大脑白质纤维磁共振弥散张量成像研究
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摘要
第一部分 大脑白质纤维磁共振弥散张量成像扫描参数研究
目的:探讨不同的磁共振弥散张量成像扫描参数对大脑白质纤维弥散张量图像的影响,以期获得最佳的扫描参数。材料和方法:选取21名正常志愿者,随机分为3组:b值组、弥散敏感梯度方向组和层厚/层间距组。分别应用不同的扫描参数进行弥散张量磁共振扫描。将所成FA图像和DEC图分为三个不同的等级,进行综合评价。结果:不同的扫描参数所成大脑白质纤维弥散张量图像的质量是不相同的。在b值组,以低b值所成图像较佳,其中以b值=1000s/mm2为最佳,而高b值所成图像噪声较大。施加的弥散敏感梯度方向数并非越多越好,13个方向与21个方向所成图像没有明显差别,6个方向所成图像质量较差。层厚/层间距对图像的影响最大,层厚越厚,图像的信躁比越大。结论:在临床工作中,比较实用的大脑白质纤维大弥散张量成像扫描参数为:b值=1000s/mm2,弥散敏感梯度方向数为13,层厚/层间距为5mm/0mm。
Part ⅠStudy of the scanning parameter for MR diffusion tensor
of cerebral white matter fiber
Purpose:To search for the best scanning parameter for MR diffusion tensor in the study of the cerebral white matter fiber.Material and methods:Diffusion tensor imaging of the cerebral white matter fiber was performed in 21 healthy adult volunteers,who are randomly divided into three groups.Different parameters including b value, the number of the diffusion sensitive gradient direction ,and slice thickness were applied and their impaction on the FA maps and DEC maps were evaluated.Results:Different parameters hnd different impaction on the quality of the FA and DEC map.The quality of the images was better when b value=1000 s/mm2 was used,and noise became greater b balue=3000 s/mm2 .The more the number of the direction ,the greater the signal noise ration was not.Slice thickness had the greatest impaction on the SNR of the images.Conclusion:Scanning with b value=1000 s/mm2 13 directions , and thickness of 5 mm is the practical protocol in the study of cerebral white matter fiber.
目的:探讨不同的磁共振弥散张量成像扫描参数对大脑白质纤维弥散张量图像的影响,以期获得最佳的扫描参数。材料和方法:选取21名正常志愿者,随机分为3组:b值组、弥散敏感梯度方向组和层厚/层间距组。分别应用不同的扫描参数进行弥散张量磁共振扫描。将所成FA图像和DEC图分为三个不同的等级,进行综合评价。结果:不同的扫描参数所成大脑白质纤维弥散张量图像的质量是不相同的。在b值组,以低b值所成图像较佳,其中以b值=1000s/mm2为最佳,而高b值所成图像噪声较大。施加的弥散敏感梯度方向数并非越多越好,13个方向与21个方向所成图像没有明显差别,6个方向所成图像质量较差。层厚/层间距对图像的影响最大,层厚越厚,图像的信躁比越大。结论:在临床工作中,比较实用的大脑白质纤维大弥散张量成像扫描参数为:b值=1000s/mm2,弥散敏感梯度方向数为13,层厚/层间距为5mm/0mm。
Part ⅠStudy of the scanning parameter for MR diffusion tensor
of cerebral white matter fiber
Purpose:To search for the best scanning parameter for MR diffusion tensor in the study of the cerebral white matter fiber.Material and methods:Diffusion tensor imaging of the cerebral white matter fiber was performed in 21 healthy adult volunteers,who are randomly divided into three groups.Different parameters including b value, the number of the diffusion sensitive gradient direction ,and slice thickness were applied and their impaction on the FA maps and DEC maps were evaluated.Results:Different parameters hnd different impaction on the quality of the FA and DEC map.The quality of the images was better when b value=1000 s/mm2 was used,and noise became greater b balue=3000 s/mm2 .The more the number of the direction ,the greater the signal noise ration was not.Slice thickness had the greatest impaction on the SNR of the images.Conclusion:Scanning with b value=1000 s/mm2 13 directions , and thickness of 5 mm is the practical protocol in the study of cerebral white matter fiber.
引文
1 Mamata H, Mamata Y,Westin CF,et al.High-resolution line scan diffusion tensor MR imaging of white matter fiber tract anatomy.AJNR 2002;23:67-75
2 Conturo TE,Lori NF,Cull TS,et al.Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1999;96:10422-10427
3 Iwasaki S,Nakagawa H,Fukusumi A,et al.Identification of pre-and postcentral gyri on CT and MRI images on the basis of the medullary pattern of cerebral white matter.Radiology 1991;179:207-213
4 Pierpaoli C,Jezzard P,Basser PJ,et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain.Radiology 1996;201:637-648
5 Holmes AA,Scollan DF,Winslow RL.Direct histological validation of diffusion tensor in formaldehyde-fixed myocardium.Magn Reson Med 2000;44:157-161
6 Fenyes DA,Narayana PA.In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of rat spinal cord with echo planar imaging. Magn Reson Med 1999;42:300-306
7 Lythgoe MF,Busza AL,Calamante F et al.Effects of diffusion anisotropy on lesion delineation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Magn Reson Med 1997;38:662-668
8 van Gelderen P,de Vleeschouwer MHW,DesPres D, et al.Water diffusion and acute atroke. Magn Reson Med 1994;31:154-163
9 Werring DJ,Clark CA Barker GJ, et al.Diffusion tensor imaging of lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis.Neurology 1999;52:1626-1632
10 初曙光,沈天真,陈星荣。联合MRI常规与弥散成像判断多发性硬化斑块的病理基础。中国医学计算机成像杂志 2002;8:370-374
11 Lu S,Ahn D,Johnson G, et al.Peritumoral diffusion tensor imaging of high-grade gliomas and metastatic brain tumors.AJNR 2003;24:937-941
12 Sinha S,Bastin ME,Whittle IR, et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging of high-grade cerebral gliomas.AJNR 2002;23:520-527
13 洪汛宁,沈天真,陈星荣,等。弥散张量成像技术在星形细胞瘤中的应用价值初探。中国医学计算机成像杂志 2003;9:8-11
14 Mori S,Crain BJ,Chack VP,et al.Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging.Ann Neurol 1999;45:265-269
15 Basser PJ,Pajevic S,Pierpaoli C,et al.In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data .Magn Reson Med 2000;44:625-632
16 Dong Q,Welsh RC,Chenevert TL,et al.Clinical applications of diffusion tensor imaging.J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;19:6-8
17 Beaulieu C.The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system-a technical review.NMR Biomde 2002;15:435-455
18 Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin diffusion measurements: spin echos in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 1965; 42: 288-292
19 Hajnal JV,Doran M hall AS,et al.MR imaging of anisotropically restricted diffusion of water in the nervous system:technical,anatomic,and pathologic considerations.J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991;15:1-18
20 Le Bihan D,Breton E,Imagerie de diffusion in vivo par résonance magnétiquenucléaire.CR Acad Sci Paris 1985;30:1109-1112
21 Merboldt KD,Hanicke W,Frahm J.Self-diffusion NMR imaging using stimulatedechoes J Magn Reson 1985;64:479-486
22 Taylor DG,Bushell MC.The spatial mapping of translational diffusion coefficients by the NMR imaging technique.Phys Med Biol1985;30:345-349
23 Basser PJ,Mattiello J,LeBihan D.MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging.Biophys J 1994;66:259-267
24 Chepuri NB,Yen YF,Burdette JH,Li H,et al.Diffusion anisotropy in the corpus callosum.AJNR 2002;23:803-808
25 Filippi CG,Lin DDM,Tsiouris AJ,et al.Diffusion-tensor MR imaging in children with developmental delay:preliminary findings.Radiology 2003;229:44-50
26 Pfefferbaum A,Sullivan EV,Hedehus M,et al.Age-related decline in brain white matter anisotropy measured with spatially corrected echo-planar diffusion tensor imaging.Magn Reso Med 2000;44:259-268
27 Rovaris M,Lannucci G,Cercignani M,et al.Age-related changes in conventional,magnetization transfer,and diffusion-tensor MR imaging findings:study with whole-brain tissue histogram analysis.Radioloogy 2003;227:731-738
28 Arfanakis K,Haughton VM,Carew JD, et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR 2002;23:794-802
29 Le Bihan D,Mangin JF,Poupon C, et al.Diffusion tensor imaging:concepts and applications.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging 2001;13:534-546
30 Clark CA,Hedehus Moseley M.In vivo mapping of the fast and slow diffusion
tensors in human brain.Magn Reson Med 2002;47:623-628
31 Burdette JH,Durden DD,Elster AD,et al.High b-value diffusion-weighted MRI of normal brain.Journal of computer assisted tomography 2001;25:515-519
32 Zhou X J.Diffusion tensor MRI and functional connectivity.第十一届中华医学会放射学分会全国学术会议论文汇编 2003;32-33
33肖江喜,郭雪梅,王霄英,等。头部扩散张量磁共振成像扫描方案的优选。中国医学影像技术 2003;19:1433-1435
34 Neil JJ,Siran SI,Mckinstry RC,et al.Normal brain in human newborns:apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion anisotropy measured by using diffusion tensor MR imaging.Radiology 1998;209:57-66
35 Mukherjee P,Miller JH,Shimony JS,et al.Normal brain maturation during childhood:developmental trends characterized with diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology 2001;221:349-358
36 Zhai G,Lin W,Wiber KP,et al.Comparisons of regional white matter diffusion in healthy neonates and adults performed with a 3.0-T head-only MR imaging unit.Radiology 2003;229:673-681
37 Mukherjee P,Milier JH,Shimony JS,et al.Normal brain maturation during childhood development trends characterized with diffusion-tensor MR imaging.Radiology 2001;221:349-358
38 Guo AC,Macfall JR,Provenzal JM.Multiple sclerosis:diffusion tensor MR imaging for evaluation of normal-appearing white matter.Radiology 2002;222:729-736
39 Alexander CG,Valerie LJ,James MP.Analysis of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis:comparison of diffusion tensor MR imaging and magnetization transfer imaging.AJNR 2001,22:1893-1900
40 Abe O,Aoki S,Hayashi N et al.Normal aging in the central nervous system:quantitative MR diffusion-tensor analysis.Neurobiology of Aging 2002;23:433-441
41 Shimony JS,Mckinstry RC,Akbudak E,et al.Quantitative diffusion-tensor anisotropy brain MR imaging:normative human data and anatomic analysis.Radiology 1999;212:770-784
42 Bammer R,Acar B,Moseley ME.In vivo MR tractography using diffusion imaging.European journal of Radiology 2003;45:223-234
43 Lim KO,Hedehus MJ,Moseley ML,et al.Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging.Arch Gen Psychiatry
1999;56:367-374
44 Lori NF,Akbudak E,Shimony JS,et al.Diffusion tensor fiber tracking of human brain connectivity:acquisition methods ,reliability analysis and biological results.NMR Biomed 2002;15:493-515
45 Szeszko PR,Vogel J,Ashtari M,et al.Sex differences in frontal lobe white matter microstructure:a DTI study.Neuroreport 2003;14:2469-2473
46 Madden DJ,Whiting WL,Huettel SA,et al.Diffusion tensor imaging of adult age differences in cerebral white matter :relation to response time.NeuroImage 2004;21:1174-1181
47 Arfanakis K,Hermann BP,Rogers BP,et al.Diffusion tensor MRI in temporal lobe epilepsy.Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2002;20:511-519
48 Arfanakis K,Haughton VM,Carew JD, et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR 2002;23:794-802
49 Ardekani BA,Nierenberg J,Hoptman MJ,et al.MRI study of white matter diffusion anisotropy in schizophrenia.Neuroreport 2003;14:2025-2029
50 Sun S,Wang F,Cui L,et al.Abnormal anterior cingulum in patients with schizophrenia:a diffusion tensor imaging study.Neuroreport 2003;14:1833-1836
51 Foong J,Maier M,Clark CA,et al.Neuropathological abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia:a diffusion tensor imaging study.Journal of neurology ,neurosurgery and psychiatry 2000;68:242-244
52 Mori S,Frederiksen K,van Zijl PCM,et al.Brain white matter anatomy of tumor patients evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging.Ann Neurol 2002;51:377-380
53 蒋文华主编。神经解剖学。上海:复旦大学出版社 2002;346-355
54 Lori NF,Akbudak E,Shimony JS,et al.Diffusion tensor fiber tracking of human brain connectivity:acquisition methods ,reliability analysis and biological results.NMR Biomed 2002;15:493-515
55何光武,沈天真,陈星荣。正常成人大脑白质纤维各向异性特征的弥散张量磁共振成像研究。中国医学计算机成像杂志 2003;9:383-387
56 Mori S,van Zijl PCM.Fiber tracking:principles and strategies-a technical review.NMR Biomde 2002;15:468-480
57 Masutani Y,Aoki S,Abe O,et al.MR diffusion tensor imaging:recent advance and new techniques for diffusion tensor visualization.European Journal of Radiology 2003;46:53-66
58 Mori S,Kaufmann WE,Davatzikos C,et al.Imaging cortical association tracts in the
human brain using diffusion-tensor-based axonal tracking.Magn Reson Med 2003;47:215-223
59 Hendler T,Pianka P,Sigal M,et al.Delineating gray and white matter involvement in brain lesions:three-dimensional alignment of functional magnetic resonance and diffusion-tensor imaging.J Neurosurg 2003;99:1018-1027
60 Wakana S,Jiang H,Nagae-Poetscher LM,et al.Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy.Radiology 2004;230:77-78
61 Ciccarelli O, Toosy AT, Parker GJM,et al.Diffusion tractography based group mapping of major white-matter pathways in the human brain. Neuroimage 2003;19:1545-1555
62 Ciccarelli O,Parker GJM,Toosy AT,et al.From diffusion tractography to quantitative white matter tract measures:a reproducibility study.Neuroimage 2003;18:348-359
63 Naganawa S,Koshikawa T,Kawai H,et al.Optimization of diffusion-tensor MR imaging data acquisition parameters for brain fiber tracking using parallel imaging at 3 T.Eur Radiol 2004;14:234-238
64 Kunimatsu A,Aoki S,Masutani Y,et al.Three-dimensional white matter tractography by diffusion tensor imaging in ischaemic stroke involving the corticospinal tract.Neuroradiology 2003;45:532-535
65 Clark CA,Barrick TR,Murphy MM,et al.White matter fiber tracking in patients with space occupying lesions of the brain:anew technique for neurosurgical planning?NeuroImage 2003;20:1602-1608
66 Coenen VA,Krings T,Mayfrank L,et al.Three-dimensional visualization of the pyramidal tract in a neuronavigation system during brain tumor surgery:first experiences and technical note.Neurosurgery 2001;49:86-93
67 Ciccarelli C,Toosy AT,Parker GJM,et al.Diffusion tractography based group mapping of major white-matter pathways in the human brain.NeuroImage 2003;19:1545-1555
68洪迅宁,沈天真,陈星荣。磁共振弥散成像在脑膜瘤诊断中的应用。中国医学计算机成像杂志 2003;9:212-219
69 Witwer BP,Moftakhar R,Hasan KM,et al.Diffuaion-tensor imaging of white matter tracts in patients with cerebral neoplasm.J Neurosurg 2002;97:568-575
70 Holodny AI,Ollenschleger MD,Liu WC,et al.Identification of the corticospinal tracts achieved using blood-oxygen-level-dependent and diffusion functional MR
imaging in patients with brain tumors.AJNR 2001;22:83-88
71 Krings T,Reinges MHT,Thiex R,et al.Functional and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images of space-occupying lesions affecting the motor system:imaging the motor cortex and pyramidal tracts.J Neurosurg 2001;95:816-824
72 Kunimatsu A,Aoki S,Masutani Y,et al.Three-dimensional white matter tractography by diffusion tensor imaging in ischaemic stroke involving the corticospinal tract.Neuroradiology 2003;45:532-535
2 Conturo TE,Lori NF,Cull TS,et al.Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1999;96:10422-10427
3 Iwasaki S,Nakagawa H,Fukusumi A,et al.Identification of pre-and postcentral gyri on CT and MRI images on the basis of the medullary pattern of cerebral white matter.Radiology 1991;179:207-213
4 Pierpaoli C,Jezzard P,Basser PJ,et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain.Radiology 1996;201:637-648
5 Holmes AA,Scollan DF,Winslow RL.Direct histological validation of diffusion tensor in formaldehyde-fixed myocardium.Magn Reson Med 2000;44:157-161
6 Fenyes DA,Narayana PA.In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of rat spinal cord with echo planar imaging. Magn Reson Med 1999;42:300-306
7 Lythgoe MF,Busza AL,Calamante F et al.Effects of diffusion anisotropy on lesion delineation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Magn Reson Med 1997;38:662-668
8 van Gelderen P,de Vleeschouwer MHW,DesPres D, et al.Water diffusion and acute atroke. Magn Reson Med 1994;31:154-163
9 Werring DJ,Clark CA Barker GJ, et al.Diffusion tensor imaging of lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis.Neurology 1999;52:1626-1632
10 初曙光,沈天真,陈星荣。联合MRI常规与弥散成像判断多发性硬化斑块的病理基础。中国医学计算机成像杂志 2002;8:370-374
11 Lu S,Ahn D,Johnson G, et al.Peritumoral diffusion tensor imaging of high-grade gliomas and metastatic brain tumors.AJNR 2003;24:937-941
12 Sinha S,Bastin ME,Whittle IR, et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging of high-grade cerebral gliomas.AJNR 2002;23:520-527
13 洪汛宁,沈天真,陈星荣,等。弥散张量成像技术在星形细胞瘤中的应用价值初探。中国医学计算机成像杂志 2003;9:8-11
14 Mori S,Crain BJ,Chack VP,et al.Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging.Ann Neurol 1999;45:265-269
15 Basser PJ,Pajevic S,Pierpaoli C,et al.In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data .Magn Reson Med 2000;44:625-632
16 Dong Q,Welsh RC,Chenevert TL,et al.Clinical applications of diffusion tensor imaging.J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;19:6-8
17 Beaulieu C.The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system-a technical review.NMR Biomde 2002;15:435-455
18 Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin diffusion measurements: spin echos in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 1965; 42: 288-292
19 Hajnal JV,Doran M hall AS,et al.MR imaging of anisotropically restricted diffusion of water in the nervous system:technical,anatomic,and pathologic considerations.J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991;15:1-18
20 Le Bihan D,Breton E,Imagerie de diffusion in vivo par résonance magnétiquenucléaire.CR Acad Sci Paris 1985;30:1109-1112
21 Merboldt KD,Hanicke W,Frahm J.Self-diffusion NMR imaging using stimulatedechoes J Magn Reson 1985;64:479-486
22 Taylor DG,Bushell MC.The spatial mapping of translational diffusion coefficients by the NMR imaging technique.Phys Med Biol1985;30:345-349
23 Basser PJ,Mattiello J,LeBihan D.MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging.Biophys J 1994;66:259-267
24 Chepuri NB,Yen YF,Burdette JH,Li H,et al.Diffusion anisotropy in the corpus callosum.AJNR 2002;23:803-808
25 Filippi CG,Lin DDM,Tsiouris AJ,et al.Diffusion-tensor MR imaging in children with developmental delay:preliminary findings.Radiology 2003;229:44-50
26 Pfefferbaum A,Sullivan EV,Hedehus M,et al.Age-related decline in brain white matter anisotropy measured with spatially corrected echo-planar diffusion tensor imaging.Magn Reso Med 2000;44:259-268
27 Rovaris M,Lannucci G,Cercignani M,et al.Age-related changes in conventional,magnetization transfer,and diffusion-tensor MR imaging findings:study with whole-brain tissue histogram analysis.Radioloogy 2003;227:731-738
28 Arfanakis K,Haughton VM,Carew JD, et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR 2002;23:794-802
29 Le Bihan D,Mangin JF,Poupon C, et al.Diffusion tensor imaging:concepts and applications.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging 2001;13:534-546
30 Clark CA,Hedehus Moseley M.In vivo mapping of the fast and slow diffusion
tensors in human brain.Magn Reson Med 2002;47:623-628
31 Burdette JH,Durden DD,Elster AD,et al.High b-value diffusion-weighted MRI of normal brain.Journal of computer assisted tomography 2001;25:515-519
32 Zhou X J.Diffusion tensor MRI and functional connectivity.第十一届中华医学会放射学分会全国学术会议论文汇编 2003;32-33
33肖江喜,郭雪梅,王霄英,等。头部扩散张量磁共振成像扫描方案的优选。中国医学影像技术 2003;19:1433-1435
34 Neil JJ,Siran SI,Mckinstry RC,et al.Normal brain in human newborns:apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion anisotropy measured by using diffusion tensor MR imaging.Radiology 1998;209:57-66
35 Mukherjee P,Miller JH,Shimony JS,et al.Normal brain maturation during childhood:developmental trends characterized with diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology 2001;221:349-358
36 Zhai G,Lin W,Wiber KP,et al.Comparisons of regional white matter diffusion in healthy neonates and adults performed with a 3.0-T head-only MR imaging unit.Radiology 2003;229:673-681
37 Mukherjee P,Milier JH,Shimony JS,et al.Normal brain maturation during childhood development trends characterized with diffusion-tensor MR imaging.Radiology 2001;221:349-358
38 Guo AC,Macfall JR,Provenzal JM.Multiple sclerosis:diffusion tensor MR imaging for evaluation of normal-appearing white matter.Radiology 2002;222:729-736
39 Alexander CG,Valerie LJ,James MP.Analysis of normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis:comparison of diffusion tensor MR imaging and magnetization transfer imaging.AJNR 2001,22:1893-1900
40 Abe O,Aoki S,Hayashi N et al.Normal aging in the central nervous system:quantitative MR diffusion-tensor analysis.Neurobiology of Aging 2002;23:433-441
41 Shimony JS,Mckinstry RC,Akbudak E,et al.Quantitative diffusion-tensor anisotropy brain MR imaging:normative human data and anatomic analysis.Radiology 1999;212:770-784
42 Bammer R,Acar B,Moseley ME.In vivo MR tractography using diffusion imaging.European journal of Radiology 2003;45:223-234
43 Lim KO,Hedehus MJ,Moseley ML,et al.Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging.Arch Gen Psychiatry
1999;56:367-374
44 Lori NF,Akbudak E,Shimony JS,et al.Diffusion tensor fiber tracking of human brain connectivity:acquisition methods ,reliability analysis and biological results.NMR Biomed 2002;15:493-515
45 Szeszko PR,Vogel J,Ashtari M,et al.Sex differences in frontal lobe white matter microstructure:a DTI study.Neuroreport 2003;14:2469-2473
46 Madden DJ,Whiting WL,Huettel SA,et al.Diffusion tensor imaging of adult age differences in cerebral white matter :relation to response time.NeuroImage 2004;21:1174-1181
47 Arfanakis K,Hermann BP,Rogers BP,et al.Diffusion tensor MRI in temporal lobe epilepsy.Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2002;20:511-519
48 Arfanakis K,Haughton VM,Carew JD, et al.Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR 2002;23:794-802
49 Ardekani BA,Nierenberg J,Hoptman MJ,et al.MRI study of white matter diffusion anisotropy in schizophrenia.Neuroreport 2003;14:2025-2029
50 Sun S,Wang F,Cui L,et al.Abnormal anterior cingulum in patients with schizophrenia:a diffusion tensor imaging study.Neuroreport 2003;14:1833-1836
51 Foong J,Maier M,Clark CA,et al.Neuropathological abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia:a diffusion tensor imaging study.Journal of neurology ,neurosurgery and psychiatry 2000;68:242-244
52 Mori S,Frederiksen K,van Zijl PCM,et al.Brain white matter anatomy of tumor patients evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging.Ann Neurol 2002;51:377-380
53 蒋文华主编。神经解剖学。上海:复旦大学出版社 2002;346-355
54 Lori NF,Akbudak E,Shimony JS,et al.Diffusion tensor fiber tracking of human brain connectivity:acquisition methods ,reliability analysis and biological results.NMR Biomed 2002;15:493-515
55何光武,沈天真,陈星荣。正常成人大脑白质纤维各向异性特征的弥散张量磁共振成像研究。中国医学计算机成像杂志 2003;9:383-387
56 Mori S,van Zijl PCM.Fiber tracking:principles and strategies-a technical review.NMR Biomde 2002;15:468-480
57 Masutani Y,Aoki S,Abe O,et al.MR diffusion tensor imaging:recent advance and new techniques for diffusion tensor visualization.European Journal of Radiology 2003;46:53-66
58 Mori S,Kaufmann WE,Davatzikos C,et al.Imaging cortical association tracts in the
human brain using diffusion-tensor-based axonal tracking.Magn Reson Med 2003;47:215-223
59 Hendler T,Pianka P,Sigal M,et al.Delineating gray and white matter involvement in brain lesions:three-dimensional alignment of functional magnetic resonance and diffusion-tensor imaging.J Neurosurg 2003;99:1018-1027
60 Wakana S,Jiang H,Nagae-Poetscher LM,et al.Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy.Radiology 2004;230:77-78
61 Ciccarelli O, Toosy AT, Parker GJM,et al.Diffusion tractography based group mapping of major white-matter pathways in the human brain. Neuroimage 2003;19:1545-1555
62 Ciccarelli O,Parker GJM,Toosy AT,et al.From diffusion tractography to quantitative white matter tract measures:a reproducibility study.Neuroimage 2003;18:348-359
63 Naganawa S,Koshikawa T,Kawai H,et al.Optimization of diffusion-tensor MR imaging data acquisition parameters for brain fiber tracking using parallel imaging at 3 T.Eur Radiol 2004;14:234-238
64 Kunimatsu A,Aoki S,Masutani Y,et al.Three-dimensional white matter tractography by diffusion tensor imaging in ischaemic stroke involving the corticospinal tract.Neuroradiology 2003;45:532-535
65 Clark CA,Barrick TR,Murphy MM,et al.White matter fiber tracking in patients with space occupying lesions of the brain:anew technique for neurosurgical planning?NeuroImage 2003;20:1602-1608
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