身管武器发射装药燃烧残渣的形成特征研究
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摘要
发射装药是身管武器的发射能源,它是决定武器性能的关键因素之一。在当前信息化战争背景下,身管武器发射过程中由发射装药燃烧所产生的燃烧残渣,不仅会降低武器射击精度,增加勤务工作量,同时还易于暴露己方阵地,进而削弱己方战斗力和生存力。揭示燃烧残渣形成机理,研究并掌握消除或抑制燃烧残渣技术,已成为发射装药研究领域亟待解决的关键问题之一。基于此,本论文采用理论研究与实验研究相结合的方式,开展了发射装药中关键元器件,包括发射药、点火体系以及装药附加元件燃烧残渣的形成机制研究。主要研究内容如下：
(1)发射装药中发射药燃烧残渣的研究
从发射药燃烧化学反应的热力学和动力学角度出发,主要研究发射药配方氧平衡、药粒弧厚分布、冷壁效应(燃烧场环境温度)等三个方面与发射药燃烧残渣形成之间的作用机制。
(a)发射药配方氧平衡对燃烧残渣的影响
采用最小自由能算法,对发射药燃烧产物进行了理论预估,研究了发射药配方氧平衡与其燃烧生成固态游离碳之间的关系,并结合定容燃烧试验进行了验证。结果表明,发射药燃烧生成游离碳存在一个临界氧平衡值,低于该值,其燃烧产物中会有固态游离碳的生成,并且生成量是随着氧平衡的降低而呈线性增加的；同时,配方氧平衡低于约-57.00%时,发射药燃烧就可能有游离碳的生成。在此基础上,建立了发射药燃烧生成游离碳的临界氧平衡值与硝化甘油含量、硝化纤维素含氮量以及燃烧平衡压力之间的函数关系。
(b)发射药弧厚分布对燃烧残渣的影响
采用实测量取的方式,统计获取了发射药的药粒弧厚分布特征；并以经典内弹道理论为基础,计算研究了发射药弧厚分布对燃烧残渣形成的影响规律。结果表明,发射药弧厚存在一定的尺寸偏差；弧厚较大的发射药难以在膅内燃尽,将形成燃烧残渣；在发射药弧厚分布规律中,弧厚期望值和偏差都会影响到燃烧残渣的形成,燃烧残渣量会随着弧厚期望值的上升和弧厚偏差的增大而增加。
(c)冷壁效应作用下发射药燃烧残渣的形成
分别采用喷淋水和铜柱为基体,通过常压和定容燃烧实验,开展了冷壁效应作用下燃烧残渣的形成可能性及特征研究,并利用5.8mm枪射击实验进行了验证；同时,采用直接拉开法对燃烧残渣的附着力进行了表征。结果表明,冷壁效应作用下,发射药的常压燃烧和定容燃烧会形成燃烧残渣,并且燃烧残渣的附着力明显高于原药样品的附着力。这说明在发射过程中,冷壁效应作用下燃烧残渣的形成是可能的,实弹射击实验结果验证了这一点。
(2)发射装药中点火体系燃烧残渣的研究
采用最小自由能算法,对点火体系中击发药、传火药燃烧残渣进行了理论预估：采用射击实验和常压燃烧试验收集点火体系燃烧残渣,结合扫描电子显微镜-电子能谱法分析,研究了击发药、传火药燃烧残渣形态及其元素组成；在理论计算和实验研究基础上,分析了发射装药中点火体系燃烧残渣的形成规律。结果表明,击发药、传火药配方中的金属元素,经燃烧后形成的无机金属盐类物质是点火体系燃烧残渣的主要组成物；枪点火体系的燃烧残渣主要来源于火帽中的击发药,燃烧残渣量较少；小口径火炮点火体系中,燃烧残渣主要来源于底火装药中的黑火药,燃烧残渣量较多；中大口径火炮的点火体系中,传火药(黑火药)是该类型点火体系燃烧残渣的主要来源,并且武器口径增大,传火药的装药量增加,相应的燃烧残渣量就增加。
(3)发射装药中附加元件燃烧残渣的研究
采用最小自由能算法,计算研究了护膛剂和消焰剂两种装药附加元件燃烧残渣形成规律,并结合定容燃烧试验进行了验证。结果表明,护膛剂和消焰剂两种装药附加元件会在发射装药燃烧过程中形成燃烧残渣；这两种装药元件中的无机类组成物会直接残留下来或反应生成燃烧残渣；而有机物类(如石蜡、地蜡等)物质,因难以参与燃烧反应,其主体将直接残留下来形成燃烧残渣。
As the firing energy source, propellant charge is critical to weapons performance. Against background of modern information warfare, residue caused by combustion of propellant charge can not only lower the firing accuracy and increase the combat-service works, but also be easy to exposure own position, and then weaken own fighting and existence capability. How to reveal the formation mechnism of residue and eliminate or inhibit the generation of charge residue has become one of the key problems demanding urgent solution. Therefore, the main purpose of the work was to investigate the formation mechanism of residue caused by the key propellant charge elements, in which propellant, ignition system and additional charge components are included, through theoretical and experimental research works. The main works are as follows.
(1) Formation of propellant residue
Based on the thermodynamics and dynamics of propellant combustion reaction, the generation law of propellant residue was studied from oxygen balance, grain thickness and cold wall effects of propellant.
(a) Effect of oxygen balance on the formation of propellant residue
The combustion products of propellant were estimated by computational method of minimum free energy, and the relationship between oxygen balance and carbon residue was established, then it was varified by closed vessel experiments. The results show that the combustion of propellant can generate carbon residue when the oxygen balance of propellant lower than a critical value, and the carbon residue will increase gradually with the descent of oxygen balance. In addition, the function of the oxygen balance and the nitroglycerine content, nitrogen content of nitrocellulose, combustion pressure is established based on the computational results.
(b) Effect of grain thickness on the formation of propellant residue
The grain thickness distribution of propellant was experimentally measured and statistically analyzed, and the effect of grain thickness distribution on the formation of propellant residue was investigated based on the classic interior ballistic theory. The results show that the deviation of grain thickness exists in active propellant. The propellant with large grain thickness can not burn out in chamber when firing, then form residue. The expectation value or deviation of grain thickness can affect the formation of residue, and the ammount of residue increases with increasing of expectation value or deviation of grain thickness.
(c) Effect of cold wall effects on the formation of propellant residue
The possibility and character of propellant residue formed under cold wall effects were investigated by normal-pressure and constant-volume combustion experiments, in which spray water and bronze pillar were used as combustion matrix respectively, and it was varified through firing tests using 5.8mm catridge. In addition, the adhesion of residue was measured by put-off test method. The results show that the combustion of propellant at normal pressure or constant volume can generate residue under cold wall effects, and the adhension of residue is apparently higher than that of original propellant. It indicates that propellant residue is formed under cold wall effects when firing, and it has been confirmed by the firing tests.
(2) Formation of ignition system residue
The combustion products of charge in ignition system were estimated by computational method of minimum free energy. The residue was collected through shooting test and normal pressure combustion experiments, and it was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and Xray energy dispersive analysis (EDS). Then the generation law of igniter charge was studied on the basis of theoretical computation and experiments. The results show that the residues are mainly composed of inorganic metal salts, which are the combustion product of the metal elements in the ignition system charge. For firearm, the amount of residue is small and derived from primer mixture in ignition cap. For small carliber gun, the amount of residue is superior and derived from black powder in artillery primer, while for medium or large carliber gun, the residues are mainly from black powder, and the amount of residues are high and increasing with increasing of gun's caliber.
(3) Formation of residue from additional charge components
Using computational method of minimum free energy, the combustion products of additional charge elements were simulated, and it was varified by closed vessel experiments. The results show that bore-wear reducing additive and flame inhibitor can result in residue in the combustion of propellant charge. The inorganic components of bore-wear reducing additive and flame inhibitor can survive directly or react to form residue in the combustion process, while the organic components (such as olefin and ozocerite) are hard to participate in the combustion reaction and mainly form residue directly.
(1)发射装药中发射药燃烧残渣的研究
从发射药燃烧化学反应的热力学和动力学角度出发,主要研究发射药配方氧平衡、药粒弧厚分布、冷壁效应(燃烧场环境温度)等三个方面与发射药燃烧残渣形成之间的作用机制。
(a)发射药配方氧平衡对燃烧残渣的影响
采用最小自由能算法,对发射药燃烧产物进行了理论预估,研究了发射药配方氧平衡与其燃烧生成固态游离碳之间的关系,并结合定容燃烧试验进行了验证。结果表明,发射药燃烧生成游离碳存在一个临界氧平衡值,低于该值,其燃烧产物中会有固态游离碳的生成,并且生成量是随着氧平衡的降低而呈线性增加的；同时,配方氧平衡低于约-57.00%时,发射药燃烧就可能有游离碳的生成。在此基础上,建立了发射药燃烧生成游离碳的临界氧平衡值与硝化甘油含量、硝化纤维素含氮量以及燃烧平衡压力之间的函数关系。
(b)发射药弧厚分布对燃烧残渣的影响
采用实测量取的方式,统计获取了发射药的药粒弧厚分布特征；并以经典内弹道理论为基础,计算研究了发射药弧厚分布对燃烧残渣形成的影响规律。结果表明,发射药弧厚存在一定的尺寸偏差；弧厚较大的发射药难以在膅内燃尽,将形成燃烧残渣；在发射药弧厚分布规律中,弧厚期望值和偏差都会影响到燃烧残渣的形成,燃烧残渣量会随着弧厚期望值的上升和弧厚偏差的增大而增加。
(c)冷壁效应作用下发射药燃烧残渣的形成
分别采用喷淋水和铜柱为基体,通过常压和定容燃烧实验,开展了冷壁效应作用下燃烧残渣的形成可能性及特征研究,并利用5.8mm枪射击实验进行了验证；同时,采用直接拉开法对燃烧残渣的附着力进行了表征。结果表明,冷壁效应作用下,发射药的常压燃烧和定容燃烧会形成燃烧残渣,并且燃烧残渣的附着力明显高于原药样品的附着力。这说明在发射过程中,冷壁效应作用下燃烧残渣的形成是可能的,实弹射击实验结果验证了这一点。
(2)发射装药中点火体系燃烧残渣的研究
采用最小自由能算法,对点火体系中击发药、传火药燃烧残渣进行了理论预估：采用射击实验和常压燃烧试验收集点火体系燃烧残渣,结合扫描电子显微镜-电子能谱法分析,研究了击发药、传火药燃烧残渣形态及其元素组成；在理论计算和实验研究基础上,分析了发射装药中点火体系燃烧残渣的形成规律。结果表明,击发药、传火药配方中的金属元素,经燃烧后形成的无机金属盐类物质是点火体系燃烧残渣的主要组成物；枪点火体系的燃烧残渣主要来源于火帽中的击发药,燃烧残渣量较少；小口径火炮点火体系中,燃烧残渣主要来源于底火装药中的黑火药,燃烧残渣量较多；中大口径火炮的点火体系中,传火药(黑火药)是该类型点火体系燃烧残渣的主要来源,并且武器口径增大,传火药的装药量增加,相应的燃烧残渣量就增加。
(3)发射装药中附加元件燃烧残渣的研究
采用最小自由能算法,计算研究了护膛剂和消焰剂两种装药附加元件燃烧残渣形成规律,并结合定容燃烧试验进行了验证。结果表明,护膛剂和消焰剂两种装药附加元件会在发射装药燃烧过程中形成燃烧残渣；这两种装药元件中的无机类组成物会直接残留下来或反应生成燃烧残渣；而有机物类(如石蜡、地蜡等)物质,因难以参与燃烧反应,其主体将直接残留下来形成燃烧残渣。
As the firing energy source, propellant charge is critical to weapons performance. Against background of modern information warfare, residue caused by combustion of propellant charge can not only lower the firing accuracy and increase the combat-service works, but also be easy to exposure own position, and then weaken own fighting and existence capability. How to reveal the formation mechnism of residue and eliminate or inhibit the generation of charge residue has become one of the key problems demanding urgent solution. Therefore, the main purpose of the work was to investigate the formation mechanism of residue caused by the key propellant charge elements, in which propellant, ignition system and additional charge components are included, through theoretical and experimental research works. The main works are as follows.
(1) Formation of propellant residue
Based on the thermodynamics and dynamics of propellant combustion reaction, the generation law of propellant residue was studied from oxygen balance, grain thickness and cold wall effects of propellant.
(a) Effect of oxygen balance on the formation of propellant residue
The combustion products of propellant were estimated by computational method of minimum free energy, and the relationship between oxygen balance and carbon residue was established, then it was varified by closed vessel experiments. The results show that the combustion of propellant can generate carbon residue when the oxygen balance of propellant lower than a critical value, and the carbon residue will increase gradually with the descent of oxygen balance. In addition, the function of the oxygen balance and the nitroglycerine content, nitrogen content of nitrocellulose, combustion pressure is established based on the computational results.
(b) Effect of grain thickness on the formation of propellant residue
The grain thickness distribution of propellant was experimentally measured and statistically analyzed, and the effect of grain thickness distribution on the formation of propellant residue was investigated based on the classic interior ballistic theory. The results show that the deviation of grain thickness exists in active propellant. The propellant with large grain thickness can not burn out in chamber when firing, then form residue. The expectation value or deviation of grain thickness can affect the formation of residue, and the ammount of residue increases with increasing of expectation value or deviation of grain thickness.
(c) Effect of cold wall effects on the formation of propellant residue
The possibility and character of propellant residue formed under cold wall effects were investigated by normal-pressure and constant-volume combustion experiments, in which spray water and bronze pillar were used as combustion matrix respectively, and it was varified through firing tests using 5.8mm catridge. In addition, the adhesion of residue was measured by put-off test method. The results show that the combustion of propellant at normal pressure or constant volume can generate residue under cold wall effects, and the adhension of residue is apparently higher than that of original propellant. It indicates that propellant residue is formed under cold wall effects when firing, and it has been confirmed by the firing tests.
(2) Formation of ignition system residue
The combustion products of charge in ignition system were estimated by computational method of minimum free energy. The residue was collected through shooting test and normal pressure combustion experiments, and it was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and Xray energy dispersive analysis (EDS). Then the generation law of igniter charge was studied on the basis of theoretical computation and experiments. The results show that the residues are mainly composed of inorganic metal salts, which are the combustion product of the metal elements in the ignition system charge. For firearm, the amount of residue is small and derived from primer mixture in ignition cap. For small carliber gun, the amount of residue is superior and derived from black powder in artillery primer, while for medium or large carliber gun, the residues are mainly from black powder, and the amount of residues are high and increasing with increasing of gun's caliber.
(3) Formation of residue from additional charge components
Using computational method of minimum free energy, the combustion products of additional charge elements were simulated, and it was varified by closed vessel experiments. The results show that bore-wear reducing additive and flame inhibitor can result in residue in the combustion of propellant charge. The inorganic components of bore-wear reducing additive and flame inhibitor can survive directly or react to form residue in the combustion process, while the organic components (such as olefin and ozocerite) are hard to participate in the combustion reaction and mainly form residue directly.
引文
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