人工体神经—内脏神经反射弧手术修复神经源性膀胱尿路上皮渗透性屏障的可行性研究
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摘要
目的：观察人工体神经-内脏神反射弧手术后再生神经纤维的形态学特点和膀胱输尿管形态。
方法：清洁级雌性SD大鼠60只（120~160）随机分为三组：端端吻合组（n=20），在腰4水平切断两侧L4VR、L6VR和S1VR神经，将L6VR与L4VR行端端吻合。损伤未吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L6VR和S1VR神经，不进行神经端端吻合术。对照组（n=20），切断两侧S1VR神经。手术16周后，沿大鼠背侧原切口找到L4VR-L6VR神经端端吻合口，在体视显微镜下取下距吻合口10-20mm处取10mm长再生L6神经段行1μm半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色后统计再生神经纤维数量及电镜观察超微结构形态；肉眼观察三组大鼠膀胱形态并测量膀胱残余尿量，在体视显微镜下观察三组大鼠输尿管形态。
结果：超微病理显示在端端吻合组再生L6神经前根可见大量的有髓神经纤维和雪旺氏细胞；半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色显示再生L6VR中有髓神经纤维平均数量为700.4±50.7。肉眼观察可见端端吻合组大鼠膀胱形态正常残余尿0.7±0.9ml，输尿管无扩张，而未吻合组大鼠可见膀胱增大，残余尿可达14.2±5.6ml，输尿管明显扩张；对照组大鼠膀胱形态正常有少许残余尿平均约为0.3±0.2ml无输尿管扩张。
结论：我们成功构建了神经源性膀胱和人工体神经-内脏神反射弧手术大鼠模型，L4VR和L6VR行端端吻合后L4VR运动神经元轴突可以长入L6VR，再生的L6VR可见大量的再生有髓神经纤维和雪旺氏细胞。
目的：应用逆行神经追踪技术研究人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧手术后的神经再生并利用膀胱测压技术研究膀胱能否重新获得有功能的神经支配。
方法：清洁级雌性SD大鼠60只（120~160g）随机分为三组：端端吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L4VR、L6VR和S1VR神经，将L6VR与L4VR行端端吻合。损伤未吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L6VR和S1VR神经，不进行神经端端吻合术。对照组（n=20），切断两侧S1VR神经。手术16周后，取端端吻合组、损伤未吻合组和对照组各10只，将荧光金(Fluorogold，FG)1μl注射至两侧盆神经节，大鼠存活7天后4%多聚甲醛灌注固定，取L4、L6和S1脊髓节段行冰冻切片并在荧光显微镜下观察被荧光标记的神经元。另取端端吻合组、损伤组及对照组各10只分别手术显露L4VR-L6VR吻合口、L6VR残端及正常L6后将自制膀胱测压管置于三组大鼠膀胱内分别连接微量灌注泵和BL-410生物机能采集系统，电刺激已游离的神经后测量膀胱压力。
结果：逆行追踪结果显示在端端吻合组L4脊髓节段切片两侧可见大量FG标记神经元，在L6和S1脊髓节段中均未见FG标记神经元；在损伤未吻合组中L4、L6和S1脊髓节段中均未见FG标记神经元；在对照组中在L6脊髓节段中可见少量双侧FG标记神经元，在L4及S1脊髓节段中均未见FG标记神经元。膀胱测压结果显示：端端吻合组电刺激供体神经L4VR可以观察到膀胱压力先迅速升高到峰值，然后伴随着尿液排出，压力快速下降到基线水平，与对照组相类似；而刺激L6VR可见膀胱压力随着持续的膀胱灌注缓慢升高并保持在基线水平，而无明显的波幅形成
结论：人工体神经-内脏神反射弧手术后L4VR可再生长入L6VR并重新支配盆神经节并且膀胱可获得有功能的神经支配。
目的：本实验利用普通HE染色、免疫荧光、电镜及实时荧光定量PCR研究大鼠膀胱尿路上皮渗透性屏障功能
方法：清洁级雌性SD大鼠60只（120~160g）随机分为三组：A端端吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L4、L6和S1神经前根，将L6VR与L4VR行端端吻合。B损伤未吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L6和S1神经前根，不进行神经端端吻合术。C对照组（n=20），切断两侧S1神经前根。手术16周后，取膀胱分别行普通HE染色；uroplakinⅢ、AQP3、ZO-1免疫荧光染色，尿路上皮电镜研究及实时荧光定量PCR检测膀胱炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的变化。
结果：HE染色显示端端吻合组和对照组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮结构层次清晰，未吻合组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮普遍存在死亡伞细胞。免疫荧光染色显示三组中ZO-1表达没有显著性差异，在端端吻合组和对照组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮AQP-3主要表达于尿路上皮基底膜，而在未吻合组中AQP3表达于尿路上皮全层, uroplakinⅢ染色中显示尿路上皮伞细胞层被破坏。尿路上皮电镜研究显示：端端吻合组和对照组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮中没有中性粒细胞浸润，紧密联结结构清晰，伞细胞顶壁含有大量梭状囊泡，而未吻合组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮中出现中性粒细胞浸润，紧密联结结构模糊，含有大圆盘状囊泡。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示未吻合组大鼠膀胱中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的表达明显高于端端吻合组和对照组，差异具有统计学意义。
结论：人工体神经-内脏神经吻合术在重新支配膀胱的同时能够修复神经源性膀胱尿路上皮的渗透性屏障，降低尿路感染的发生率。
Objective: To investigate the number and ultra-structural features of the regenerated fiberswith neural morphological techniques, the morphology of the bladder and ureter
Methods: Sixty female SD rats (120~160g) were randomly divided into three groups:End-to-end anastomosis group (n=20), the bilateral lumbar4ventral root (L4VR), lumbar6ventral root (L6VR) and sacral1ventral root (S1VR) were transected at lumbar4level andthe distal stump of L6VR was sutured to L4VR through end-to-end anastomosis. Nocoaptation group (n=20), the bilateral L6VR and S1VR were transected but withoutneurorrhaphy; Control group (n=20), the bilateral S1VR were transected only. At16weeks,the bilateral L4VR-L6VR nerve anastomosis were found along the dorsal original incision.10mm long nerve segments of the regenerated L6VR and nerve anastomosis wereharvested under operating microscope. Regenerated L6VR was cut into1-μmthick sectionswith Toluidine blue staining and then total regenerated nerve fibers counts of L6VR werecalculated. Ultrastructure and morphology of Regenerated L6VR was examined bytransmission electron microscopy. The morphologies of rat bladder and ureter wereobserved by naked eye and under the operating microscope respectively. Then residualurine of all rats was measured.
Results: A large number of mythlinated axons of the regenerated L6VR were observed inEnd-to-end anastomosis group and The average number was700.4±50.7. A large numbersof myelinated fibers and Schwann cells were observed in the cross-sections under thetransmission electron microscopy. The normal bladder morphology without ureteraldilatation were observed in both end-to-end anastomosis group with some residual urine 0.7±0.9ml, but significant expansion of the bladder and ureter was observed in Nocoaptation group and the average residual urine up to14.2±5.6ml. The normal bladdermorphology without ureteral dilatation were observed in No coaptation group with someresidual urine0.3±0.2ml.
Conclusion: The rat models of neurogenic bladder and artificial somatic-autonomic reflexpathway procedure were successfully constructed, and The motor axons of L4VR canregenerate into L6VR. A lot of myelinated fibers and Schwann cells were observed in theregenerated L6VR.
Objective: To investigate the neural regeneration and innervations in the efferent pathwayof the bladder after end-to-end anastomosis by Neural tracking and cystometry
Methods: Sixty female SD rats (120~160g) were randomly divided into three groups:End-to-end anastomosis group (n=20), the bilateral lumbar4ventral root (L4VR), lumbar6ventral root (L6VR) and sacral1ventral root (S1VR) were transected at lumbar4level andthe distal stump of L6VR was sutured to L4VR through end-to-end anastomosis. Nocoaptation group (n=20), the bilateral L6VR and S1VR were transected but withoutneurorrhaphy; Control group (n=20), the bilateral S1VR were transected only. At16weeks,10rats from end-to-end anastomosis group, no coaptation group and control group,respectively, were used for nerve regenerationstudy. Fluorogold (FG)1μl was injected intothe bilateral major pelvic ganglion (MPG).7days later,the rats were perfusion fixed by4%paraformaldehyde and the spinal segments of L4, L6and S1were taken for serialcross-sections(20-μm thick) on a cryostat and then the fluorescent labeled neurons wereexamined under an ultraviolet fluorescence microscope. Additional10rats from end-to-endanastomosis group, no coaptation group and control group, respectively, were used forcystometry study. the bilateral L4VR-L6VR nerve anastomosis, distal stump of L6VR andnormal L6VR were found along the dorsal original incision in the three groups. Homemadecystometry tube were fixed into the bladder and then connected to micro infusion pumpand BL-410biological and functional acquisition system respectively. The free nerves wereelectrical stimulated and bladder pressures were measured at the same time.
Results: A large number of FG labeled neurons were mainly found in the ventral horn ofthe bilateral L4spinal cord segment in the end-to-end anastomosis group and not found in the L6and S1spinal cord segment. FG labeled neurons in the no coaptation group were notobserved in all the spinal cord segment. A small amount of FG labeled neurons onlyappeared in the L6spinal cord segment. Bladder pressure rapidly increased to peak was thefirst observed when the the donor nerve L4VR was electrical stimulated, then the pressurewas gradually decreased to baseline levels along with the urine excreted in the end-to-endanastomosis group, similar to the control group. The bladder pressure increased slowly withcontinuous bladder infusion without significant volatility and maintained at baseline levelsin the No coaptation group.
Conclusions: The motor axons of L4VR can regenerate into L6VR to innervate the bladderand the bladder regained functional innervation.
Objective: To investigate the urothelial Permeability barrier function with ordinary HEstaining, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and real-time PCR
Methods: Sixty female SD rats (120~160g) were randomly divided into three groups:End-to-end anastomosis group (n=20), the bilateral lumbar4ventral root (L4VR), lumbar6ventral root (L6VR) and sacral1ventral root (S1VR) were transected at lumbar4level andthe distal stump of L6VR was sutured to L4VR through end-to-end anastomosis. Nocoaptation group (n=20), the bilateral L6VR and S1VR were transected but withoutneurorrhaphy; Control group (n=20), the bilateral S1VR were transected exclusively. At16weeks,the bladder were used for ordinary HE staining, immune fluorescence staining ofuroplakinⅢ、AQP3、ZO-1, transmission electron microscopy of urothelial and real-timefluorescence quantitative PCR for inflammation factor of TNF-α, IL-6and IL-1β。
Results: Clear structural levels of urothelial were found in both end-to-end anastomosisgroup and control group, but a few deaths umbrella cells were observed in the Nocoaptation group in optical microscope. no significantly difference of the expressions ofZO-1in the urothelial were found among the three groups. urothelial AQP-3was expressedmainly in the urothelial basement layer in both end-to-end anastomosis group and Controlgroup, but in the No coaptation group the AQP-3was expressed all the urothelial layer in afluorescence microscope. urothelial umbrella cell layer in the staining of uroplakin III wasdamaged. In the transmission electron microscopy, Neutrophil infiltration, the fuzzystructure of Tight junctions and Multivesicular bodies(MVB) were found in the apicalsurface of umbrella cells in the No coaptation group, but clear structure of Tight junctionand numbers of discoidal/fusiform-shaped vesicles (DFV) appeared in the apical surface ofumbrella cells without Neutrophil infiltration in both end-to-end anastomosis group and Control group. The inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6and IL-1β were higher in the Nocoaptation group than both end-to-end anastomosis group and Control group.
Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the artificial somatic-autonomic reflexpathway procedure can successfully repair the urothelial permeability barrier functions ofneurogenic bladder and reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections.
方法：清洁级雌性SD大鼠60只（120~160）随机分为三组：端端吻合组（n=20），在腰4水平切断两侧L4VR、L6VR和S1VR神经，将L6VR与L4VR行端端吻合。损伤未吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L6VR和S1VR神经，不进行神经端端吻合术。对照组（n=20），切断两侧S1VR神经。手术16周后，沿大鼠背侧原切口找到L4VR-L6VR神经端端吻合口，在体视显微镜下取下距吻合口10-20mm处取10mm长再生L6神经段行1μm半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色后统计再生神经纤维数量及电镜观察超微结构形态；肉眼观察三组大鼠膀胱形态并测量膀胱残余尿量，在体视显微镜下观察三组大鼠输尿管形态。
结果：超微病理显示在端端吻合组再生L6神经前根可见大量的有髓神经纤维和雪旺氏细胞；半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色显示再生L6VR中有髓神经纤维平均数量为700.4±50.7。肉眼观察可见端端吻合组大鼠膀胱形态正常残余尿0.7±0.9ml，输尿管无扩张，而未吻合组大鼠可见膀胱增大，残余尿可达14.2±5.6ml，输尿管明显扩张；对照组大鼠膀胱形态正常有少许残余尿平均约为0.3±0.2ml无输尿管扩张。
结论：我们成功构建了神经源性膀胱和人工体神经-内脏神反射弧手术大鼠模型，L4VR和L6VR行端端吻合后L4VR运动神经元轴突可以长入L6VR，再生的L6VR可见大量的再生有髓神经纤维和雪旺氏细胞。
目的：应用逆行神经追踪技术研究人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧手术后的神经再生并利用膀胱测压技术研究膀胱能否重新获得有功能的神经支配。
方法：清洁级雌性SD大鼠60只（120~160g）随机分为三组：端端吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L4VR、L6VR和S1VR神经，将L6VR与L4VR行端端吻合。损伤未吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L6VR和S1VR神经，不进行神经端端吻合术。对照组（n=20），切断两侧S1VR神经。手术16周后，取端端吻合组、损伤未吻合组和对照组各10只，将荧光金(Fluorogold，FG)1μl注射至两侧盆神经节，大鼠存活7天后4%多聚甲醛灌注固定，取L4、L6和S1脊髓节段行冰冻切片并在荧光显微镜下观察被荧光标记的神经元。另取端端吻合组、损伤组及对照组各10只分别手术显露L4VR-L6VR吻合口、L6VR残端及正常L6后将自制膀胱测压管置于三组大鼠膀胱内分别连接微量灌注泵和BL-410生物机能采集系统，电刺激已游离的神经后测量膀胱压力。
结果：逆行追踪结果显示在端端吻合组L4脊髓节段切片两侧可见大量FG标记神经元，在L6和S1脊髓节段中均未见FG标记神经元；在损伤未吻合组中L4、L6和S1脊髓节段中均未见FG标记神经元；在对照组中在L6脊髓节段中可见少量双侧FG标记神经元，在L4及S1脊髓节段中均未见FG标记神经元。膀胱测压结果显示：端端吻合组电刺激供体神经L4VR可以观察到膀胱压力先迅速升高到峰值，然后伴随着尿液排出，压力快速下降到基线水平，与对照组相类似；而刺激L6VR可见膀胱压力随着持续的膀胱灌注缓慢升高并保持在基线水平，而无明显的波幅形成
结论：人工体神经-内脏神反射弧手术后L4VR可再生长入L6VR并重新支配盆神经节并且膀胱可获得有功能的神经支配。
目的：本实验利用普通HE染色、免疫荧光、电镜及实时荧光定量PCR研究大鼠膀胱尿路上皮渗透性屏障功能
方法：清洁级雌性SD大鼠60只（120~160g）随机分为三组：A端端吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L4、L6和S1神经前根，将L6VR与L4VR行端端吻合。B损伤未吻合组（n=20），切断两侧L6和S1神经前根，不进行神经端端吻合术。C对照组（n=20），切断两侧S1神经前根。手术16周后，取膀胱分别行普通HE染色；uroplakinⅢ、AQP3、ZO-1免疫荧光染色，尿路上皮电镜研究及实时荧光定量PCR检测膀胱炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的变化。
结果：HE染色显示端端吻合组和对照组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮结构层次清晰，未吻合组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮普遍存在死亡伞细胞。免疫荧光染色显示三组中ZO-1表达没有显著性差异，在端端吻合组和对照组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮AQP-3主要表达于尿路上皮基底膜，而在未吻合组中AQP3表达于尿路上皮全层, uroplakinⅢ染色中显示尿路上皮伞细胞层被破坏。尿路上皮电镜研究显示：端端吻合组和对照组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮中没有中性粒细胞浸润，紧密联结结构清晰，伞细胞顶壁含有大量梭状囊泡，而未吻合组大鼠膀胱尿路上皮中出现中性粒细胞浸润，紧密联结结构模糊，含有大圆盘状囊泡。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示未吻合组大鼠膀胱中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的表达明显高于端端吻合组和对照组，差异具有统计学意义。
结论：人工体神经-内脏神经吻合术在重新支配膀胱的同时能够修复神经源性膀胱尿路上皮的渗透性屏障，降低尿路感染的发生率。
Objective: To investigate the number and ultra-structural features of the regenerated fiberswith neural morphological techniques, the morphology of the bladder and ureter
Methods: Sixty female SD rats (120~160g) were randomly divided into three groups:End-to-end anastomosis group (n=20), the bilateral lumbar4ventral root (L4VR), lumbar6ventral root (L6VR) and sacral1ventral root (S1VR) were transected at lumbar4level andthe distal stump of L6VR was sutured to L4VR through end-to-end anastomosis. Nocoaptation group (n=20), the bilateral L6VR and S1VR were transected but withoutneurorrhaphy; Control group (n=20), the bilateral S1VR were transected only. At16weeks,the bilateral L4VR-L6VR nerve anastomosis were found along the dorsal original incision.10mm long nerve segments of the regenerated L6VR and nerve anastomosis wereharvested under operating microscope. Regenerated L6VR was cut into1-μmthick sectionswith Toluidine blue staining and then total regenerated nerve fibers counts of L6VR werecalculated. Ultrastructure and morphology of Regenerated L6VR was examined bytransmission electron microscopy. The morphologies of rat bladder and ureter wereobserved by naked eye and under the operating microscope respectively. Then residualurine of all rats was measured.
Results: A large number of mythlinated axons of the regenerated L6VR were observed inEnd-to-end anastomosis group and The average number was700.4±50.7. A large numbersof myelinated fibers and Schwann cells were observed in the cross-sections under thetransmission electron microscopy. The normal bladder morphology without ureteraldilatation were observed in both end-to-end anastomosis group with some residual urine 0.7±0.9ml, but significant expansion of the bladder and ureter was observed in Nocoaptation group and the average residual urine up to14.2±5.6ml. The normal bladdermorphology without ureteral dilatation were observed in No coaptation group with someresidual urine0.3±0.2ml.
Conclusion: The rat models of neurogenic bladder and artificial somatic-autonomic reflexpathway procedure were successfully constructed, and The motor axons of L4VR canregenerate into L6VR. A lot of myelinated fibers and Schwann cells were observed in theregenerated L6VR.
Objective: To investigate the neural regeneration and innervations in the efferent pathwayof the bladder after end-to-end anastomosis by Neural tracking and cystometry
Methods: Sixty female SD rats (120~160g) were randomly divided into three groups:End-to-end anastomosis group (n=20), the bilateral lumbar4ventral root (L4VR), lumbar6ventral root (L6VR) and sacral1ventral root (S1VR) were transected at lumbar4level andthe distal stump of L6VR was sutured to L4VR through end-to-end anastomosis. Nocoaptation group (n=20), the bilateral L6VR and S1VR were transected but withoutneurorrhaphy; Control group (n=20), the bilateral S1VR were transected only. At16weeks,10rats from end-to-end anastomosis group, no coaptation group and control group,respectively, were used for nerve regenerationstudy. Fluorogold (FG)1μl was injected intothe bilateral major pelvic ganglion (MPG).7days later,the rats were perfusion fixed by4%paraformaldehyde and the spinal segments of L4, L6and S1were taken for serialcross-sections(20-μm thick) on a cryostat and then the fluorescent labeled neurons wereexamined under an ultraviolet fluorescence microscope. Additional10rats from end-to-endanastomosis group, no coaptation group and control group, respectively, were used forcystometry study. the bilateral L4VR-L6VR nerve anastomosis, distal stump of L6VR andnormal L6VR were found along the dorsal original incision in the three groups. Homemadecystometry tube were fixed into the bladder and then connected to micro infusion pumpand BL-410biological and functional acquisition system respectively. The free nerves wereelectrical stimulated and bladder pressures were measured at the same time.
Results: A large number of FG labeled neurons were mainly found in the ventral horn ofthe bilateral L4spinal cord segment in the end-to-end anastomosis group and not found in the L6and S1spinal cord segment. FG labeled neurons in the no coaptation group were notobserved in all the spinal cord segment. A small amount of FG labeled neurons onlyappeared in the L6spinal cord segment. Bladder pressure rapidly increased to peak was thefirst observed when the the donor nerve L4VR was electrical stimulated, then the pressurewas gradually decreased to baseline levels along with the urine excreted in the end-to-endanastomosis group, similar to the control group. The bladder pressure increased slowly withcontinuous bladder infusion without significant volatility and maintained at baseline levelsin the No coaptation group.
Conclusions: The motor axons of L4VR can regenerate into L6VR to innervate the bladderand the bladder regained functional innervation.
Objective: To investigate the urothelial Permeability barrier function with ordinary HEstaining, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and real-time PCR
Methods: Sixty female SD rats (120~160g) were randomly divided into three groups:End-to-end anastomosis group (n=20), the bilateral lumbar4ventral root (L4VR), lumbar6ventral root (L6VR) and sacral1ventral root (S1VR) were transected at lumbar4level andthe distal stump of L6VR was sutured to L4VR through end-to-end anastomosis. Nocoaptation group (n=20), the bilateral L6VR and S1VR were transected but withoutneurorrhaphy; Control group (n=20), the bilateral S1VR were transected exclusively. At16weeks,the bladder were used for ordinary HE staining, immune fluorescence staining ofuroplakinⅢ、AQP3、ZO-1, transmission electron microscopy of urothelial and real-timefluorescence quantitative PCR for inflammation factor of TNF-α, IL-6and IL-1β。
Results: Clear structural levels of urothelial were found in both end-to-end anastomosisgroup and control group, but a few deaths umbrella cells were observed in the Nocoaptation group in optical microscope. no significantly difference of the expressions ofZO-1in the urothelial were found among the three groups. urothelial AQP-3was expressedmainly in the urothelial basement layer in both end-to-end anastomosis group and Controlgroup, but in the No coaptation group the AQP-3was expressed all the urothelial layer in afluorescence microscope. urothelial umbrella cell layer in the staining of uroplakin III wasdamaged. In the transmission electron microscopy, Neutrophil infiltration, the fuzzystructure of Tight junctions and Multivesicular bodies(MVB) were found in the apicalsurface of umbrella cells in the No coaptation group, but clear structure of Tight junctionand numbers of discoidal/fusiform-shaped vesicles (DFV) appeared in the apical surface ofumbrella cells without Neutrophil infiltration in both end-to-end anastomosis group and Control group. The inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6and IL-1β were higher in the Nocoaptation group than both end-to-end anastomosis group and Control group.
Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the artificial somatic-autonomic reflexpathway procedure can successfully repair the urothelial permeability barrier functions ofneurogenic bladder and reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections.
引文
[1]王艳萍,朱军,吴艳乔等1988～1992年中国神经管缺陷发生率的动态变化.中华预防医学杂志1998;16(6)369-371.
[2] Botto LD, Moore CA, Khoury MJ, Erickson JD Neural-tube defects. N Engl J Med1999;341(20)1509-1519.
[3] Chen G, Pei LJ, Huang J, Song XM, Lin LM et al. Unusual patterns of neuraltube defects in a high risk region of northern China. Biomed Environ Sci2009;22(4)340-344.
[4]代礼,朱军,周光萱等1996~2000年全国神经管缺陷的动态监测.中华预防医学杂志2002;36(6)402-405.
[5]肖传国,杜茂信,李兵等人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧治疗脊髓脊膜膨出患者大小便功能障碍.临床泌尿外科杂志2003;18(11)644-645.
[6] Korzeniecka-Kozerska A, Porowski T, Michaluk-Skutnik J, Wasilewska A, PlonskiG Urinary nerve growth factor level in children with neurogenic bladder due tomyelomeningocele. Scand J Urol2013.
[7] Xiao CG, Schlossberg SM, C W Morgan ea A possible ne w reflex pathway formicturition after spinal cord injury. J Urol1990;143:356A.
[8] Xiao CG, Godec CJ A possible ne w reflex pathway for micturition after s pinalcord injury. Paraplegia1994;32(5)300-307.
[9] Xiao CG, de Groat WC, Godec CJ, Dai C, Xiao Q "Skin-CNS-bladder" reflexpathway for micturition after spinal cord injury and its unde rlyingmechanisms. J Urol1999;162(3Pt1)936-942.
[10] Xiao CG, Du MX, Dai C, Li B, Nitti VW et al. An artificial somatic-centralnervous system-autonomic reflex pathway for controllable micturition afterspinal cord injury: preliminary results in15patients. J Urol2003;170(4Pt1)1237-1241.
[11] Lavelle J, Meyers S, Ramage R, Bastacky S, Doty D et al. Bladder permeabilitybarrier: recovery from selective injury of surface epithelial cells. Am J PhysiolRenal Physiol2002;283(2) F242-253.
[12] Lavelle JP, Apodaca G, Meyers SA, Ruiz WG, Zeidel ML Disruption of guinea pigurinary bladder permeability barrier in noninfectious cystitis. Am J Physiol1998;274(1Pt2) F205-214.
[13] Khandelwal P, Abraham SN, Apodaca G Cell biology and physiology of theuroepithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol2009;297(6) F1477-1501.
[14] Zeidel ML Low permeabilities of apical me mbranes of barrier epithelia: whatmakes watertight me mbranes watertight? Am J Physiol1996;271(2Pt2)F243-245.
[15] Wood MW, Breitschwerdt EB, Nordone SK, Linder KE, Gookin JL UropathogenicE. coli promote a paracellular urothelial barrier defect characterized byaltered tight junction integrity, epithelial cell sloughing and cytokine release. JComp Pathol2012;147(1)11-19.
[16] Dorsher PT, McIntosh PM Neurogenic bladder. Adv Urol2012;2012816274.
[17] Romero-Culleres G, Planells-Romeo I, Martinez de Salazar-Munoz P,Conejero-Sugranes J [Urinary infection in patients with neurogenic bladder:patterns of resistance to the most frequent uropathogens]. Actas Urol Esp2012;36(8)474-481.
[1] Dai L, Zhu J, Zhou G, Wang Y, Wu Y et al.[Dynamic monitoring of neural tubedefects in China during1996to2000]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi2002;36(6)402-405.
[2]李建军,周红俊,洪毅，等2002年北京市脊髓损伤发病率调查.中国康复理论与实践2004;10(7)412-413.
[3]茅磊脊髓损伤实验模型的制备及评价.中国微侵袭神经外科杂志2009;14(12)574-576.
[4] Keast JR, Booth AM, de Groat WC Distribution of neurons in the major pelvicganglion of the rat which s upply the bladder, colon or penis. Cell Tissue Res1989;256(1)105-112.
[5] Chang HY, Havton LA Anatomical tracer injections into the lower urinary tractmay compromise cystometry and external urethral sphincterelectromyography in female rats. Neuroscience2010;166(1)212-219.
[6] Wu L, Chang HH, Havton LA The soma and proximal dendrites of sympatheticpreganglionic neurons innervating the major pelvic ganglion in fe male ratsreceive predominantly inhibitory inputs. Neuroscience2012;21732-45.
[7]廖利民神经源性膀胱的治疗现状和进展.中国康复医学杂志2011;26(3)201-205.
[8] Chambille I, Rampin O AMPA glutamatergic receptor-immunoreactive subunitsare expressed in lumbosacral neurons of the spinal cord and neurons of thedorsal root and pelvic ganglia controlling pelvic functions in the rat. Brain Res2002;933(1)66-80.
[9]焦新旭,冯世庆创伤性脊髓损伤的流行病学研究进展.实用医学杂志2011;27(7)1303-1305.
[10] Albert T, Ravaud JF Rehabilitation of spinal cord injury in France: anationwide multicentre study of incidence and regional disparities. Spinal Cord2005;43(6)357-365.
[11] Burke DA, Linden RD, Zhang YP, Maiste AC, Shields CB Incidence rates andpopulations at risk for spinal cord injury: A regional study. Spinal Cord2001;39(5)274-278.
[12] Xiao KZ, Zhang ZY, Su YM, Liu FQ, Yan ZZ et al. Central ne rvous systemcongenital malformations, especially neural tube defects in29provinces,metropolitan cities and autonomous regions of China: Chinese Birth DefectsMonitoring Program. Int J Epidemiol1990;19(4)978-982.
[13] Li X, Zhu J, Wang Y, Mu D, Dai L et al. Geographic and urban-rural disparitiesin the total prevalence of neural tube defects and their subtypes during2006-2008in China: a study using the hos pital-based birth defects surveillancesystem. BMC Public Health2013;13161.
[14] Berry RJ, Bailey L, Mulinare J, Bower C Fortification of flour with folic acid.Food Nutr Bull2010;31(1Suppl) S22-35.
[15] Abeywardana S, Bower C, Halliday J, Chan A, Sullivan EA Prevalence of neuraltube defects in Australia prior to mandatory fortification of bread-makingflour with folic acid. Aust N Z J Public Health2010;34(4)351-355.
[16] Gormley EA Urologic complications of the neurogenic bladder. Urol Clin NorthAm2010;37(4)601-607.
[17] Xiao CG Reinne rvation for ne urogenic bladder: historic review andintroduction of a somatic-autonomic reflex pathway procedure for patientswith spinal cord injury or spina bifida. Eur Urol2006;49(1)22-28; discussion28-29.
[18] Xiao CG, Schlossberg SM, C W Morgan ea A possible ne w reflex pathway formicturition after spinal cord injury. J Urol1990;143:356A.
[19] Xiao CG, Godec CJ A possible ne w reflex pathway for micturition after s pinalcord injury. Paraplegia1994;32(5)300-307.
[20] Xiao CG, Du MX, Dai C, Li B, Nitti VW et al. An artificial somatic-centralnervous system-autonomic reflex pathway for controllable micturition afterspinal cord injury: preliminary results in15patients. J Urol2003;170(4Pt1)1237-1241.
[21] Xiao CG, Du MX, Li B, Liu Z, Chen M et al. An artificial somatic-autonomicreflex pathway procedure for bladder control in children with spina bifida. JUrol2005;173(6)2112-2116.
[22] Peters KM, Girdler B, Turzewski C, Trock G, Feber K et al. Outcomes of lumbarto sacral nerve rerouting for spina bifida. J Urol2010;184(2)702-707.
[23]张大田,张春阳,司淑斌大鼠脊髓损伤后尿动力学改变及P2X3表达的研究.中国医学工程2010;18(4)31-32.
[24] Allen. A Surge ry of experimental lesions of spinal cord equivalent to crushinjury of fracture dislocation. Preliminary Report. JAMA1911;57:878-880.
[25]伍亚民,廖维宏,王正国.脊髓损伤实验模型的研究概况与应用.中国临床康复2003;7(16)2344-2345.
[26] Wu X, Xiao C Morphologic relationship between the pontine micturition centerand the sympathetic center in the spinal cord of the rat. J Huazhong Univ SciTechnolog Med Sci2005;25(3)313-316.
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[11] Xiao CG, Godec CJ A possible ne w reflex pathway for micturition after s pinalcord injury. Paraplegia1994;32(5)300-307.
[12] Xiao CG, Du MX, Li B, Liu Z, Chen M et al. An artificial somatic-autonomicreflex pathway procedure for bladder control in children with spina bifida. JUrol2005;173(6)2112-2116.
[13] Xiao CG, Du MX, Dai C, Li B, Nitti VW et al. An artificial somatic-centralnervous system-autonomic reflex pathway for controllable micturition afterspinal cord injury: preliminary results in15patients. J Urol2003;170(4Pt1)1237-1241.
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[1] Khandelwal P, Abraham SN, Apodaca G Cell biology and physiology of theuroepithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol2009;297(6) F1477-1501.
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[10] Lavelle JP, Apodaca G, Meyers SA, Ruiz WG, Zeidel ML Disruption of guinea pigurinary bladder permeability barrier in noninfectious cystitis. Am J Physiol1998;274(1Pt2) F205-214.
[11] Zeidel ML Low permeabilities of apical me mbranes of barrier epithelia: whatmakes watertight me mbranes watertight? Am J Physiol1996;271(2Pt2)F243-245.
[12] Wu XR, Manabe M, Yu J, Sun TT Large scale purification andimmunolocalization of bovine uroplakins I, II, and III. Molecular markers ofurothelial differentiation. J Biol Chem1990;265(31)19170-19179.
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[14] Truschel ST, Ruiz WG, Shulman T, Pilewski J, Sun TT et al. Primary uroepithelialcultures. A model system to analyze umbrella cell barrier function. J Biol Chem1999;274(21)15020-15029.
[15] Wood MW, Breitschwerdt EB, Nordone SK, Linder KE, Gookin JL UropathogenicE. coli promote a paracellular urothelial barrier defect characterized byaltered tight junction integrity, epithelial cell sloughing and cytokine release. JComp Pathol2012;147(1)11-19.
[16] Veranic P, Jezernik K Trajectorial organisation of cytokeratins within thesubapical region of umbrella cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton2002;53(4)317-325.
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[19] Rubenwolf PC, Georgopoulos NT, Clements LA, Feather S, Holland P et al.Expression and localisation of aquaporin water channels in human urotheliumin situ and in vitro. Eur Urol2009;56(6)1013-1023.
[2] Botto LD, Moore CA, Khoury MJ, Erickson JD Neural-tube defects. N Engl J Med1999;341(20)1509-1519.
[3] Chen G, Pei LJ, Huang J, Song XM, Lin LM et al. Unusual patterns of neuraltube defects in a high risk region of northern China. Biomed Environ Sci2009;22(4)340-344.
[4]代礼,朱军,周光萱等1996~2000年全国神经管缺陷的动态监测.中华预防医学杂志2002;36(6)402-405.
[5]肖传国,杜茂信,李兵等人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧治疗脊髓脊膜膨出患者大小便功能障碍.临床泌尿外科杂志2003;18(11)644-645.
[6] Korzeniecka-Kozerska A, Porowski T, Michaluk-Skutnik J, Wasilewska A, PlonskiG Urinary nerve growth factor level in children with neurogenic bladder due tomyelomeningocele. Scand J Urol2013.
[7] Xiao CG, Schlossberg SM, C W Morgan ea A possible ne w reflex pathway formicturition after spinal cord injury. J Urol1990;143:356A.
[8] Xiao CG, Godec CJ A possible ne w reflex pathway for micturition after s pinalcord injury. Paraplegia1994;32(5)300-307.
[9] Xiao CG, de Groat WC, Godec CJ, Dai C, Xiao Q "Skin-CNS-bladder" reflexpathway for micturition after spinal cord injury and its unde rlyingmechanisms. J Urol1999;162(3Pt1)936-942.
[10] Xiao CG, Du MX, Dai C, Li B, Nitti VW et al. An artificial somatic-centralnervous system-autonomic reflex pathway for controllable micturition afterspinal cord injury: preliminary results in15patients. J Urol2003;170(4Pt1)1237-1241.
[11] Lavelle J, Meyers S, Ramage R, Bastacky S, Doty D et al. Bladder permeabilitybarrier: recovery from selective injury of surface epithelial cells. Am J PhysiolRenal Physiol2002;283(2) F242-253.
[12] Lavelle JP, Apodaca G, Meyers SA, Ruiz WG, Zeidel ML Disruption of guinea pigurinary bladder permeability barrier in noninfectious cystitis. Am J Physiol1998;274(1Pt2) F205-214.
[13] Khandelwal P, Abraham SN, Apodaca G Cell biology and physiology of theuroepithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol2009;297(6) F1477-1501.
[14] Zeidel ML Low permeabilities of apical me mbranes of barrier epithelia: whatmakes watertight me mbranes watertight? Am J Physiol1996;271(2Pt2)F243-245.
[15] Wood MW, Breitschwerdt EB, Nordone SK, Linder KE, Gookin JL UropathogenicE. coli promote a paracellular urothelial barrier defect characterized byaltered tight junction integrity, epithelial cell sloughing and cytokine release. JComp Pathol2012;147(1)11-19.
[16] Dorsher PT, McIntosh PM Neurogenic bladder. Adv Urol2012;2012816274.
[17] Romero-Culleres G, Planells-Romeo I, Martinez de Salazar-Munoz P,Conejero-Sugranes J [Urinary infection in patients with neurogenic bladder:patterns of resistance to the most frequent uropathogens]. Actas Urol Esp2012;36(8)474-481.
[1] Dai L, Zhu J, Zhou G, Wang Y, Wu Y et al.[Dynamic monitoring of neural tubedefects in China during1996to2000]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi2002;36(6)402-405.
[2]李建军,周红俊,洪毅，等2002年北京市脊髓损伤发病率调查.中国康复理论与实践2004;10(7)412-413.
[3]茅磊脊髓损伤实验模型的制备及评价.中国微侵袭神经外科杂志2009;14(12)574-576.
[4] Keast JR, Booth AM, de Groat WC Distribution of neurons in the major pelvicganglion of the rat which s upply the bladder, colon or penis. Cell Tissue Res1989;256(1)105-112.
[5] Chang HY, Havton LA Anatomical tracer injections into the lower urinary tractmay compromise cystometry and external urethral sphincterelectromyography in female rats. Neuroscience2010;166(1)212-219.
[6] Wu L, Chang HH, Havton LA The soma and proximal dendrites of sympatheticpreganglionic neurons innervating the major pelvic ganglion in fe male ratsreceive predominantly inhibitory inputs. Neuroscience2012;21732-45.
[7]廖利民神经源性膀胱的治疗现状和进展.中国康复医学杂志2011;26(3)201-205.
[8] Chambille I, Rampin O AMPA glutamatergic receptor-immunoreactive subunitsare expressed in lumbosacral neurons of the spinal cord and neurons of thedorsal root and pelvic ganglia controlling pelvic functions in the rat. Brain Res2002;933(1)66-80.
[9]焦新旭,冯世庆创伤性脊髓损伤的流行病学研究进展.实用医学杂志2011;27(7)1303-1305.
[10] Albert T, Ravaud JF Rehabilitation of spinal cord injury in France: anationwide multicentre study of incidence and regional disparities. Spinal Cord2005;43(6)357-365.
[11] Burke DA, Linden RD, Zhang YP, Maiste AC, Shields CB Incidence rates andpopulations at risk for spinal cord injury: A regional study. Spinal Cord2001;39(5)274-278.
[12] Xiao KZ, Zhang ZY, Su YM, Liu FQ, Yan ZZ et al. Central ne rvous systemcongenital malformations, especially neural tube defects in29provinces,metropolitan cities and autonomous regions of China: Chinese Birth DefectsMonitoring Program. Int J Epidemiol1990;19(4)978-982.
[13] Li X, Zhu J, Wang Y, Mu D, Dai L et al. Geographic and urban-rural disparitiesin the total prevalence of neural tube defects and their subtypes during2006-2008in China: a study using the hos pital-based birth defects surveillancesystem. BMC Public Health2013;13161.
[14] Berry RJ, Bailey L, Mulinare J, Bower C Fortification of flour with folic acid.Food Nutr Bull2010;31(1Suppl) S22-35.
[15] Abeywardana S, Bower C, Halliday J, Chan A, Sullivan EA Prevalence of neuraltube defects in Australia prior to mandatory fortification of bread-makingflour with folic acid. Aust N Z J Public Health2010;34(4)351-355.
[16] Gormley EA Urologic complications of the neurogenic bladder. Urol Clin NorthAm2010;37(4)601-607.
[17] Xiao CG Reinne rvation for ne urogenic bladder: historic review andintroduction of a somatic-autonomic reflex pathway procedure for patientswith spinal cord injury or spina bifida. Eur Urol2006;49(1)22-28; discussion28-29.
[18] Xiao CG, Schlossberg SM, C W Morgan ea A possible ne w reflex pathway formicturition after spinal cord injury. J Urol1990;143:356A.
[19] Xiao CG, Godec CJ A possible ne w reflex pathway for micturition after s pinalcord injury. Paraplegia1994;32(5)300-307.
[20] Xiao CG, Du MX, Dai C, Li B, Nitti VW et al. An artificial somatic-centralnervous system-autonomic reflex pathway for controllable micturition afterspinal cord injury: preliminary results in15patients. J Urol2003;170(4Pt1)1237-1241.
[21] Xiao CG, Du MX, Li B, Liu Z, Chen M et al. An artificial somatic-autonomicreflex pathway procedure for bladder control in children with spina bifida. JUrol2005;173(6)2112-2116.
[22] Peters KM, Girdler B, Turzewski C, Trock G, Feber K et al. Outcomes of lumbarto sacral nerve rerouting for spina bifida. J Urol2010;184(2)702-707.
[23]张大田,张春阳,司淑斌大鼠脊髓损伤后尿动力学改变及P2X3表达的研究.中国医学工程2010;18(4)31-32.
[24] Allen. A Surge ry of experimental lesions of spinal cord equivalent to crushinjury of fracture dislocation. Preliminary Report. JAMA1911;57:878-880.
[25]伍亚民,廖维宏,王正国.脊髓损伤实验模型的研究概况与应用.中国临床康复2003;7(16)2344-2345.
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