孕震过程的数学物理模拟及其在地震预测研究中的应用
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摘要
本论文从大陆强震成组活动的事实出发,通过数值模拟和岩石破裂实验方法,对成组孕震
    过程中多震源体的地震活动所表现的基本特征及其相互作用和相互影响(增减震机制)进行了
    深入的研究,并利用数值模拟和实验分析结果对中国两个典型地震活动地区即华北地震区和川
    滇地震区的地震活动特征进行了解释,同时对地震前兆复杂性的产生的原因和机制进行了初步
    探讨。
     地震活动具有空间不均匀性和时间非平稳性之特点。前者表现为地震在空间上往往成带、
    成区分布,后者即表现为地震活动在时间轴上具有活跃和平静(高潮和低潮)相交替的丛集特
    性。中国大陆地震具有成组活动特征。强震活动的成组性具体表现在某一时间段强烈集中,即
    它的丛集性,而且一个强震组在空间上也相对集中,即有其主体活动区。地震活动的上述特征
    也被称之为地震活动的群体特征。即地震除有单个震源孕育发生的个体特征外,还具有在一个
    地震构造块体中成组孕育、成组活动的特征,而且成组地震的孕育和发生之间造成相互影响和
    相互作用,使地震的孕育和发生构成一幅复杂的图象。研究表明成组强震活动间相互作用、相
    互影响有两种特性:增震作用和减震作用。所谓增震作用是指一次地震的发生增加了其它正在
    孕震过程中尚未发震的强震区的危险性,从而引发强震提前发生的特性。减震作用是指在成组
    强震孕育过程中,由于一次强震的发生而降低了其它某些孕震区的危险性,推迟其强震发生的
    时间。这种在强震成组活动过程中使发震时间相互延迟的影响称之为减震作用。
     首先,论文通过有限元数值模拟方法,给出特定模型中预设宏观非均匀介质即断裂的情况
    下地震发生连续的动态破坏过程,进而研究地震活动的最基本特征。岩石破裂过程的数值模拟
    对理解岩石的变形破坏行为有一定的帮助。本文对孕震过程的数值模拟研究给出了地震孕育及
    发展过程的一些基本特征,如主震前的地震区域活动增强及平静现象、地震迁移、变形局部化
    等现象,特别是模拟所给出的应力、应变和声发射(微震)分布随时间的演化图像,在时空两
    方面再现了地震全过程的力学物理图像。同时数值模拟结果对理解前兆复杂性有很大的帮助:
    处于不同构造部位和介质性质差异较大的台站对前兆的响应程度是不同的,因此会出现同一地
    区的台站虽然地壳介质相同或相似但对应力的反应却不同,也可能出现处于同一构造部位的台
    站因所处的地壳介质的巨大差异而有很大的差异等等。同时,模型也考虑了微破裂之间的相互
    作用,这也是非常有意义的。因为这种相互作用的结果,可能会使那些达到破裂强度的单元因
    减虐作用可能推迟发震,也可能使那些未达到破裂强度的单元因为增震作用而提前发震。反映
    在前兆上,就有可能出现有前兆而无地震,或有地震而无前兆的现象。此外,本模拟方法最大
    的优势是能够模拟不均匀的介质,如果我们对岩石样本的介质和结构设计得合理,就有可能在
    正确的震源模式指导下,对地震前兆做出有意义的跟踪,这将对地震预报是有意义的。
     通过岩石破裂实验产生的声发射事件的时空分布和应变测量结果分别对含多个障碍体的滑
    动方向相反的平行断层岩石破裂实验过程和滑动方向相同的平行断层岩石破裂实验进行分析,
    试图找到多孕震体间以及断层间的相互作用和相互影响的物理机制。
     通过对含强度相同(BR9905和 BR9904)和强度不同(BR9902和 BR9903)障碍体两种情况
    下滑动方向相反的平行断层失稳破坏的应变场、声发射等时空演化图像的分析,对障碍体以及
    断层失稳破坏方式进行了深入的研究。认为:障碍体强度相同时,破坏首先开始于模型下部的
    两个障碍体,然后是上部的障碍体的破坏。由于介质的不均匀性,会使上部两个障碍体发生破
     互
    
    
    坏有一定的先后顺序,并使其中一条断层先发生破坏贯通,然后将应力转移至另一平行断层上,
    使其发生破坏和贯通;障碍体强度不同时,强度弱的障碍体首先发生破坏,然后是障碍体强度
    大的破坏。如果弱强度的障碍体在同一断层上则该断层先发生破坏贯通,之后是另一断层的破
    坏和贯通。如果障碍体强度在同一断层上不同,弱强度的障碍体先发生破坏,但首先在其中一
    条断层上贯通,然后是另一条断层的贯通。同时通过对应变和声发射的时空分布,研究了障碍
    体间和断层间失稳破坏所产生的相互作用方式,即增减震关系。研究结果表明:对于这种含障
    碍体的滑动方向相反的平行断层失稳破坏无论是障碍体强度相同或不同都是增震关系。同时通
    过数值模拟检验,进一步证实了实验结果的可靠性和可信性。通过对障碍体强度相同的两个相
    似模型实验(BR9905和 BR9904)的对比分析,所得到的结论是一致的,说明了实验结果的可
    重复性。
     通过对所含障碍体强度不同的滑动方向相同平行断层失稳破坏的分析(BR200002和
    BR20000),结果表明:这种含障碍体滑动方向相同乎行断层失稳破坏,障碍体间以及断层之
    间相互作用是一种减震作用。对于这种平行断层上所含障
Based on the objectivity of the group strong continental earthquakes,the basic characteristics and
    interaction and influence among group earthquakes during the seismogenic process are deeply studied
    by numerical simulation and rock failure experiment.Using the numerical simulation and rock failure
    experimental results,the quality of seismic activity occurring in two typical seismic regions,namely
    the Northern China and Chuandian region of Southwest of China are explained.At last,the cause and
    mechanism of precursory complexity is discussed preliminarily in the dissertation.
     The distribution of seismicity is inhogenous and unsteady in space and time respectively.The
    spatial inhomogeneity of earthquakes is displayed with seismic belts and seismic regions and the
    temporal unsteadiness of earthquakes is usually shown by the alternation of seismically active interval
    and the quiescence in time domain.Analysis for many data shows that the strong continental
    earthquakes are characterized by group events.The group activity of(strong earthquakes refers to the
    phenomena that strong quakes occurred in cluster within some time interval and mainly within not too
    large an area.Above characteristics are also called seismic group quality.Namely the earthquake is
    characterized not only by the individual but also by the group.Besides the seismicity in group is
    mutually influenced,making the development and occurrence of earthquake a complicated picture.
    Research suggests that there are two kinds of features of interactions between the strong earthquakes,
    i.e.to enhance (positive interaction) or reduce (negative interaction) the seismicity in another group.
    So called positive interaction means that occurrence of one earthquake can increase the earthquake risk
    in another area where earthquakes are in a state of development,thus advancing the occurrence of
    another large earthquake.Negative interaction means that occurrence of one strong earthquake will
    decrease the risk of another seismogenic area and retard the time of occurrence of seismicity.
     At first,we model the successive progressive failure process of occurrence of earthquake in a
    given rock sample with randomly distributed microscopic pre-existing heterogeneity(flaws)along a
    narrow soft zone by finite element simulative method and study the general characteristic of seismicity.
    Simulation of rock failure process is of help to understand the lock failure behavior.The simulation
    demonstrated the basic characteristics during the development of earthquakes,for example,the
    phenomena of regional seismic activity reinforcement and quiescence,earthquake migration and
    deformation localization prior to main shock.Especially the images of stress,strain and AE(micro-
    shock)distribution vs time given by the simulation recur to the mechanical physical pictures of all the
    seismic process.Besides,the simulative results conduce to understanding the precursory complexity.
    Seismostation localized in different tectonic position and different medium property shows distinct
    response to precurors.Therefore it can be seen that seismostation localized in the same region,though
     m
    
    
    
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    that selsmostatlon shows diverse response to sress aithood It is localized m the same tectonic position
    but m veq different crust medium.At the same tune,the model also considers the interaction a!nong
    山e microjacufufe,“七Ich Is meaning凡ito understand山e precursor because山e result offliterlltraaion
    mny delny the occ。ence of selsmlcity of element that reaches to its ptUre srength or advance the
    occ。ence of selsmlclty of element that does not reach to its ptUre Strength.Reflecting m prec。soff
    It m盯叩pear that there Is n nomalxw注no ev山叫吹e follows or e盯山叫毗e occllrted w讪o皿趴V
    anomalyPrlorto脚尬quakes.Besides,the
引文
陈修启,张国民,大同-阳高地震的孕育及其前兆机制的数值模拟,国家地震局科技监测司编,大同阳高地震研究,北京:地震出版社,1993,198-205
    梁北援,罗咏生,梅世蓉,等。定常边界力作用下断层应力应变积累的数值模拟和强震危险区的讨论,中国地震,1987,3(2):47-55
    梅世蓉,梁北援,朱岳清,唐山地震孕育过程的数值模拟,中国地震,1989,5(3):9-17
    唐春安,付宇方,赵文,震源孕育模式的数值模拟研究,地震学报,1997,19(4),337-346
    唐春安.岩石破裂过程声发射的数值模拟研究,岩石力学与工程学报,1997,16:368-378
    王仁,何国琦,殷有泉,等。华北地区地震迁移的数值模拟,地震学报,1980,2(1):32-42
    汪素云,陈培善,中国及邻区现代构造应力场的数值模拟,地球物理学报,1980,23(1):35-45
    张国民,张永仙,石耀霖,地震前兆复杂性的数值模拟研究,地震,1994,14(1),2-10
    Brady B H G, Browne T. Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining, Second Edition, Chapama & Hall, london, UK, 1993. 106-108
    Tang C.A., Numerical simulation of rock failure and associated seismicity, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 1997, 34:249~262
    M. Mogi, Earthquake Prediction, Academic Press, Tokyo, 1985.
    Tang C.A. & Kou S.Q. Crack propagation and coalescence in brittle materials,Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 1998.

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