malik S, Abel L, Tooker H, Poon A, Simkin L. 2005. Alleles of the NRAMP1 gene are risk factors for pediatric tuberculosis disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102: 12183~12188
Marasco WA, Sui J. 2007. The growth and potential of human antiviral monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol, 25 (12): 1421–1434
Martinez A, Sanchez E, Valdivia A, Orozco G, Lopez-Nevot MA. 2006. Epistatic interaction between FCRL3 and NFkappaB1 genes in Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 65: 1188~1191
Martinez O, Tsibane T, Basler CF. 2009. Neutralizing anti-influenza virus monoclonal antibodies: therapeutics and tools for discovery. Int Rev Immunol, 28(1): 69~92
Mims MP, Prchal JT. 2005. Divalent metal transporter 1. Hematology, 10: 339~345
M?ller M, Hoal EG. 2010. Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 90: 71~83
Momotani E, Whipple DL, Thiermann AB, Cheville NF. 1988. Role of M cells and M? in the entrance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis into domes of ileal Peyer’s patches in calves. Vet Path, 25(2): 131~137
Nagel RL .2005. Epistasis and the genetics of human diseases. C R Biol, 328: 606~615
Naser SA, Ghobrial G, Romero C, Valentine JF. 2004. Culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn’s disease. Lancet, 364(9439): 1039~1044
Olakanmi O,Schlesinger L S,Britigan B E. 2007. Hereditary hemochromatosis results in decreased iron acquisition and growth by Mycobacterium tuberculosis within human macrophages. Journal ofLeukocyte Biology, 81: 195~204
Olson WC, Jacobson JM. 2009. CCR5 monoclonal antibodies for HIV-1 therapy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 4 (2): 104~111
Pacheco AG, Cardoso CC, Moraes MO. 2008. IFNG ?874T/A, IL10-1082G/A and TNF -308G/A
polymorphisms in association with tuberculosis susceptibility, a meta-analysis study. Hum Genet, 123: 477~484
Pankratz N, Nichols WC, Uniacke SK, Halter C, Murrell J.2003. Genome-wide linkage analysis and evidence of geneby-gene interactions in a sample of 362 multiplex Parkinson disease families. Hum Mol Genet, 12: 2599~2608
Pantophlet R, Wrin T, Cavacini LA, Robinson JE, Burton DR. 2008. Neutralizing activity of antibodies to the V3 loop region of HIV-1 gp120 relative to their epitope fine specificity. Virology, 381 (2): 251~260
Paolicchi F, Zumarraga M, Gioffre A, Zamorano P, Morsella C, Verna A, Cataldi A, Romano M. 2003.
Different methods for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in a dairy cattle herd in Argentine. J Vet Med B, 50(1): 20~26
Pereira-Suarez AL, Estrada-Chavez C, Arriaga-Diaz C, Espinosa-Cueto P, Mancilla R. 2006. Coexpression of NRAMP1, iNOS and nitrotyrosine in bovine tuberculosis. Vet Pathol, 43(5): 709~717
Perez LG, Costa MR, Todd CA, Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. 2009. Utilization of IgG Fc receptors by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a specific role for antibodies against the membrane proximal external region of gp41. J Virol, 83(15): 7397~7410
Poss KD, Tonegawa S. 1997. Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94: 10919~10924
Prabakaran M, Prabhu N, He F, Hongliang Q, Ho HT, Qiang J. 2009. Combination therapy using chimeric monoclonal antibodies protects mice from lethal H5N1 infection and prevents formation of escape mutants. PLoS ONE, 4(5): 5663~5672
Rachini A, Pietrella D, Lupo P, Torosantucci A, Chiani P, Bromuro C. 2007. An anti-beta-glucan monoclonal antibody inhibits growth and capsule formation of Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and exerts therapeutic, anticryptococcal activity in vivo. Infect Immun, 75 (11): 5085~5094
Radziewicz H, Hanson HL, Ahmed R, Grakoui A. 2008. Unraveling the role of PD-1/PD-L interactions in persistent hepatotropic infections: potential for therapeutic application? Gastroenterology, 134(7): 2168~2171
Richter E, Wessling J, Lügering N, Domschke W, Rüsch-Gerdes S. 2002. Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis infection in a patient with HIV, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis, 8(7): 729~731
Ritchie MD, Hahn LW, Roodi N, Bailey LR, Dupont WD. 2001. Multifactor-dimensionality reduction reveals high-order interactions among estrogen-metabolism genes in sporadic breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet, 69: 138~147
Rossouw M, Nel HJ, Cooke GS, van Helden PD, Hoal EG. 2003. Association between tuberculosis and a polymorphic NFkappaB binding site in the interferon gamma gene. Lancet, 361: 1871~1872
Sato S, Johnson W. 2007. Antibody-mediated neutralization and simian immunodeficiency virus models of HIV/AIDS. Curr HIV Res, 5(6): 594~607
Schneemann A, Manchester M. 2009. Anti-toxin antibodies in prophylaxis and treatment of inhalationanthrax. Future Microbiol. 2 (4): 35~43.
Schneider P, Hammorck, B.D. 1992. Influence of the ELISA format and the hap ten-enzyme conjugate on the sensitivity of an immunoassay for strainer herbicides using monoclonal antibodies. Agric Food Chem, 40: 525-530
Serna At, Boedeker EC. 2008. Pathogenesis and treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 24 (1): 38~47
Sheftel AD, Kim SF, Ponka P. 2007. Non-heme induction of heme oxygenase-1 does not alter cellular iron metabolism. J Biol Chem, 282: 10480~10486
Sigureardóttir O, Valheimb M, McL Press C. 2004. Establishment of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis infection in the intestine of ruminants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 56(6): 819~834
Soborg C, Madsen HO, Andersen AB, Lillebaek T, Kok-Jensen A. 2003. Mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms in clinical tuberculosis. J Infect Dis, 188: 777~782
Soe-Lin S, Sheftel AD, Wasyluk B, Ponka P. 2008. Nramp1 equips macrophages for efficient iron recycling. Exp Hematol, 36: 929~937
Soe-Lin S, Apte S S, Andriopoulos B, Andrews M C, Schanzhofer M. 2009a. Nramp1 promotes efficient macrophage recycling of iron following rethrophagocytosis in vivo. PNAS, 106(14): 5960~5965
Soe-Lin S, Apte S S, Mikhael M R, Kayembe L, Nie G, Ponka P. 2009b. Both Nramp1 and Omt1 are necessary for efficient macrophage iron recycling.Blood. ASH annual meeting abstracts, 114: 1994
Song L, Sun ZY, Coleman KE, Zwick MB, Gach JS, Wang JH. 2009. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies disrupt a hinge-related function of gp41 at the membrane interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106 (22): 9057~9062
Sorensen TI, Nielsen GG, Andersen PK, Teasdale TW . 1988. Genetic and environmental influences on premature death in adult adoptees. New Engl J Med, 318: 727~732
Su MA, Trenor CC, Fleming JC, Fleming MD, Andrews NC. 1998. The G185R mutation disrupts function of the iron transporter Nramp2. Blood, 92: 2157~2163
Throsby M, van den Brink E, Jongeneelen M, Poon LL, Alard P, Cornelissen L. 2008. Heterosubtypic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies cross-protective against H5N1 and H1N1 recovered from human IgM+ memory B cells. PloS ONE, 3(12): 3935~3942
Torosantucci A, Bromuro C, Chiani P, De Bernardis F, Berti F, Galli C. 2005. A novel glyco-conjugate vaccine against fungal pathogens. J Exp Med, 202 (5): 597~606
Tsai CT, Fallin D, Chiang FT, Hwang JJ, Lai LP. 2003. Angiotensinogen gene haplotype and hypertension, interaction with ACE gene I allele. Hypertension, 41: 9–15
Tso HW, Ip WK, Chong WP, Tam CM, Chiang AK. 2005. Association of interferon gamma and interleukin 10 genes with tuberculosis in Hong Kong Chinese. Genes Immun, 6: 358~363
Velez DR, Hulme WF, Myers JL, Stryjewski ME, Abbate E. 2009a. Association of SLC11A1 with tuberculosis and interactions with NOS2A and TLR2 in African-Americans and Caucasians. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 13: 1068~1076
Velez DR, Hulme WF, Myers JL, Weinberg JB, Levesque MC. 2009b. NOS2A, TLR4, and IFNGR1 interactions influence pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility in African-Americans. Hum Genet, 126: 643~653
Vidal S, Tremblay ML, Govoni G. 1995. The Ity/Lsh/Bcg locus: natural resistance to infection withintracellular parasites is abrogated by disruption of the Nramp1 gene. J Exp Med, 182: 655~666
Vidal SM, Pinner E, Lepage P, Gauthier S, Gros P. 1996. Natural resistance to intracellular infections: Nramp1 encodes a membrane phosphoglycoprotein absent in macrophages from susceptible .Nramp1 D169. mouse strains. J Immunol, 157: 3559~3568
Wagner D, Maser J, Moric I, Boechat N,Vogt S,Gicquel B,Lai B,Reyrat J.M, Bermudez L. 2005. Changes of the phagosomal elemental concentrations by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mramp. Microbiology, 151: 323~332
Wetli HA, Buckett PD, Wessling-Resnick M. 2006. Small-molecule screening identifies the selanazal drug ebselen as a potent inhibitor of DMT1-mediated iron uptake. Chem Biol, 13: 965~972
White JK, Mastroeni P, Popoff JF, Evans CA, Blackwell JM. 2005. Slc11a1-mediated resistance to Salmonellaenterica serovar Typhimurium and Leishmania donovani infections does not require functional induciblenitric oxide synthase or phagocyte oxidase activity. J Leukoc Biol, 77(3): 311~320
Williams SM, Addy JH, Phillips JA, Dai M, Kpodonu J. 2000. Combinations of variations in multiple genes are associated with hypertension. Hypertension, 36: 2~6
Wu H, Pfarr DS, Losonsky GA, Kiener PA. 2008. Immunoprophylaxis of RSV infection: advancing from RSV-IGIV to palivizumab and motavizumab. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 317: 103~123
Yoshida R, Igarashi M, Ozaki H, Kishida N, Tomabechi D, Kida H. 2009. Cross-protective potential of a novel monoclonal antibody directed against antigenic site B of the hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog, 5 (3): 341~350
Zhang Q, Donohue-Rolfe A, Krautz-Peterson G, Sevo M, Parry N, Abeijon C. 2009. Gnotobiotic piglet infection model for evaluating the safe use of antibiotics against Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. J Infect Dis, 199(4): 486~493