通气超空泡流动及航行体流体动力数值模拟研究
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摘要
通气超空泡减阻技术可以使水下航行体突破传统水下速度瓶颈,实现水下超高速运行,具有重要的军事应用价值。通气超空泡流动非常复杂,涉及到多相流、湍流、相变以及可压缩流动等诸多流体力学难点问题。快速生成最佳尺度的稳定通气超空泡,深入了解超空泡尾部泄气方式以及超空泡航行体独特的流体动力学特性对于实现航行体稳定的水下弹道具有重要意义。本文围绕上述问题,从通气超空泡基本模拟方法到相关具体工程问题开展研究。主要研究内容如下:
从多相流模型角度入手,采用均质平衡流模型和分相流模型分别计算了自然空化和通气空化,通过大量的实验结果对比和内部流场分析,综合评价了两种多相流模型的预测能力。结果表明,分相流模型不论在预测自然空化还是通气空化方面相与均质平衡流模型相比都具有较高的精度,可以给出更加合理的空泡流场结构分布,但计算量相对较大,均质平衡流模型在预测自然空化方面可以满足工程需要。
在均质平衡流动框架内,通过二次开发语言CEL嵌入了四种经典的空化模型并通过实验数据对空化模型进行了选择,将不可凝结气体项引入空化模型,在模拟水-气-汽三相流动时,可以充分考虑通入的不可凝结气体对自然空化的影响。模拟结果表明,在计算三相流动时,通入的不可凝结气体对自然空化具有一定的抑制作用。另外,引入了水的可压缩性Tait状态方程,实现了对超高速及超音速自然超空泡流动的数值模拟,结果发现,超音速流动条件下,超空泡显现出了明显的左右非对称性。
对通气超空泡的一系列基本问题进行了研究,包括水洞直径尺度效应和壁面粘性效应对通气超空泡的影响,结果表明水洞阻塞效应会导致通气超空泡发生明显变形。另外,采用定常和非定常模拟方式讨论了通气超空泡的发展过程、尾部泄气方式以及超空泡的稳定性,结果表明,通气超空泡在不同阶段主要以回注射流和双涡管方式泄气。低速条件下,空泡自身存在自激震荡现象,且航行体后体在空泡发展过程会导致空泡大片脱落,对空泡稳定性产生重要影响。
详细讨论了空化器的定常、非定常流体动力以及水洞实验模型的尾部滑行力变化规律。结果表明,圆锥形空化器锥角对空泡形态以及空化器流体动力会产生重要影响,空化器偏转过程,角速度大小基本上不影响空化器流体动力。
基于相对运动的思想,通过在水的动量方程中添加源项,将航行体运动方程和空泡流动控制方程进行耦合求解,得到了纵向平面内超空泡航行体的无控弹道以及Savchenko提出的航行体尾部滑水状态及其影响因素。结果表明,航行体质心位置严重影响超空泡航行体无控弹道。
本论文在预测通气超空泡方面数值模拟方法可以用来模拟大量的通气超空泡流动问题,成为通气超空泡实验有效的辅助工具。
The drag-reduction technology with ventilated supercavity can make the underwater vehicle brake through the traditional bottleneck and achieve travelling at high speed, which makes it have the significant military application value. The supercavitating flow is very complex due to its involving some hydrodynamic problems such as multiphase flow, turbulence, phase transition and compressibility. Quickly generating the best size and stable ventilated supercavity, deeply understanding the gas leakage way and the unique hydrodynamic characteristic of the vehicle are of the great significance for achieving the stable underwater trajectory of the vehicle. Around these issues, the basic modeling method and the detailed engineering problems have been carried out in this paper. The main works are as follows:
Starting from the multiphase flow model, the homogeneous and inhomogeneous flow models are used separately to investigate the natural and ventilated cavitation, the predicting ability of the both models are evaluated by using the large number of experimental results and analysis of internal flow field. The results show that the inhomogeneous flow model has the high accuracy either on predicting the natural cavitation or ventilated cavitation and can give the more reasonable distribution of flow field, however, it has relatively large amount of computation. The homogeneous flow model can meet the project need on predicting natural cavitation.
In the framework of homogeneous equilibrium flow, four cavitation models have been embedded into CFX using the secondary development and the cavitation model was selected by experimental data, the non-condensable gas term was considered in the cavitation model so that the influence of non-condensable gas to natural cavitation can be considered in the simulations of flow of three phases. The results show that the non-condensing gas can repress the natural cavitation when calculating the three-phase flow. The high speed natural cavitating flow and supersonic cavitating flow have been simulated by introducing the Tait state equation of water. The results show that under the supersonic flow condition the cavity has the obvious left-right asymmetry characteristic.
A series of basic ventilated supercavitating issues have been investigated which include the scale effect of the diameter of water tunnel and viscous effect of the wall to ventilated supercavity, the results show that the choke effect of water tunnel can seriously result in the obvious deformation of the cavity. In addition, the developing process of ventilated supercavity, gas leakage way and the stability of supercavity were investigated using the steady and unsteady simulating ways, the result show that the ventilated supercavity has two main gas leakage way at the different stages. At the low-speed condition, the cavity has the self-excited oscillation phenomena, and the aft body of the vehicle can result in the large shedding of the cavity in the developing process of cavity and affects its stability.
The steady and unsteady hydrodynamics of cavitator have been discussed in detail and the change law of planning force on the aft body of the vehicle is also studied by simulating the experiments in water tunnel. The results show that the cone angle can seriously affects the cavity shape and the hydrodynamics of the cone cavitator, the angular velocity basically does not affect the hydrodynamics in the deflection process of cavitator.
Based on the relative motion principle, by adding the source term to the momentum equation, the uncontrolled trajectory of vehicle and the planning state presented by Savchenko as well as its influencing factors have been obtained by solving the motion equations and cavitating governing equations simultaneously. The results show that the centroid position seriously affects the uncontrolled trajectory of supercavitating vehicle.
The numerical method on predicting the ventilated supercavity in this paper can be used to predict large number of supercavitating problems, and be the auxiliary tool of the experiments for ventilated supercavity.
从多相流模型角度入手,采用均质平衡流模型和分相流模型分别计算了自然空化和通气空化,通过大量的实验结果对比和内部流场分析,综合评价了两种多相流模型的预测能力。结果表明,分相流模型不论在预测自然空化还是通气空化方面相与均质平衡流模型相比都具有较高的精度,可以给出更加合理的空泡流场结构分布,但计算量相对较大,均质平衡流模型在预测自然空化方面可以满足工程需要。
在均质平衡流动框架内,通过二次开发语言CEL嵌入了四种经典的空化模型并通过实验数据对空化模型进行了选择,将不可凝结气体项引入空化模型,在模拟水-气-汽三相流动时,可以充分考虑通入的不可凝结气体对自然空化的影响。模拟结果表明,在计算三相流动时,通入的不可凝结气体对自然空化具有一定的抑制作用。另外,引入了水的可压缩性Tait状态方程,实现了对超高速及超音速自然超空泡流动的数值模拟,结果发现,超音速流动条件下,超空泡显现出了明显的左右非对称性。
对通气超空泡的一系列基本问题进行了研究,包括水洞直径尺度效应和壁面粘性效应对通气超空泡的影响,结果表明水洞阻塞效应会导致通气超空泡发生明显变形。另外,采用定常和非定常模拟方式讨论了通气超空泡的发展过程、尾部泄气方式以及超空泡的稳定性,结果表明,通气超空泡在不同阶段主要以回注射流和双涡管方式泄气。低速条件下,空泡自身存在自激震荡现象,且航行体后体在空泡发展过程会导致空泡大片脱落,对空泡稳定性产生重要影响。
详细讨论了空化器的定常、非定常流体动力以及水洞实验模型的尾部滑行力变化规律。结果表明,圆锥形空化器锥角对空泡形态以及空化器流体动力会产生重要影响,空化器偏转过程,角速度大小基本上不影响空化器流体动力。
基于相对运动的思想,通过在水的动量方程中添加源项,将航行体运动方程和空泡流动控制方程进行耦合求解,得到了纵向平面内超空泡航行体的无控弹道以及Savchenko提出的航行体尾部滑水状态及其影响因素。结果表明,航行体质心位置严重影响超空泡航行体无控弹道。
本论文在预测通气超空泡方面数值模拟方法可以用来模拟大量的通气超空泡流动问题,成为通气超空泡实验有效的辅助工具。
The drag-reduction technology with ventilated supercavity can make the underwater vehicle brake through the traditional bottleneck and achieve travelling at high speed, which makes it have the significant military application value. The supercavitating flow is very complex due to its involving some hydrodynamic problems such as multiphase flow, turbulence, phase transition and compressibility. Quickly generating the best size and stable ventilated supercavity, deeply understanding the gas leakage way and the unique hydrodynamic characteristic of the vehicle are of the great significance for achieving the stable underwater trajectory of the vehicle. Around these issues, the basic modeling method and the detailed engineering problems have been carried out in this paper. The main works are as follows:
Starting from the multiphase flow model, the homogeneous and inhomogeneous flow models are used separately to investigate the natural and ventilated cavitation, the predicting ability of the both models are evaluated by using the large number of experimental results and analysis of internal flow field. The results show that the inhomogeneous flow model has the high accuracy either on predicting the natural cavitation or ventilated cavitation and can give the more reasonable distribution of flow field, however, it has relatively large amount of computation. The homogeneous flow model can meet the project need on predicting natural cavitation.
In the framework of homogeneous equilibrium flow, four cavitation models have been embedded into CFX using the secondary development and the cavitation model was selected by experimental data, the non-condensable gas term was considered in the cavitation model so that the influence of non-condensable gas to natural cavitation can be considered in the simulations of flow of three phases. The results show that the non-condensing gas can repress the natural cavitation when calculating the three-phase flow. The high speed natural cavitating flow and supersonic cavitating flow have been simulated by introducing the Tait state equation of water. The results show that under the supersonic flow condition the cavity has the obvious left-right asymmetry characteristic.
A series of basic ventilated supercavitating issues have been investigated which include the scale effect of the diameter of water tunnel and viscous effect of the wall to ventilated supercavity, the results show that the choke effect of water tunnel can seriously result in the obvious deformation of the cavity. In addition, the developing process of ventilated supercavity, gas leakage way and the stability of supercavity were investigated using the steady and unsteady simulating ways, the result show that the ventilated supercavity has two main gas leakage way at the different stages. At the low-speed condition, the cavity has the self-excited oscillation phenomena, and the aft body of the vehicle can result in the large shedding of the cavity in the developing process of cavity and affects its stability.
The steady and unsteady hydrodynamics of cavitator have been discussed in detail and the change law of planning force on the aft body of the vehicle is also studied by simulating the experiments in water tunnel. The results show that the cone angle can seriously affects the cavity shape and the hydrodynamics of the cone cavitator, the angular velocity basically does not affect the hydrodynamics in the deflection process of cavitator.
Based on the relative motion principle, by adding the source term to the momentum equation, the uncontrolled trajectory of vehicle and the planning state presented by Savchenko as well as its influencing factors have been obtained by solving the motion equations and cavitating governing equations simultaneously. The results show that the centroid position seriously affects the uncontrolled trajectory of supercavitating vehicle.
The numerical method on predicting the ventilated supercavity in this paper can be used to predict large number of supercavitating problems, and be the auxiliary tool of the experiments for ventilated supercavity.
引文
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