新型组合钢桁桥可靠性分析及极限承载力评估
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摘要
进入21世纪以来,随着我国钢桁梁建设的飞速发展,多座大跨径新型组合钢桁桥建成通车。这些钢桁桥的共同特点是结构造型新颖、力学性能空间性强、施工工艺复杂。同时地处交通要道,交通流量大,是国民经济的命脉,因此它们施工阶段及服役期间的可靠性及极限承载能力至关重要。目前国内外关于新型组合钢桁桥的可靠性研究较少,同时关于桥梁结构弹塑性极限承载力的评估方法也存在争议。为此,本文以东江大桥-刚性悬索加劲钢桁桥为工程背景,进行了如下研究：
1)对几种常用结构可靠性研究方法的特点及原理进行了介绍,并结合各自的优势,提出了结构可靠性的综合分析法：首先采用响应面法(RSM)拟合结构真实的极限状态曲面,得到近似的极限状态函数表达式,然后采用蒙特卡罗法(MC)对该表达式进行随机抽样,得到近似极限状态函数的概率分布及数字特征,最后采用一次二阶矩法(FORM)或矩法(MM)等计算可靠度指标及失效概率。通过算例及具体工程分析表明,该方法具有较高的精度及效率,适用于大型复杂结构的可靠性分析。
2)考虑结构材料、几何尺寸、荷载等的变异性,建立东江大桥施工全过程静力随机有限元模型,应用可靠性综合分析法研究各种随机参数影响下结构响应的均值、标准差及概率分布。并进行参数敏感性分析,了解各参数对结构响应的影响程度。最后对基于东江大桥的杆件应力及跨中挠度建立极限状态方程,求解结构可靠度指标及失效概率,并对结构可靠性进行了评估。
3)首次考虑施工安装误差的随机性,将其模拟成随机变量,采用可靠性综合分析法研究安装误差对东江大桥结构可靠性的影响,并研究结构响应对各施工安装误差的敏感程度,结果表明施工安装误差对结构可靠性影响较大。鉴于国内外规范关于目标可靠度指标的取值均未考虑桥梁施工安装误差的影响,因此本文提出：根据桥梁结构施工工艺的复杂程度以及对其受力性能的掌握程度,将现行规范的目标可靠度指标进行上调,确保结构的可靠性。
4)针对大型桥梁结构在到达极限状态后线弹性可靠性分析方法已不再适用的情况,对大型复杂桥梁结构进行双重非线性随机有限元分析,并结合可靠性综合分析法了解结构的极限荷载系数及挠度的概率分布与数字特征,研究大桥在进入非线性状态下的结构体系可靠度。
5)鉴于目前桥梁结构的弹塑性极限承载力评估尚无统一标准,提出基于可靠度理论的安全系数评估方法。根据单一系数设计准则,将可靠度指标转换为易被工程设计人员所接受的安全系数,为桥梁结构的弹塑性极限承载力评估提供依据。并依此方法对东江大桥最大悬臂阶段及成桥阶段的弹塑性极限承载力进行了评估。
Since the 21th century, with the rapid development of steel truss bridge construction in china, many new composite steel truss bridges have been constructed and opened to traffic. Their common characteristics are novel in Structure, dramatically special in mechanic properties and complex in construction technology. Meanwhile, they were located in the traffic arteries and were the lifeline of national economy. So their reliability and the ultimate bearing-load capacity are quite important in service period. But rarely studies about large-span steel truss bridges'reliability could be found at the present time, and there also exited disputes about the assessment ways of elastic-plastic ultimate capacity of the bridge structure. Therefore, based on the Dongjiang Bridge, a steel truss bridge with rigid cable, this paper unfolded some research in following ways:
1) Characters and principles of several commonly used reliability methods are introduced, and a composite method is presented on the basis of their own advanced. Firstly, the Response Surface Method (RSM) to fit the true curved surface of structure's ultimate state is used to get the approximate equation in ultimate state. Secondly, random sampling on the equation by Monte-Carlo (MC) is proceeded to get the probability distributions and numerical characteristic about equation in ultimate state. Finally utilize the method of First Order Second Moment (FORM) or the Moment Method (MM)to calculate reliability index and failure probability. And found that the response surface method with cross terms have a better accuracy and efficiency, which is suitable to be used in the reliability analysis of large special structures;
2) Considered the variability of the structural materials, geometric dimensions and loads, a static stochastic finite element model was established to analyze whole construction processes of Dongjiang Bridge, and the Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to study the mean value, standard deviation and probability distribution of structural response. And parameter sensitivity analysis was adopted to research the influence degrees of each parameter on structural response. Then the equations in ultimate state of trusses’stress and mid-span's deflection were established to get the reliability index and failure probability. Then make an assessment on the reliability of the bridge.
3) Firstly to consider the randomicity of installation errors and simulate it as to be random interval. By the composite methods, researched the influence on reliability of Dongjiang Bridge and studied the sensitive degree about structural response to installation errors. In consequence, the installation errors have a great affection on structural reliability.Many domestic research about the uncertainty of loads and resistances was concentrated on the statistical analysis of geometric parameters, material properties and all kinds of loads, while rarely research about installation errors in the construction process. So this paper proposed that according to the complexity of construction technology, the corresponding target should raise reliability by 1,0.5 and 0 on basement of the original codes to ensure the structural reliability.
4) For large bridge structure, they have strong non-linear character when reaching their ultimate state, then the linear elastic analysis method is not applicable any more. To analyze the probability distributions and numerical characteristic of the structure's ultimate load factors and deflection, then the Stochastic finite element model taking the double non-linear into account are established. Finally the reliability of the structural as a system in construct's non-linear stage is researched.
5) Respecting no unite assessment standard on the elastic-plastic ultimate bearing-load capacity of bridge structure at present, a safety factors assessment method based on reliability theory was proposed: According to the single factor design criteria, the reliability index is converted to safety factor which can easily accepted by engineers and provides reference for evaluating the elastic-plastic ultimate bearing-load capacity of bridge structure. And based on this way, the elastic-plastic ultimate bearing-load capacity of Dongjiang Bridge in largest cantilever stage and finished stage were assessed.
1)对几种常用结构可靠性研究方法的特点及原理进行了介绍,并结合各自的优势,提出了结构可靠性的综合分析法：首先采用响应面法(RSM)拟合结构真实的极限状态曲面,得到近似的极限状态函数表达式,然后采用蒙特卡罗法(MC)对该表达式进行随机抽样,得到近似极限状态函数的概率分布及数字特征,最后采用一次二阶矩法(FORM)或矩法(MM)等计算可靠度指标及失效概率。通过算例及具体工程分析表明,该方法具有较高的精度及效率,适用于大型复杂结构的可靠性分析。
2)考虑结构材料、几何尺寸、荷载等的变异性,建立东江大桥施工全过程静力随机有限元模型,应用可靠性综合分析法研究各种随机参数影响下结构响应的均值、标准差及概率分布。并进行参数敏感性分析,了解各参数对结构响应的影响程度。最后对基于东江大桥的杆件应力及跨中挠度建立极限状态方程,求解结构可靠度指标及失效概率,并对结构可靠性进行了评估。
3)首次考虑施工安装误差的随机性,将其模拟成随机变量,采用可靠性综合分析法研究安装误差对东江大桥结构可靠性的影响,并研究结构响应对各施工安装误差的敏感程度,结果表明施工安装误差对结构可靠性影响较大。鉴于国内外规范关于目标可靠度指标的取值均未考虑桥梁施工安装误差的影响,因此本文提出：根据桥梁结构施工工艺的复杂程度以及对其受力性能的掌握程度,将现行规范的目标可靠度指标进行上调,确保结构的可靠性。
4)针对大型桥梁结构在到达极限状态后线弹性可靠性分析方法已不再适用的情况,对大型复杂桥梁结构进行双重非线性随机有限元分析,并结合可靠性综合分析法了解结构的极限荷载系数及挠度的概率分布与数字特征,研究大桥在进入非线性状态下的结构体系可靠度。
5)鉴于目前桥梁结构的弹塑性极限承载力评估尚无统一标准,提出基于可靠度理论的安全系数评估方法。根据单一系数设计准则,将可靠度指标转换为易被工程设计人员所接受的安全系数,为桥梁结构的弹塑性极限承载力评估提供依据。并依此方法对东江大桥最大悬臂阶段及成桥阶段的弹塑性极限承载力进行了评估。
Since the 21th century, with the rapid development of steel truss bridge construction in china, many new composite steel truss bridges have been constructed and opened to traffic. Their common characteristics are novel in Structure, dramatically special in mechanic properties and complex in construction technology. Meanwhile, they were located in the traffic arteries and were the lifeline of national economy. So their reliability and the ultimate bearing-load capacity are quite important in service period. But rarely studies about large-span steel truss bridges'reliability could be found at the present time, and there also exited disputes about the assessment ways of elastic-plastic ultimate capacity of the bridge structure. Therefore, based on the Dongjiang Bridge, a steel truss bridge with rigid cable, this paper unfolded some research in following ways:
1) Characters and principles of several commonly used reliability methods are introduced, and a composite method is presented on the basis of their own advanced. Firstly, the Response Surface Method (RSM) to fit the true curved surface of structure's ultimate state is used to get the approximate equation in ultimate state. Secondly, random sampling on the equation by Monte-Carlo (MC) is proceeded to get the probability distributions and numerical characteristic about equation in ultimate state. Finally utilize the method of First Order Second Moment (FORM) or the Moment Method (MM)to calculate reliability index and failure probability. And found that the response surface method with cross terms have a better accuracy and efficiency, which is suitable to be used in the reliability analysis of large special structures;
2) Considered the variability of the structural materials, geometric dimensions and loads, a static stochastic finite element model was established to analyze whole construction processes of Dongjiang Bridge, and the Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to study the mean value, standard deviation and probability distribution of structural response. And parameter sensitivity analysis was adopted to research the influence degrees of each parameter on structural response. Then the equations in ultimate state of trusses’stress and mid-span's deflection were established to get the reliability index and failure probability. Then make an assessment on the reliability of the bridge.
3) Firstly to consider the randomicity of installation errors and simulate it as to be random interval. By the composite methods, researched the influence on reliability of Dongjiang Bridge and studied the sensitive degree about structural response to installation errors. In consequence, the installation errors have a great affection on structural reliability.Many domestic research about the uncertainty of loads and resistances was concentrated on the statistical analysis of geometric parameters, material properties and all kinds of loads, while rarely research about installation errors in the construction process. So this paper proposed that according to the complexity of construction technology, the corresponding target should raise reliability by 1,0.5 and 0 on basement of the original codes to ensure the structural reliability.
4) For large bridge structure, they have strong non-linear character when reaching their ultimate state, then the linear elastic analysis method is not applicable any more. To analyze the probability distributions and numerical characteristic of the structure's ultimate load factors and deflection, then the Stochastic finite element model taking the double non-linear into account are established. Finally the reliability of the structural as a system in construct's non-linear stage is researched.
5) Respecting no unite assessment standard on the elastic-plastic ultimate bearing-load capacity of bridge structure at present, a safety factors assessment method based on reliability theory was proposed: According to the single factor design criteria, the reliability index is converted to safety factor which can easily accepted by engineers and provides reference for evaluating the elastic-plastic ultimate bearing-load capacity of bridge structure. And based on this way, the elastic-plastic ultimate bearing-load capacity of Dongjiang Bridge in largest cantilever stage and finished stage were assessed.
引文
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