移动Ad Hoc中的多媒体传输及应用研究
|
摘要
随着人类社会信息化的高速发展,多媒体传输已经成为当代网络研究的热点之一。视频作为一种生动直观且信息量丰富的媒体备受人们青睐,但是其巨大的信息量使得其在转发传输方面制约了其传输范围。随着无线终端的增多和无线技术的发展,在ad hoc网络中传输实时多媒体成了现代的热门应用。
经过压缩后的多媒体数据对于ad hoc网络传输信道的要求依然苛刻。严格按照协议层针对一个协议层的优化不但有可能不会提高网络的整体性能,反而有可能造成其他层的失调。因此,为了使ad hoc传输信道能够提供可靠的通信保障,我们将利用跨层设计的思想,对影响ad hoc网络传输视频质量的各个因素进行综合调整。
本文对移动ad hoc网络和多媒体的特性进行了研究,设计了一套有效的多媒体传输方案。首先在多媒体压缩编码方面,选择目前压缩效率最高的H.264视频压缩标准,并使用MDC、FEC等技术增强视频码流的容错性。然后设计了一套移动ad hoc网络多媒体传输方案。使用改进的AOMDV路由进行路由选择,并引入了优先级调度、拥塞控制、等手段增强移动ad hoc网络传输的可靠性。
为了验证设计的合理性,在NS2仿真工具上建立实验平台。然后设计场景进行仿真实验,对得到的数据进行分析。结果显示,本文的设计提高了ad hoc网络的吞吐量,降低了时延,虽然为了保证视频流的通畅在一定程度上牺牲了视频的质量,但是仍然使质量保证在了可感知的范围之内。
As the human society gets more and more informationized, multimedia transmission becomes one of the hotspots in the concurrent network research. As a vivid and visual media with rich information, videos are one of the most favorite media, however, due to the huge information it carries, the transmission range is limited in terms of forward transmissions. As the use of wireless terminals increase and wireless technology develops, transmission of real-time multimedia content in ad hoc networks is becoming a popular application nowadays.
The compressed multimedia data still has demanding requirements for the transmission channel of ad hoc networks. In stead of improving the global performance of the network, the optimization of a specific protocol layer which is strictly based on protocol layers could possibly cause disorders in other layers. Therefore, to enable ad hoc transmission channels to provide reliable communication guarantees, we employed the idea of cross-layer design and make composite adjustments in various factors that may affect the quality of video transmission in ad hoc networks.
This paper addresses in the properties of mobile ad hoc network and multimedia communication, and proposes a communication scheme. At first, multimedia data is compressed by H.264 which has the highest compression ratio. MDC and FEC technologies are introduced to improve the tolerance of compressed multimedia data flows. We also design a robust transmission scheme for error-sensitive multimedia data flows. Improved AOMDV routing protocol is used for routing selection, and priority schedule combining with congestion control and cross-layer design are also used to improve the reliability of the error-prone mobile ad hoc network.
To testify the rationality of our design, we build an experiment platform on NS2 simulation tool, scenarios are designed for the simulation experiments, and the data collected in the previous process are analyzed. The result shows that designs in this paper improve the throughput and reduce the delays of ad hoc networks. Though the quality of videos is sacrificed to some extent to guarantee smooth video streams, the quality is still within the sensible range.
经过压缩后的多媒体数据对于ad hoc网络传输信道的要求依然苛刻。严格按照协议层针对一个协议层的优化不但有可能不会提高网络的整体性能,反而有可能造成其他层的失调。因此,为了使ad hoc传输信道能够提供可靠的通信保障,我们将利用跨层设计的思想,对影响ad hoc网络传输视频质量的各个因素进行综合调整。
本文对移动ad hoc网络和多媒体的特性进行了研究,设计了一套有效的多媒体传输方案。首先在多媒体压缩编码方面,选择目前压缩效率最高的H.264视频压缩标准,并使用MDC、FEC等技术增强视频码流的容错性。然后设计了一套移动ad hoc网络多媒体传输方案。使用改进的AOMDV路由进行路由选择,并引入了优先级调度、拥塞控制、等手段增强移动ad hoc网络传输的可靠性。
为了验证设计的合理性,在NS2仿真工具上建立实验平台。然后设计场景进行仿真实验,对得到的数据进行分析。结果显示,本文的设计提高了ad hoc网络的吞吐量,降低了时延,虽然为了保证视频流的通畅在一定程度上牺牲了视频的质量,但是仍然使质量保证在了可感知的范围之内。
As the human society gets more and more informationized, multimedia transmission becomes one of the hotspots in the concurrent network research. As a vivid and visual media with rich information, videos are one of the most favorite media, however, due to the huge information it carries, the transmission range is limited in terms of forward transmissions. As the use of wireless terminals increase and wireless technology develops, transmission of real-time multimedia content in ad hoc networks is becoming a popular application nowadays.
The compressed multimedia data still has demanding requirements for the transmission channel of ad hoc networks. In stead of improving the global performance of the network, the optimization of a specific protocol layer which is strictly based on protocol layers could possibly cause disorders in other layers. Therefore, to enable ad hoc transmission channels to provide reliable communication guarantees, we employed the idea of cross-layer design and make composite adjustments in various factors that may affect the quality of video transmission in ad hoc networks.
This paper addresses in the properties of mobile ad hoc network and multimedia communication, and proposes a communication scheme. At first, multimedia data is compressed by H.264 which has the highest compression ratio. MDC and FEC technologies are introduced to improve the tolerance of compressed multimedia data flows. We also design a robust transmission scheme for error-sensitive multimedia data flows. Improved AOMDV routing protocol is used for routing selection, and priority schedule combining with congestion control and cross-layer design are also used to improve the reliability of the error-prone mobile ad hoc network.
To testify the rationality of our design, we build an experiment platform on NS2 simulation tool, scenarios are designed for the simulation experiments, and the data collected in the previous process are analyzed. The result shows that designs in this paper improve the throughput and reduce the delays of ad hoc networks. Though the quality of videos is sacrificed to some extent to guarantee smooth video streams, the quality is still within the sensible range.
引文
[1]高成伟.移动多媒体技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[2]Allot Communications.http://www.zikoo.com/news/4faba4u4u.html
[3]Zhibin Wu,Raychaudhuri,D.D-LSMA:distributed link scheduling multiple access protocol for Qos in ad-hoc networks[C].Global Telecommunications Conference,Dallas,2004:1670-1675.
[4]Byung Joon Oh,Chang Wen Chen.A Cross-layer Aproach to Multichannel MAC Protocol Design for Video Streaming over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,2009,11(6):1052-1061.
[5]S.Mao,D.Bushmitch,S.Narayanan,S.Panwar.MRTP:A multiflow real-time transport protocol for ad hoc networks[J].IEEE Trans Multimedia,2006,8(2):356- 369.
[6]关翔,江政雄.基于H.264的流媒体服务器的工作机制和实现方法[J].Electronic Component＆Device Appl ication,2009,11(7).
[7]Prins MJ,Brunner M,Karagiannis G,Lundqvist H,Nunzi G.Fast RTP retransmission for IPTV-implementation and evaluation[C].2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,New Orleans,2008:1-6.
[8]J.Ott,J.Chesterfield,E.Schooler,"RTCP Extensions for Single-Source Multicast Sessions with Unicast Feedback",Internet draft(work in progress),March 2007.
[9]Wang Dong,Zhou Wu-yang.Cross-Layer Optimization and Simulation for Multimedia Application over Wireless Networks[C].Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Cybernetics and Information Technologies,Systems and Applications,Orlando,2007,1:356-357.
[10]Mihaela van de Schaar.Cross-layer Packetization and Retransmission strategies [J].IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,2007,9(1):185-197.
[11]Heiko Schwarz and Mathias Wien.The Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard {Standards in a nutshell}[M].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(2):135-141.
[12]Schierl T,Johansen S,Perkis A,Wiegand T.Rateless Scalable Video Coding for overlay Multisource Streaming in MANETs[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2008,19(8):500-507.
[13]Heiko Schwarz,Detlev Marpe,and Thomas Wiegand.Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard[C].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Special Issue on Scalable Video Coding,2007,17(9):1103-1120.
[14] Mathias Wien, Heiko Schwarz, and Tobias Oelbaum. Performance Analysis of SVC [C].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Special Issue on Scalable Video Coding, 2007,17(9):1194-1203.
[15] Thomas Schierl, Thomas Stockhammer, Thomas Wiegand. Mobile Video Transmission Using Scalable Video Coding[C]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Special Issue on Scalable Video Coding, 2007,17(9):1204- 1217.
[16] Fiandrotti A, Gallucci D, MasalaE, et al. Traffic prioritization of H. 264/SVC video over 802.11e ad hoc wireless networks [C].Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, US Virgin Islands,2008:738-742.
[17] Chenghan Lin, Cekuen Shieh, Naveen K, Chihheng Ke, Wenshyang Hwang. A RED-FEC Mechanism for Video Transmission Over WLAN[J]. IEEE Transaction on Broadcasting, 2008, 54(3):517-524.
[18] Venkat Raju Gandikota, Bheemarjuna Reddy Tamma.Adaptive FEC-Based Packet Loss Resilience Scheme for Supporting voice Communication over Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2008, 7(10):1184-1199.
[19] S Mao, YT Hou,X Cheng, HD Sherali,SF Midkiff, YQ Zhang. On routing for multiple description video over wireless ad hoc networks[J]. IEEE Transaction Multimedia,2006, 8(5):1063-1074.
[20] J Chakareski, S Han, BGirod. Layered coding versus multiple descriptions for video streaming over multiple paths [J]. In Multimedia Systems, 2005, 10(4):275-285.
[21] Weiying Kung, Changsu Kim, CC Jay Kuo. Spatial and Temporal Error Concealment Techniques for Video Transmission over Noisy Channel[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2006, 16(7).
[22] Feng Huang, Lifeng Sun, Yuzhuo Zhong, Supporting live video on ad hoc wireless networks: unbalanced multiple description coding, single path transport and recursive error concealment[C]. Procedings of 2008 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Okinawa, 2008:303-310.
[23] Floyd S, Jacob son V, Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance [J],IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 1993, 13(3):354-363.
[24] Chen Liang, Zhang Hong, Hu Weimin, Ad hoc Networks Congestion Control Analysis Using Active Queue Management[J].Journal of Nantong University, Natural, 2008,7(1).
[25] Li Renfa, Mo Tieqiang, Liu Yufeng, Sun Ting. Improved Research of Random Early Detection Algorithm[J].MINI-MICRO System, 2003,24(3).
[26] Ping Lingdi, Pan Xuezeng, Chen Xiaofeng. Modified Fair Random Early Detection Queuing Algorithm[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2007,41(12).
[27] Chen Liang, Liu Fengyu, Zhang Hong. Robustness analysis of PI active queue management in Ad hoc Network[J]. Computer Engineering and Design, 2009,30(5).
[28] Li Li, Zhu Guangxi, Liu Jian. Novel RED Algorithm for Wireless Communication Network[J].Application Research of Computers, 2007,24(2).
[29] Huo Ying, Chen Zhigang. DPQS: An Effective Queue Scheduling Mechanism for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks[J]. Computer Engineering and Application, 2006,42(14).
[30] Kalil M, AlMahdi H, Mitschelethiel. Modeling of an Efficient Queue Management Scheme for Multihop Ad Hoc Networks[C]. Proceedings of 14th European Wireless Conference, Prague, 2008:160-164.
[31] MK blazina, SR Das. On demand multi-path distance vector routing for ad hoc networks[C]. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Network Protocols,California, 2001.
[32] L Wang. Multi-path source routing in wireless ad hoe networks[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Canadian conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Halifax, 2000.
[33] X Dong, A Puri. A DSDV-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Ad-hoc Mobile Networks[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN),Las Vegas, 2002.
[34] M Hashem, M Hamdy, S Ghoniemy. Modified distributed quality-of-service routing in wireless mobile Ad Hoc networks[C]. Proceedings of 11th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, Paris, 2002:4172-4176.
[35] Liu Lianggui, Feng Guangzeng. A Novel ACSA Based Multipath QoS Routing Algorithms in ad hoc Networks [J]. Jornal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Natural Science), 2008, 28(5).
[36] Wang Hui, Shan Jianfeng, Yu Nenghai.A novel multipath routing and traffic distribution algorithm in wireless Ad hoc network[J]. Journal of University of Science and Techonology of China, 2009, 39(2).
[37] Shouyi Yin, Xiaokang Lin. MALB: MANET Adaptive Load Balancing [C]. Proceedings of 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, Los Angeles, 2004, 14(4) :691-694.
[38] Wingho Yuen, Heungno Lee, Andersen TD. A simple and effective cross layer networking system for mobile ad hoc networks [C]. Proceedings of 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Lisboa,2002:1952-1956.
[39] Li Dan, Chen Chuanfeng. Energy-aware Cross-layer Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network[J]. Modern Electronics Technique, 2009,32(5).
[40] Shen Qiongxia, Zhu Guangxi, Zhang Wei. Adaptive cross-layer scheduling algorithm for QoS support [J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nature Science Edition), 2009, 37(5).
[41] M vander Schaar, S Krishnamachari, S Choi,X Xu. Adaptive Cross-layer Protection Strategies for Robust Scalable Video Transmission Over 802.11 WLANs[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communnications, 2003, 21(10): 1752-1763.
[42] Gunasekaran R, Uthariaraj VR, Rajesh R, Kaarthikeyan S, Aravind S. Priority Scheduling in Mobile Ad hoc Networks with Improved Bandwidth Utilization [C]. Proceedings of IEEE 31th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,Niagara Falls, 2008:1967-1870.
[43] Youssef Dehbi, Noufissa Mik Ou. Priority Assignment for Multimedia Packets Scheduling in MANET[C]. Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet Based Systems, Bali Indonesia, 2008:32-37.
[44] Ueda T, Tanaka S, Roy S, Saha D, Bandyopadhyay S. A Priority-based QoS routing for Multimedia Traffic in Ad hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna using a Zone-reservation Protocol[J]. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 2004,E87B(5):1085-1094.
[45] WB Zheng, XC Li, K. Sharan. The emplacement of synchronal mobile business on 5G wireless world[C]. ICMSE 2008, Long Beach California USA, 2008:1379-1385.
[46] TP Liang, CW Huang, YH Yeh, BS Lin. Adoption of mobile technology in business:a fit-viability model[J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 2007, 107(8):1154-1169.
[47] CY Fu, K F, G R. Signaling for Multimedia Conferencing in 4G: the case of integrated 3G/MANET[M]. IEEE Communication Magazine, IEEE, USA, Vol. 44, No. 8, Aug 2006,pp. 90-99.
[48] CC Yang, FL Wang. An information delivery system with automatic summarization for mobile commerce. Decision Support System, 2007, 43(1): 46-61.
[49] WT Chen, CN Hu. Entering the mobile service market via mobile platforms: Qualcomm' s BREW platform and Nokia' s Preminet platform[J]. Telecommunication Policy, 2008,32(6): 399-411.
[50] U Varshney. Business models for mobile commerce services: requirements, design,and the future[J]. IT Professional, 2008,10(6):48-55.
[2]Allot Communications.http://www.zikoo.com/news/4faba4u4u.html
[3]Zhibin Wu,Raychaudhuri,D.D-LSMA:distributed link scheduling multiple access protocol for Qos in ad-hoc networks[C].Global Telecommunications Conference,Dallas,2004:1670-1675.
[4]Byung Joon Oh,Chang Wen Chen.A Cross-layer Aproach to Multichannel MAC Protocol Design for Video Streaming over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,2009,11(6):1052-1061.
[5]S.Mao,D.Bushmitch,S.Narayanan,S.Panwar.MRTP:A multiflow real-time transport protocol for ad hoc networks[J].IEEE Trans Multimedia,2006,8(2):356- 369.
[6]关翔,江政雄.基于H.264的流媒体服务器的工作机制和实现方法[J].Electronic Component＆Device Appl ication,2009,11(7).
[7]Prins MJ,Brunner M,Karagiannis G,Lundqvist H,Nunzi G.Fast RTP retransmission for IPTV-implementation and evaluation[C].2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,New Orleans,2008:1-6.
[8]J.Ott,J.Chesterfield,E.Schooler,"RTCP Extensions for Single-Source Multicast Sessions with Unicast Feedback",Internet draft(work in progress),March 2007.
[9]Wang Dong,Zhou Wu-yang.Cross-Layer Optimization and Simulation for Multimedia Application over Wireless Networks[C].Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Cybernetics and Information Technologies,Systems and Applications,Orlando,2007,1:356-357.
[10]Mihaela van de Schaar.Cross-layer Packetization and Retransmission strategies [J].IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,2007,9(1):185-197.
[11]Heiko Schwarz and Mathias Wien.The Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard {Standards in a nutshell}[M].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(2):135-141.
[12]Schierl T,Johansen S,Perkis A,Wiegand T.Rateless Scalable Video Coding for overlay Multisource Streaming in MANETs[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2008,19(8):500-507.
[13]Heiko Schwarz,Detlev Marpe,and Thomas Wiegand.Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard[C].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,Special Issue on Scalable Video Coding,2007,17(9):1103-1120.
[14] Mathias Wien, Heiko Schwarz, and Tobias Oelbaum. Performance Analysis of SVC [C].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Special Issue on Scalable Video Coding, 2007,17(9):1194-1203.
[15] Thomas Schierl, Thomas Stockhammer, Thomas Wiegand. Mobile Video Transmission Using Scalable Video Coding[C]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Special Issue on Scalable Video Coding, 2007,17(9):1204- 1217.
[16] Fiandrotti A, Gallucci D, MasalaE, et al. Traffic prioritization of H. 264/SVC video over 802.11e ad hoc wireless networks [C].Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, US Virgin Islands,2008:738-742.
[17] Chenghan Lin, Cekuen Shieh, Naveen K, Chihheng Ke, Wenshyang Hwang. A RED-FEC Mechanism for Video Transmission Over WLAN[J]. IEEE Transaction on Broadcasting, 2008, 54(3):517-524.
[18] Venkat Raju Gandikota, Bheemarjuna Reddy Tamma.Adaptive FEC-Based Packet Loss Resilience Scheme for Supporting voice Communication over Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2008, 7(10):1184-1199.
[19] S Mao, YT Hou,X Cheng, HD Sherali,SF Midkiff, YQ Zhang. On routing for multiple description video over wireless ad hoc networks[J]. IEEE Transaction Multimedia,2006, 8(5):1063-1074.
[20] J Chakareski, S Han, BGirod. Layered coding versus multiple descriptions for video streaming over multiple paths [J]. In Multimedia Systems, 2005, 10(4):275-285.
[21] Weiying Kung, Changsu Kim, CC Jay Kuo. Spatial and Temporal Error Concealment Techniques for Video Transmission over Noisy Channel[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2006, 16(7).
[22] Feng Huang, Lifeng Sun, Yuzhuo Zhong, Supporting live video on ad hoc wireless networks: unbalanced multiple description coding, single path transport and recursive error concealment[C]. Procedings of 2008 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Okinawa, 2008:303-310.
[23] Floyd S, Jacob son V, Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance [J],IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 1993, 13(3):354-363.
[24] Chen Liang, Zhang Hong, Hu Weimin, Ad hoc Networks Congestion Control Analysis Using Active Queue Management[J].Journal of Nantong University, Natural, 2008,7(1).
[25] Li Renfa, Mo Tieqiang, Liu Yufeng, Sun Ting. Improved Research of Random Early Detection Algorithm[J].MINI-MICRO System, 2003,24(3).
[26] Ping Lingdi, Pan Xuezeng, Chen Xiaofeng. Modified Fair Random Early Detection Queuing Algorithm[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2007,41(12).
[27] Chen Liang, Liu Fengyu, Zhang Hong. Robustness analysis of PI active queue management in Ad hoc Network[J]. Computer Engineering and Design, 2009,30(5).
[28] Li Li, Zhu Guangxi, Liu Jian. Novel RED Algorithm for Wireless Communication Network[J].Application Research of Computers, 2007,24(2).
[29] Huo Ying, Chen Zhigang. DPQS: An Effective Queue Scheduling Mechanism for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks[J]. Computer Engineering and Application, 2006,42(14).
[30] Kalil M, AlMahdi H, Mitschelethiel. Modeling of an Efficient Queue Management Scheme for Multihop Ad Hoc Networks[C]. Proceedings of 14th European Wireless Conference, Prague, 2008:160-164.
[31] MK blazina, SR Das. On demand multi-path distance vector routing for ad hoc networks[C]. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Network Protocols,California, 2001.
[32] L Wang. Multi-path source routing in wireless ad hoe networks[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Canadian conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Halifax, 2000.
[33] X Dong, A Puri. A DSDV-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Ad-hoc Mobile Networks[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN),Las Vegas, 2002.
[34] M Hashem, M Hamdy, S Ghoniemy. Modified distributed quality-of-service routing in wireless mobile Ad Hoc networks[C]. Proceedings of 11th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, Paris, 2002:4172-4176.
[35] Liu Lianggui, Feng Guangzeng. A Novel ACSA Based Multipath QoS Routing Algorithms in ad hoc Networks [J]. Jornal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Natural Science), 2008, 28(5).
[36] Wang Hui, Shan Jianfeng, Yu Nenghai.A novel multipath routing and traffic distribution algorithm in wireless Ad hoc network[J]. Journal of University of Science and Techonology of China, 2009, 39(2).
[37] Shouyi Yin, Xiaokang Lin. MALB: MANET Adaptive Load Balancing [C]. Proceedings of 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, Los Angeles, 2004, 14(4) :691-694.
[38] Wingho Yuen, Heungno Lee, Andersen TD. A simple and effective cross layer networking system for mobile ad hoc networks [C]. Proceedings of 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Lisboa,2002:1952-1956.
[39] Li Dan, Chen Chuanfeng. Energy-aware Cross-layer Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network[J]. Modern Electronics Technique, 2009,32(5).
[40] Shen Qiongxia, Zhu Guangxi, Zhang Wei. Adaptive cross-layer scheduling algorithm for QoS support [J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nature Science Edition), 2009, 37(5).
[41] M vander Schaar, S Krishnamachari, S Choi,X Xu. Adaptive Cross-layer Protection Strategies for Robust Scalable Video Transmission Over 802.11 WLANs[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communnications, 2003, 21(10): 1752-1763.
[42] Gunasekaran R, Uthariaraj VR, Rajesh R, Kaarthikeyan S, Aravind S. Priority Scheduling in Mobile Ad hoc Networks with Improved Bandwidth Utilization [C]. Proceedings of IEEE 31th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,Niagara Falls, 2008:1967-1870.
[43] Youssef Dehbi, Noufissa Mik Ou. Priority Assignment for Multimedia Packets Scheduling in MANET[C]. Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet Based Systems, Bali Indonesia, 2008:32-37.
[44] Ueda T, Tanaka S, Roy S, Saha D, Bandyopadhyay S. A Priority-based QoS routing for Multimedia Traffic in Ad hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna using a Zone-reservation Protocol[J]. IEICE Transactions on Communications, 2004,E87B(5):1085-1094.
[45] WB Zheng, XC Li, K. Sharan. The emplacement of synchronal mobile business on 5G wireless world[C]. ICMSE 2008, Long Beach California USA, 2008:1379-1385.
[46] TP Liang, CW Huang, YH Yeh, BS Lin. Adoption of mobile technology in business:a fit-viability model[J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 2007, 107(8):1154-1169.
[47] CY Fu, K F, G R. Signaling for Multimedia Conferencing in 4G: the case of integrated 3G/MANET[M]. IEEE Communication Magazine, IEEE, USA, Vol. 44, No. 8, Aug 2006,pp. 90-99.
[48] CC Yang, FL Wang. An information delivery system with automatic summarization for mobile commerce. Decision Support System, 2007, 43(1): 46-61.
[49] WT Chen, CN Hu. Entering the mobile service market via mobile platforms: Qualcomm' s BREW platform and Nokia' s Preminet platform[J]. Telecommunication Policy, 2008,32(6): 399-411.
[50] U Varshney. Business models for mobile commerce services: requirements, design,and the future[J]. IT Professional, 2008,10(6):48-55.